夫妻梅毒检测不一致的孕妇梅毒感染情况

目的了解丈夫梅毒检测阴性的孕妇梅毒感染的情况,提高对孕前梅毒筛查重要性的认识。方法对在北京佑安医院皮肤感染门诊就诊的、梅毒血清抗体检测为阳性的孕妇,同时应用快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验（RPR）检测,并对其丈夫进行同期梅毒检测,筛选出夫妻梅毒抗体检测不一致的标本,孕妇梅毒抗体阳性者用蛋白印迹试验（WB）进行确认。结果共有109对夫妻梅毒检测不一致的标本,在孕妇梅毒抗体均为阳性时,其爱人梅毒抗体均为阴性。以RPR滴度分级,RPR滴度〉1：8的62例（56．88％）,〈1：8及阴性的47例（43．12％）,最终经蛋白印迹试验（WB）确认,109名孕妇梅毒抗体均为阳性。结论当孕妇孕前筛查梅毒时,对孕妇的梅毒血清学初筛,推广用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验与RPR联合检测,强调孕前梅毒检查的重要性及必要性。     

从业人员健康体检血清中梅毒抗体检测结果分析

人感染梅毒后，体内能产生两种抗体，一类是针对梅毒螺旋体产生的特异性抗体，即抗梅毒螺旋体抗体（IgG和IgM），另一类是具有抗体性质的反应素。为了解健康人群的感染情况，就健康从业人员的血清进行梅毒的初筛（快速血浆反应素试验，RPR）和确证实验（梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验，TPPA），并对初筛阳性血清滴度与确证实验结果的关系进行分析和探讨。     

胶体金快速法在梅毒抗体检测中的应用性评价

目的应用胶体金法快速法(TPCG)检测血清梅毒抗体,并与梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)进行比较,对胶体金快速法的应用性进行评价。方法对29 640例(A组)需要检测梅毒的患者血清,用TPPA法检测,对结果阳性的用TPCG法复查。对4892例(B组)需要应用快速法检测梅毒的患者血清,用TPCG法检测,对结果阳性者用TPPA法复查。对8份梅毒抗体阳性血清用阴性血清进行倍比稀释,对稀释后的同一份血清分别用TPPA法和TPCG法进行定性检测,以比较TPCG法的灵敏度和可检测范围。结果 A组TPPA法检出616例阳性,用TPCG复查612例阳,阳性符合率为99.35%;阳性漏检率为0.01%;B组TPCG法共检测出91例阳性,用TPPA法复查80例阳性,符合率为87.9%。TPCG法能检测到TPPA法下限的1/2~1/4,可从下限开始检测出下限的1024倍或更高。结论 TPCG法敏感度高,漏检率低,试剂易于保存,独立包装,操作简单,结果易于判断,能满足基层医院筛查的需要,对于阳性结果,应结合症状,必要时可以到上级医院复查。     

螺旋体传染病

梅毒螺旋体检测方法的临床评价——李振荣等（北京北京大学第三医院检验科100083）；《北京医学》2007，29（8）：497—498[目的：探讨三种血清梅毒螺旋体检测方法的应用价值。方法：应用快速血浆反应素试验（RPR）、酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验（TPPA）分别检测602份标本，其中6l例确诊为梅毒感染。荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）方法对RPR阳性标本进行检测。     

酶联免疫吸附试验检测梅毒患者血清中抗苍白螺旋体IgM抗体

目的评价抗苍白螺旋体IgM抗体检测对梅毒的临床意义.方法用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对72例梅毒患者检测了特异性IgM抗体,并与快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)、梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)的检测结果进行比较分析.结果血清抗苍白螺旋体IgM抗体在一期梅毒的阳性率为73.3%(11/15),在二期梅毒的阳性率为88.9%(16/18),二者差异无显著的统计学意义(χ2＝1.6363,P＞0.10).在潜伏梅毒,IgM抗体阳性率为26.1%(6/23),非常显著地低于早期显性梅毒(χ2＝17.6189,P＜0.005).在一期、二期和潜伏梅毒,RPR和TPPA的阳性率均为100%.入组前2～24个月已经正规抗梅治疗的梅毒16例,其中IgM抗体阳性2例.结论 ELISA法检测特异性IgM抗体诊断一期梅毒并不优于RPR和TPPA.IgM抗体在潜伏梅毒敏感性低,其诊断应依靠RPR和TPPA.目前不推荐单独检测抗梅毒IgM抗体来监测病情和判断疗效.抗苍白螺旋体IgM抗体的临床意义有待更深入的研究.     

TPPA和TRUST两种检查方法在梅毒血清学检查中的应用

目的探讨分别采用明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)和甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)两种检查方法在梅毒血清学检查中的应用。方法选择我院2005年1月—2009年12月26例梅毒血清标本作为研究对象,根据梅毒的诊断标准[2]:其中Ⅰ期梅毒10例,Ⅱ期梅毒9例,Ⅲ期梅毒4例,潜伏梅毒3例;另选10例经临床确定为类风湿性关节炎、乙型肝炎、SLE、肺结核的作为对照组;以及10例健康体检者作为研究对象。46例标本采用明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)和甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)两种检查方法同时进行检测,操作严格按照各厂家要求进行。观察比较两种检查方法的检测阳性率及敏感性和特异性。结果 TRUST法对梅毒的检测阳性率为80.77%(21/26),TPPA法对梅毒的检测阳性率为96.15%(25/26),TPPA检测法对梅毒检测的阳性率明显高于TRUST检测法(P0.05)。TPPA检测梅毒的敏感性和特异性明显高于TRUST检查法(P0.05)。且检测Ⅲ期梅毒及潜伏梅毒的阳性率分别均高TRUST检测的阳性率,两组比较差异具有显著性。结论 TPPA的敏感性和特异性优于TRUST检测法是临床常用的梅毒确诊试验,但其不适合大量标本的筛查,更适合用于TRUST测定阳性后的确诊试验,建议临床检验医师应予以注意。     

三种实验室检测方法对梅毒诊断的临床意义分析

目的检验三种梅毒实验室检测方法的梅毒阳性检出率,分析各检测指标间的相互关系,探讨其临床意义。方法抽取性病门诊就诊者的静脉血,用梅毒酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测梅毒抗体,同时用梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)检测同一份血清,二种方法均为阳性者用荧光梅毒螺旋体抗体吸收法(FTA-ABS)检测及免疫印迹法(WB)确认,对试验数据进行统计分析和检查。结果在所有784名性病门诊就诊者中,ELISA检测梅毒抗体阳性者306人,阳性率39.03%;TPPA法检测梅毒抗体阳性为297人,阳性率为37.88%;经FTA-ABS检测确证阳性299人,阳性率为38.14%;最终WB结果与FTA-ABS检测一致。结论为了提高梅毒的检出率及正确性,对高度疑似梅毒的患者,应同时进行两种抗体的检查。     

ELISA和TRUST检测梅毒螺旋体方法比较分析

目的 比较ELISA(酶联免疫吸附试验)、TRUST(甲苯胺红不加热血清试验)法诊断梅毒螺旋体感染的方法学差异.方法 用目前国内最常用的诊断梅毒螺旋体感染的TRUST试剂及ELISA试剂检测722例标本,同时与TPPA(梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验)的检测结果进行比较,从而得到各试验的假阴性率和假阳性率.结果 对722份样本的检测中,ELISA和TPPA的阳性符合率为98.26％,假阴性率和假阳性率分别为0.46％和1.91％,2种方法差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05); TRUST和TPPA的阳性符合率为84.39％,假阴性率和假阳性率分别为21.08％和5.10％;ELISA和TURST检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 ELISA测定梅毒螺旋体的方法在日常大量标本检验时优于TRUST.     

心血管疾病患者梅毒血清学检测阳性结果分析

目的分析梅毒血清学检测阳性患者在心血管疾病患者中的分布特点,为心血管疾病的诊断、外科手术治疗和内科介入治疗中需采取的生物安全措施提供实验依据。方法采用梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)和快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)两种方法对2008年1月至2009年5月入住我院的255例心血管疾病患者标本进行梅毒血清学检测,首先用TPPA初检,初检阳性者采用RPR复检。随机收集同时期TPPA阴性200例作为对照组。分析阳性患者的性别、年龄构成及与心血管疾病的关系。结果在255例TPPA试验阳性患者中,RPR试验复检阳性84例(32.9%),阴性171例(67.1%),其中男性RPR阳性率显著高于女性(X2=5.762,P0.05),不同年龄组人群阳性率无显著性差异(X2=6.854,P0.05),但65岁以上患者RPR复检阳性率显著升高(X2=8.607,P0.01)。TPPA阳性患者中,主动脉相关疾病患病率显著高于对照组(X2=8.392,P0.01),其中主动脉夹层与主动脉瓣疾病患病率均显著高于对照组(X2=4.435,P0.05,X2=5.162,P0.05)。此外,TPPA阳性患者的心力衰竭患病率也显著高于对照组(X2=4.004,P0.05)。而各类疾病RPR阳性与RPR阴性比较均无统计学差异。结论我院住院患者梅毒血清学检测阳性率男性高于女性,且多为中老年患者。65岁以上患者RPR复检阳性率显著升高。而TPPA阳性患者中,主动脉疾病及心力衰竭患病率显著升高,提示有可能为梅毒所致。临床医生在做有创诊疗时,应作好生物安全防护。     

384例性病门诊就诊者荧光梅毒螺旋体抗体吸附试验结果分析

目的对384例荧光梅毒螺旋体抗体吸附试验（FTA_ABs）检测结果进行分析,更好地为临床提供梅毒诊断的依据。方法对2012年确诊梅毒并经FTA—ABS检测为阳性的384例患者的血清,同时用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集法（TPPA）和酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）进行复核检测,并对其中的40例患者进行脑脊液FTAABS检测。结果384例FTAABS检测确诊的阳性病例中,梅毒抗体IgG、IgM同时阳性的59例（占15．4％）,抗体IgG阳性IgM阴性的325例（占84．6％）。40例脑脊液中抗体IgG阳性的12例,未见抗体IgM阳性。梅毒合并感染HIV的患者有29例（占7．6％）,其中RPR滴度〉1：8有21例（72．4％）。单纯梅毒感染的355例（92．4％）,其中RPR滴度〉1：8有97例（27．3%）。结论FTAABS试验敏感性和特异性高,值得在临床中推广。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.