HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系的构建北大核心CSCD

目的 构建科学合理的HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系，为制定相关健康教育方案提供内容依据，促进HIV感染者自我管理水平提升。方法 以艾滋病自我管理综合框架为依据，在文献研究、半结构式访谈的基础上拟定初稿，采用德尔菲法经过2轮专家函询确定HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系。结果 研究小组由6名成员组成，通过文献研究提取出26个条目，对12名HIV感染者进行半结构式访谈归纳总结出8个条目，形成HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系初稿；共17名专家参与2轮专家函询，2轮函询专家积极性均为100%，专家判断系数为0.953，熟悉程度为0.859，权威系数为0.906；最终构建的HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系包括身体健康管理、心理功能管理、社会关系管理3个一级条目、14个二级条目和35个三级条目。结论 基于德尔菲法构建的HIV感染者自我管理健康教育内容体系科学、可靠，可为HIV感染者自我管理健康教育工作提供参考。     

50岁以上HIV感染者心理体验的质性研究

目的深入了解中国老年艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者的心理体验。方法采用半结构式的个人深入访谈法,对14名50岁以上HIV感染者进行质性访谈,并采用Colaizzi七步分析法对资料进行分析。结果 14名访谈对象中男性10人,女性4人;年龄51～68岁之间;职业涉及工人、农民、商人、教师等。经过分析提炼出4个老年HIV感染者心理体验主题:与子女的分离焦虑;担心对后代的继发性歧视;照护缺乏感;消极厌世。结论老年HIV感染者男性偏多,从事职业多样,普遍存在较重的负性体验,甚至出现自杀现象。疾病预防控制中心、医院、社区等应分析患者负性体验的原因,共同提高老年HIV感染者的心理健康水平。     

社区新发HIV感染者艾滋病认识和行为特征的定性分析

目的了解社区新发艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者的艾滋病知识和行为特征,为制定有针对性的艾滋病防制策略提供依据。方法 2009-2011年,云南省对12个艾滋病疫情严重县(区)的100万社区居民进行了HIV抗体筛查,并于2012-2015年期间对HIV抗体阴性者追踪检测,共检出507例新发HIV感染者。采用随机数字法对该新发感染者进行抽样,对访谈对象进行"一对一"的深入访谈。结果共访谈87人。感染前,访谈对象对艾滋病的认知普遍限于听说过,多者也仅知道传播途径,且错误地认为只有"卖淫、嫖娼或者吸毒的人才会得艾滋病",艾滋病风险认知意识低。受色情影片、"找小姐"、"一夜情"等不良社会风气影响,多性伴、性自由等不安全的性行为普遍。再加上传统毒品威胁仍然存在,新型毒品蔓延,导致大量高危人群不断感染HIV,然后通过不安全的性行为,将HIV不断地传播给社区大众人群。结论目前,社区艾滋病宣传仍存在盲点,社区居民艾滋病风险认知意识仍然较差,不安全的性行为普遍。应提高艾滋病宣传教育的针对性和警示性,继续开展禁毒防艾工作,加强对低档暗娼的干预和管理工作,促进全民自觉抵制毒品,采取安全的性行为,防止艾滋病的进一步传播。     

初治HIV感染者同伴支持体验的质性研究

目的了解初治艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者在参与同伴支持中的体验。方法采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法,对17名参与同伴支持项目的患者进行半结构式深入访谈,了解初治HIV感染者在参与同伴支持中的体验,采用Colaizzi七步分析法对访谈资料进行分析和整理,提炼主题。结果初治HIV感染者同伴支持体验可归纳为3个主题:主题1为获得社会支持(信息支持,情感支持和工具性支持);主题2为多样化的同伴支持形式;主题3为担忧隐私暴露。结论同伴支持者可以通过多种形式为患者提供支持。但是同伴支持在为患者服务的同时也存在一定的隐私暴露的风险。医务人员在将同伴纳入艾滋病医疗服务系统时,需要灵活应用同伴支持,以使同伴支持效果最大化。     

农村地区既往有偿供血员HIV感染状态暴露现况的定性研究

目的了解农村地区既往有偿供血员艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状态暴露方式,探讨感染状态暴露对感染者个人的影响及对艾滋病防治工作的意义。方法采用定性研究方法,对HIV感染者、感染者家庭成员、村民及卫生工作者进行深入访谈,收集研究信息。结果上述4类人群每类访谈20人,共完成有效访谈79例。研究发现,HIV感染者感染状态暴露过程他们自己难以控制,会通过各种途径被动暴露。感染状态的暴露给感染者带来了正面和负面的后果：获得支持或者受到歧视。而为了获取支持,感染者不担心感染状态暴露。知晓感染状态后,绝大多数（17/20）感染者在性生活中能坚持使用安全套。结论在HIV高发的农村地区,HIV感染者感染状态的暴露难以避免。感染状态的主动暴露是HIV感染者寻求支持的方式之一,同时感染状态的暴露能降低HIV的传播。     

"差序格局"视野下的HIV感染者及病人自我表露研究

目的 从"差序格局"的视角分析艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/病人身份表露问题.方法 2009年7-8月在广西地区与HIV感染者/病人进行深度访谈.结果 研究发现,HIV感染者/病人的自我表露对象呈差序格局展开:包括配偶、父母、亲戚、同事与朋友等;表露原因包括为获取来自家庭成员、亲属、社区及政府的社会支持和情感支持等;表露...     

HIV感染者和AIDS病人的咨询需求

目的 对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)病人的AIDS咨询需求进行调查。方法 对111名HIV感染者和AIDS病人进行流行病学问卷调查和个人深入访谈。结果 90％以上的第1次咨询是在感染以后。对于期望的咨询方式，HIV感染者最希望获得面对面咨询，占81．98％。结论 在今后的工作中需要加强咨询人员面对面的咨询能力。     

HIV感染者非理性信念的质性研究北大核心CSCD

目的 探寻HIV感染者特有的非理性信念,为制定心理干预计划提供参考。方法 2022年5-7月,以描述性现象学研究方法为指导,采用目的抽样法选取泸州市某三甲医院门诊感染科和7个社区卫生服务中心的48名HIV感染者为研究对象,进行半结构式深入访谈,运用Colaizzi现象学研究方法进行资料分析。结果 48名受访对象年龄(47±14)岁;男性31人,女性17人;文化水平以小学和初中为主。根据HIV感染者非理性信念表现提炼出5个主题:歪曲的疾病观;对自我的非理性信念;罪责归他;对权利的非理性看待;倾向于把病情暴露灾难化。结论 HIV感染者对就业政策不熟悉导致其主动失业,把就医歧视合理化,夸大病情为特点的疾病观,严重影响着自身的心理健康、生活质量和权益享受,艾滋病管理人员应引起重视,积极干预。     

山东省烟台市艾滋病流行特征及流行趋势分析

目的了解烟台市艾滋病的流行趋势,探讨其流行规律,为制定烟台市艾滋病防治策略提供依据.方法对1992～2000年烟台市高危人群、重点人群HIV血清学监测资料,流行病学调查资料及7例HIV感染者进行基因亚型分析研究.结果对31 146人份血清进行监测,发现HIV感染者11例,阳性检出率0.035%,其中艾滋病病人1例已死亡,1998～2000年HIV感染率呈上升趋势.传播方式以血为主(72.72%),其次为性途径(27.27%),母婴传播还未发现.对7份感染者的PBMC进行序列测定和亚型分析,发现有A、E、B'3种亚型,2名回国劳工分别为A、E亚型,5名献血员为B'(泰国B')亚型.结论烟台市虽处在艾滋病流行的低感染阶段,但存在HIV感染的多样性和复杂性.经血传播依然是HIV流行的重要途径.     

阳城县外来媳妇艾滋病流行现状调查

目的了解阳城县外来媳妇艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染现状及艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,为制订有针对性的防治措施提供科学的依据。方法对2003年以来的392名外来媳妇进行面对面调查,了解其艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,采集其血清样本检测HIV抗体。结果阳城县392名外来媳妇艾滋病相关知识知晓率为12.77%,发现HIV感染者6例,HIV感染率为1.53%,感染者平均年龄为22.5岁,6例HIV感染者中缅甸籍3例,四川籍2例,云南籍1例。结论阳城县首次在外来媳妇中检出HIV感染者,并极有可能进一步造成HIV的二代感染,有关部门必须加强对外来媳妇这一特殊群体的综合管理,有针对性地开展艾滋病相关知识宣传教育和咨询检测工作,对发现的HIV感染者要及时跟踪管理。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.