经支气管镜肺减容术的研究新进展

COPD是一种以气流受限为特征的疾病状态,气流受限呈不可逆性,最终可以致残、病死率高。疾病晚期单纯药物治疗对于改善呼吸困难和肺功能状况大多数是无效的。异质型肺气肿经过肺减容手术（LVRS）的治疗,病人术后肺功能、运动耐量、生活质量和生存率均有所提高。尤其是对上叶肺气肿严重,而运动耐量差的患者,LVRS较内科治疗效果显著。但LVRS风险较高,     

经支气管镜肺减容术研究进展

肺减容术是治疗晚期肺气肿的选择之一,外科肺减容术由于其并发症、病死率及治疗费用等限制其发展.但促进了经支气管镜肺减容术的发展.目前包括经支气管镜旁路通气法肺减容术,经支气管镜生物学肺减容术,经支气管镜单向活瓣放置肺减容术,其微创、简便、痛苦及其并发症少等特点展现了其巨大的临床应用前景.     

支气管镜肺减容术治疗肺气肿的研究进展

除了传统内科疗法和外科肺减容术,近几年来人们又设想通过支气管镜减少肺容积从而达到治疗肺气肿的目的。方法有：①用液体冲洗出肺表面活性物质或注入生物相容性的黏合剂以促进气肿肺的不张;②用阻塞装置阻塞气肿肺段的气道,气肿肺内气体吸收造成肺不张;③在气肿肺的肺段置入单向活瓣以造成远端肺的不张。气管内放置单向活瓣被众多研究认为是上述方法中最有前途的治疗肺气肿的介入疗法,但其远期疗效还需观察。     

经支气管镜肺减容术的历史沿革与研究进展

肺气肿是慢性阻塞性肺疾病( 简称慢阻肺) 的特征之一,可引起肺过度充气,膈肌活动度减低,肺顺应性 下降,气体交换障碍。药物治疗对伴有重度肺气肿的慢阻肺患者临床疗效有限。近年来,经支气管镜肺减容术 (bronchoscopic lung volume reduction, BLVR) 的出现为慢阻肺合并重度肺气肿的治疗带来了希望。文章对目前 BLVR 的发展过程及常见的BLVR 的实施方法和疗效做一归纳总结。     

经支气管镜肺减容术治疗肺气肿的研究进展

肺气肿的治疗除了传统内科疗法和外科肺减容术,近来人们又设想经支气管镜进行处理,引起肺不张.以减少肺容积,从而达到治疗肺气肿的目的 .经过动物实验后镜下处理已经小范围应用于临床,主要有2种方法 .分别是在气道中放置单向活瓣装置和用生物胶栓塞支气管.他们均显示出有效性,但其远期疗效还需观察.     

传统肺减容术和经支气管镜肺减容术的比较

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是严重危害人类健康的多发性疾病之一,也是继心血管疾病、癌症、脑血管疾病之后第4位引起死亡的重要疾病。WHO近期公布资料表明,2000年有274万人死于COPD。由于大气污染和吸烟等危害因素,其发病率和死亡率在未来10年内将继续升高。1990年COPD造成的医疗经济负担为第12位,至2020年将上升为第5位。     

经纤维支气管镜肺减容术的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种以气流受限不完全可逆,进行性发展为特征的疾病。而肺气肿是COPD中重要的病变类型,即是远端终末细支气管,包括呼吸末细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊和肺泡,长期过度充气膨胀,使得终末小气道发生不可逆的损害,造成终末小气道的弹性严重减退。其传统治疗     

经支气管镜肺减容术的实验研究

目的 评价自主研制单向活瓣栓子治疗羊重度肺气肿的有效性及安全性.方法 采用与北京普益盛济科技有限公司合作研制的单向活瓣栓子,在解放军总医院动物实验中心进行动物实验.选择12～18个月龄健康雄性山羊12只,在支气管镜直视下向靶肺段置入自主研制的单向活瓣栓子,每只羊平均置入3枚,观察并记录实验动物的耐受性,分别于术后2、4、8和12周进行动脉血气测定和胸部CT扫描,观察栓子附近支气管组织及远端肺组织标本的病理变化.采用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行数据分析,各时间点血气分析结果比较采用组间t检验.结果 36枚栓子全部经支气管镜顺利置入.所有实验羊在观察期内的耐受性良好,置人栓子共脱落3枚.胸部CT示33枚栓子中有15枚(45%)栓子远端肺组织可见不同程度的萎缩或膨胀不全.组织病理学示肺泡腔缩小、塌陷,肺间质内可见淋巴细胞和单核细胞浸润,伴有少许纤维组织增生.结论 该单向活瓣柃子的性能稳定,栓子町经支气管镜活检通道直视下一次性置入,定位准确,组织相容性好,动物的耐受程度良好,可达到一定的肺减容效果,改良后有望用于重度肺气肿的临床治疗.     

经支气管镜肺减容术的研究及其临床应用

经支气管镜肺减容术（ bronchoscopic lung volume reduction,BLVR） 是在不开胸的情况下达到肺减容的目的，以减少肺减容术后并发症，为终末期COPD患者的治疗提供新的方法。与外科肺减容术比较BLVR的创伤小、费用低、术后恢复时间短、并发症少，且可以调整置入活瓣的位置或取出。基于以上优点，严重肺气肿不能耐受手术的患者可以接受BLVR。笔者结合文献介绍BLVR的国内外研究和临床应用现状。     

经支气管镜热蒸汽肺减容术的适应证

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种以不完全可逆气流受限为特征的进行性发展的慢性疾病。肺气肿是COPD的常见临床病理生理类型。以肺气肿为主的COPD患者,尤其对于重度或极重度肺气肿患者而言,内科药物治疗效果非常有限,因此对非药物治疗的探索成为近期的研究热点。国家肺气肿治疗试验的数据证明肺减容手术是治疗肺气肿的有效方法。本文就经支气管镜热蒸汽肺减容术的适应证作一综述。     

支气管镜肺减容术之旁路通气法治疗肺气肿的研究进展

本文对支气管镜肺减容术尤其是旁路通气法治疗肺气肿研究成果和最新进展等进行综述.     

Alternatives to lung transplantation: lung volume reduction for COPD

Emphysema is disabling and progressive and hallmarked by decreased exercise tolerance and impaired quality of life. Surgical interventions that reduce lung volume have been the focus of multiple interventions for decades; however, until recently, limited evidence has documented their effectiveness. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) underwent rigorous study in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), which demonstrated its short-term and long-term effectiveness, associated morbidity and mortality, and the essential factors that predict LVRS success or failure. This article summarizes the major results of the NETT and briefly reviews newer bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques that show promise as alternative treatments for select patients with COPD undergoing consideration for lung transplantation.     

Chartis系统辅助经支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺气肿1例临床观察

目的介绍Chartis系统辅助的经支气管镜肺减容术(BLVR)的方法及提高对其认识。方法对2011-05-05中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并肺气肿患者行Chartis系统辅助的BLVR治疗的诊治过程及短期疗效。结果与治疗前比较,患者Chartis系统辅助的BLVR术后3个月的肺功能和圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)各指标得到了改善,6MWT中SpO2min略有提高,且出现SpO2min时的步行距离有所提高。术后第4天出现1枚气道瓣膜脱出,经重新植入后恢复良好。结论 Chartis系统辅助的BLVR安全、有效,并发症少。     

Endoscopic lung volume reduction effectively treats acute respiratory failure secondary to bullous emphysema

Emphysema often affects the lungs in a heterogeneous fashion, and collapse or removal of severely hyperinflated portions of lung can improve overall lung function and symptoms. The role of lung volume reduction (LVR) surgery in selected patients is well established, but that of non‐surgical LVR is still being defined. In particular, use of endobronchial LVR is still under development. This case report describes a 48‐year‐old non‐smoker with severe bullous emphysema complicated by acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, who was successfully treated by endobronchial valve placement while intubated in an intensive care unit.     

Prevention of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves

IntroductionBronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with endobronchial valves (EBVs) has emerged as an important treatment method for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are a frequent complication following BLVR with EBV. However, there is no consensus on the prevention of AECOPD.ObjectivesOur study aims to compare the outcomes of different prophylactic measures on the occurrence of AECOPD after BLVR with EBV.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, retrospective study of patients who underwent BLVR with EBV at six different institutions. Emphasis was directed towards the specific practices aimed at preventing AECOPD: antibiotics, steroids, antibiotics plus steroids, or no prophylaxis. Subgroups were compared, and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsA total of 170 patients were reviewed. The rate of AECOPD was 21.2% for the full cohort. Patients who received prophylaxis had a significantly lower rate of AECOPD compared with those who did not (16.7% vs. 46.2%; p = 0.001). The rate was lowest in patients who received antibiotics alone (9.2%). There was no significant difference in the rate of AECOPD between patients who received steroids alone or antibiotics plus steroids, compared with the other subgroups. The OR for AECOPD was 4.3 (95% CI: 1.8–10.4; p = 0.001) for patients not receiving prophylaxis and 3.9 (95% CI: 1.5–10.1; p = 0.004) for prophylaxis other than antibiotics alone.ConclusionsAdministration of antibiotics after BLVR with EBV was associated with a lower rate of AECOPD. This was not observed with the use of steroids or in combination with antibiotics.     

Bronchoscopic interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Over the past decade, several non‐surgical and minimally invasive bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) techniques have been developed to treat patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BLVR can be significantly efficacious, suitable for a broad cohort of patients, and associated with a solid safety profile at a reasonable expense. The introduction of BLVR is also expected to accelerate the further development of interventional pulmonology worldwide. Recently, results from clinical studies on BLVR techniques have been published, providing valuable information about the procedure's indications, contraindications, patient‐selection criterion and outcomes. BLVR utilizing one‐way endobronchial valves is gaining momentum as an accepted treatment in regular medical practice because of the identification of best responders. Patients with a heterogeneous emphysema distribution and without inter‐lobar collateral ventilation show encouraging results. Furthermore, for patients with collateral ventilation, who are not considered candidates for valve treatment, and for patients with homogeneous emphysema, the introduction of lung volume reduction coil treatment is a promising solution. Moreover, with the development of newer treatment modalities, that is, biochemical sealant and thermal water vapor, the potential to treat emphysema irrespective of collateral flow, may be further increased. Nevertheless, patient selection for BLVR treatment will be crucial for the procedure's success and should be performed using a multidisciplinary team approach. Consequently, BLVR needs to be concentrated in high‐volume centres that will offer better quality and experience with treatment challenges and adverse events. This review gives a general overview of BLVR from an expert and scientific perspective.     

肺减容术37例临床分析

目的对临床肺减容术效果进行探究。方法针对在我院肺减容术37例患者的预后研究分析。结果本组37例患者均治愈出院,无一例死亡。术后所有患者呼吸困难的症状得到明显改善,FEV1和动脉血氧饱和度均有所增加,高碳酸血症也有明显的改善。术后15例患者出现肺漏气,占40.5%;3例发生对侧气胸,占8%,经胸腔闭式引流后痊愈;7例肺部感染,占18.9%,经大量抗生素治疗后痊愈。结论 LRVS有良好的近期疗效,能明显改善患者的呼吸功能和生活质量,为广大重症COPD带来了福音。     

内科肺减容术在慢性阻塞性肺疾病最新研究进展

阻塞性呼吸道疾病是多种疾病组成的,但它们都可因炎症导致气道狭窄,从而导致呼吸做功增加.由于其患病人数多,病死率高,严重影响患者的劳动能力和生活质量.不同群体的哮喘、慢性支气管炎和肺气肿最佳治疗策略应该是多方面的,如高危肺气肿患者应包括药物学和非药物方法以及手术治疗.回顾当前支气管镜介入水平,近十年其发展目标是更好地控制哮喘症状和缓解由于不适合肺减容手术的肺气肿患者症状,由此可见,新型支气管镜技术针对气道阻塞性疾病治疗有很大帮助.