形态心电图标准在原有束支阻滞伴宽QRS波群心动？…

为探讨形态心电图标准是否适用原有束支阻滞（ＢＢＢ）或心肌梗塞患者合并宽ＱＲＳ波群心动过速的鉴别诊断,选择窦性心律呈ＢＢＢ的患者２０５（左束支阻滞（ＬＢＢＢ）４５例、右束支阻带（ＲＢＢＢ）１６０例）。分析形态心电图标准用于鉴别宽ＱＲＳ波群心动过速的特异性。胸导联ＱＲＳ波群图形一致、胸导联无ＲＳ型;ＲＢＢＢ时任一胸导联ＲＳ时限〉１００ｍｓ,Ｖ１导联单向（Ｒ）或双向（ｑＲ、ＱＲ、ＲＳ）、呈左兔耳征,Ｖ６     

特发性左室室速酷似室上性心动过速一例

患者 ,男 ,2 2岁 ,因阵发性心动过速 7个月入院。无其它心脏病史 ,胸片及超声心动图正常。心动过速 12导联心电图ＲＲ间期规则 ,频率 16 7次 /分 ,ＱＲＳ波时限 12 0ｍｓ ,呈右束支阻滞 (ＲＢＢＢ)图形伴电轴左偏 ,Ｖ2 、Ｖ4、Ｖ5、Ｖ6呈ＲＳ形 ,Ｒ波起点至Ｓ波最低点 (ＲＳ间期 )≤ 80ｍｓ,Ｖ6导联Ｒ/Ｓ <1;Ｖ1、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联Ｒ波后见直立Ｐ-波 ,ａＶＬ导联Ｒ波后似见倒置Ｐ-波 ,ＲＰ-<Ｐ-Ｒ(图 1)。食管心电图见心动过速Ｒ波与Ｐ-呈 1∶1固定关系 ,ＲＰ-间期 =10 0ｍｓ(图 2 )。静注异搏定心动过速终止后窦性心律 12导联心电图ＱＲＳ波…     

左束支传导阻滞伴窄QRS波群室性期前收缩1例

患者男性 ,６９岁。临床诊断 :冠心病 ,心房颤动。心电图ａＶＬ、Ｖ１导联 (图１)示 :窦性Ｐ波消失 ,代之以ｆ波 ,ＱＲＳ波群宽大 ,Ｒ＿Ｒ间期绝对不规则 ,ａＶＬ导联第４个ＱＲＳ波群和Ｖ１ 导联第５个ＱＲＳ波群提早出现 ,形态明显窄小 ,ＱＲＳ波群起始部有切迹 ,偶联间期０．５１ｓ ,其后有类代偿间歇。心电图诊断 :心房颤动 ,完全性左束支传导阻滞 ,高位室性期前收缩。讨论完全性左束支传导阻滞时ＱＲＳ波群宽大畸形 ,一般室性期前收缩ＱＲＳ波群亦宽大畸形。本例完全性左束支传导阻滞伴窄ＱＲＳ波群室性期前收缩 ,其最常见原因为该室性…     

完全性左束支阻滞伴室性并行心律时的QRS正常化

患者男性，５９岁，临床诊断：扩张型心肌病。心电图（附图）中ＱＲＳ呈三种表现，一种Ｐ－ＱＲＳ－Ｔ顺序出现，ＰＰ间距０５６～０６２ｓ（Ｖ３连描为另一时刻描记，为０７３ｓ），Ｐ－Ｒ间距０１７Ｓ，ＱＲＳ时限０１５ｓ，Ｖ６导联呈“Ｒ”型，顶端切迹，无起始小ｑ波，Ｔ波与主波方向相反，为完全性左束支阻滞。一种（ⅠＲ１、ⅡＲ２、ⅢＲ２、ａＶＬＲ２、Ｖ３连描Ｒ４、１１）为提早出现、其前无相关Ｐ波且Ｔ波与主波反向的宽大畸形ＱＲＳ－Ｔ波群，ＱＲＳ时限０１８ｓ，与上一种ＱＲＳ的主波方向相反，代偿间歇完全，联…     

右束支传导阻滞伴房性期前收缩传导正常化1例

患者男性 ,７６岁。因胸闷、心悸３天入院。７年前曾患急性下壁心肌梗死。临床诊断 :冠心病 ,陈旧性下壁心肌梗死。心电图 (图１)示 :ＰⅡ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ、Ｖ４、Ｖ５、Ｖ６ 直立 ,ＰａＶＲ 倒置 ,Ｐ＿Ｐ间期规则 ,频率９２次／ｍｉｎ ,Ｐ＿Ｒ间期０．２４ｓ,ＱＲＳ时间０．１４ｓ。ＱＲＳ波群在Ⅱ导联呈 ｑＲｓ型 ,ｑ＜Ｒ／４ ,时间＜０．０３ｓ ;Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联呈ｒＳｒ′型 ,Ｖ１ 导联呈ｒｓＲ′型 ;Ⅰ、ａＶＬ、Ｖ４～Ｖ６ 导联Ｓ波粗钝。末行长Ｖ１ 导联可见Ｒ３、Ｒ６ 两个单一提前出现的Ｐ′＿ＱＲＳ＿Ｔ波群 ,偶联间期不一致 (０．４…     

三种不同部位的位相型传导阻滞同时并存一例

１临床资料患者男性，７８岁。临床诊断：冠心病。心电图检查：窦性心律，心率为５０～６８次／分，ＱＲＳ波群呈４种形态：第１种，室内传导正常，如ａＶＲ中Ｒ４、５，Ｖ６中Ｒ１～３，ＱＲＳ波群时间为０．０９秒。第２种，呈完全性左束支传导阻滞（ＣＬＢＢＢ）型，如...     

A型预激综合征合并左束支阻滞的特殊心电图和心电向量图表现

Ａ型预激综合征合并左束支阻滞 (ＬＢＢＢ)的概率极低 ,因此迄今文献上罕见报道。我院最近检测到 1例并成功消融 ,心电图 (ＥＣＧ)和心电向量图 (ＶＣＧ)呈特殊表现 ,现报道如下。患者男性 ,5 2岁 ,因反复发作阵发性心动过速行消融术治疗。入院时ＥＣＧ和ＶＣＧ见图 1。为明确旁道部位 ,注射　　图 1　入院时ＥＣＧ　上图窦性心律 ,ＰＲ间期 <0 .12ｓ,大部分导联ＰＲ段消失 ,ＱＲＳ波时限 0 .12ｓ。各导联Ｒ峰未见增宽切迹 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ及Ｖ4、Ｖ5导联ＱＲＳ起始部有ｄｅｌｔａ波 ,Ｖ1～Ｖ3 导联呈ｒＳ型 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联呈Ｒ型 ,Ⅰ…     

A型预激综合征合并右束支传导阻滞

Ａ型预激综合征合并右束支传导阻滞许广实，吴洁例１男，３４岁，因心悸来诊。查体、胸透、超声心动图检查无异常。ＥＣＧ（图１）示：窦性Ｐ波，Ｐ－Ｒ间期０．１０ｓ，ＱＲＳ时限０．１７ｓ，Ｐ－Ｊ０．２７ｓ，Ⅱ、ａＶＦ及Ｖ２－６导联可见正向预激波，Ｖ１－２导联为...     

长P—R间期型文氏型房室传导阻滞伴不定型心室内传导阻滞

患者男性 ,１７岁。因心悸、气促半天就诊。４个月前患者因三尖瓣下移畸形 (Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形 )在外院手术治疗。１２导联心电图 (图１Ａ)示 :窦性Ｐ波 ,Ｐ＿Ｐ间期相等 ,频率１０８次／ｍｉｎ ,Ｐ＿Ｒ间期０．４０ｓ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联Ｐ波增高有切迹 ,振幅高０．３０ｍＶ ,时间为０．１３ｓ。ＱＲＳ波群Ⅰ、ａＶＬ导联呈挫折Ｒ型 ;Ｖ５、Ｖ６导联呈ｒＳ型且ｓ波顿挫 ;Ｖ１呈ＱＳ型 ,ＱＲＳ时间长达０．１６ｓ。各导联均可见提前出现宽大畸形的ＱＲＳ波群 ,虽然前面有Ｐ波 ,但Ｐ＿Ｒ间期没有达到下传最短Ｐ＿Ｒ间期的０．４０ｓ ,考虑为…     

畸形QRS波酷似P波

患者男 ,72岁。临床诊断 :高血压、冠心病。超声心动图 :左房、左室明显增大 ,心功能指标下降。多次急诊心电图显示 :ＱＲＳ波宽大 ,时限达 0 2 0ｓ,类似于完全性左束支传导阻滞图形 ,Ｒ -Ｒ间隔不等 ,心率约 95次 /ｍｉｎ ,Ｐ波在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联直立 ,Ｐ -Ｒ间期 0 10ｓ ,心电图诊断 :窦性心律不齐 ,完全性左束支传导阻滞 ,短Ｐ -Ｒ间期。复习心电图发现Ｐ波形态总在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联出现 ,而其他导联无Ｐ波的痕迹 ,改用 6导联同步心电图机描记 ,并以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联的Ｐ波与其他导联相应部分对照 ,发现所谓Ｐ波为ＱＲＳ波起始…     

Regelm??ige Tachykardien mit breitem Kammerkomplex

Differential diagnosis of regular tachycardia with broad QRS complex can be challenging in daily practice. There are four different arrhythmias that have to be taken into account when being confronted with a broad QRS complex tachycardia: (1) ventricular tachycardia (VT); (2) supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with bundle branch block (BBB); (3) SVT with AV conduction over an accessory AV pathway; (4) paced ventricular rhythm. Due to potentially fatal consequences, the correct diagnosis is important in view of both the acute treatment and the long-term therapy. Since SVT with accessory conduction is rare and a paced ventricular rhythm can be identified easily by stimulation artifacts, in most cases, a VT has to be differentiated from an SVT with BBB. Several ECG criteria can be helpful: (1) QRS complex duration > 140 ms in right BBB tachycardia or > 160 ms in left BBB tachycardia; (2) ventricular fusion beats; (3)“Northwest” QRS axis; (4) ventriculoatrial dissociation; (5) absence of an RS complex or RS interval > 100 ms in leads V₁-V₆; (6) a positive or negative concordant R wave progression pattern in leads V₁-V₆; (7) absence of an initial R wave or an S wave in lead V₁ in right BBB tachycardia; (8) absence of an R wave or an R/S ratio < 1 in lead V₆ in right BBB tachycardia; (9) absence or delay of the initial negative forces in lead V₁ in left BBB pattern (R wave duration > 30 ms in V₁; interval between onset of R wave and Nadir of S wave > 60 ms in V₁); (10) presence of Q wave. Any of these variables favor VT. However, none of the criteria has both a sufficient sensitivity and specificity when utilized on its own. Therefore, various diagnostic algorithms have been proposed using a number of the above criteria consecutively. By doing so, the specificity and sensitivity of correctly identifying a VT or an SVT with BBB can be raised to > 95%.     

Value of electrocardiographic leads MCL1, MCL6 and other selected leads in the diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia

To compare the modified precordial leads MCL1 and MCL6 with the conventional precordial leads V1 and V6 and assess the diagnostic accuracy of selected leads for continuous bedside electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring, 121 wide QRS complex tachycardias were recorded from 92 patients during cardiac electrophysiologic study. As ascertained from intracardiac recordings, 86 tachycardias were ventricular and 35 were supraventricular with aberrant conduction. Early or late peaking of the predominant QRS deflection in lead MCL6 or V6 proved valuable in diagnosing wide complex tachycardia. An interval of less than or equal to 50 ms from the onset of the QRS complex to the predominant peak (or nadir) indicated supraventricular tachycardia; an interval of greater than or equal to 70 ms indicated ventricular tachycardia. The QRS complexes in leads MCL1 and MCL6 were comparable to those in leads V1 and V6 during sinus rhythm. Significant discrepancies in QRS configuration occurred between the modified and conventional precordial leads during ventricular tachycardia, especially between leads MCL1 and V1; however. these differences did not affect diagnostic accuracy. A single MCL1, V1, MCL6 or V6 lead was equally valuable in the diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia and far superior to a single lead II. A combination of leads (MCL1 + MCL6), (V1 + V6), (V1 + I + aVF) or (V1 + V6 + I + aVF) was superior to a single lead or the routinely monitored lead V1 + II combination.     

Surface electrocardiographic clues suggesting presence of a nodofascicular Mahaim fiber

Standard electrocardiograms from 87 consecutive patients with tachycardia of left bundle branch block configuration were analyzed retrospectively for features that might be characteristic of tachycardia utilizing a nodofascicular Mahaim fiber. The study group consisted of 13 patients with nodofascicular tachycardia, 34 with supraventricular tachycardia and aberrant conduction over the His-Purkinje system, 22 with ventricular tachycardia and 18 with antidromic tachycardia utilizing a right-sided accessory atrioventricular pathway. Six variables present during tachycardia of left bundle branch block configuration were predictive of a nodofascicular fiber: cycle length between 220 and 450 ms, QRS axis of 0 to -75 degrees, QRS duration 0.15 second or less, R wave in lead I, rS wave in precordial lead V1 and a precordial transition from a negative to a positive QRS complex after lead V4. All six criteria were present in 16 of the 87 patients. No patient with ventricular tachycardia satisfied these criteria, whereas 3 of 34 with supraventricular tachycardia, 1 of 18 with antidromic tachycardia and 12 of 13 with tachycardia using a nodofascicular fiber did. It is concluded that analysis of the surface electrocardiogram during tachycardia may suggest the presence of a nodofascicular fiber.     

Conventional Electrocardiogram in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia-Cardiomyopathy and Idiopathic Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia

Objective: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia up to now is a rare cardiomyopathic entity with certain difficulties in clinical definition of diagnostic criteria. In 42 patients with major and minor criteria of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and 25 patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia, the role of conventional ECG in the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was reevaluated. Methods: In standard 12-lead ECG, QRS duration was measured in limb lead D₁, and in V₁-V₆. A ratio of the sum of right (V₂+ V₃) and left (V₄+ V₅) was calculated. T wave inversions, Epsilon wave, and mechanisms of advancing right bundle branch block were analyzed. Results: In 39 out of 42 patients (93%) with the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, a ratio of right and left precordial QRS duration of >1.2, a maximum right precordial QRS duration of > 100 ms in 10 cases (26%) and >110 ms in 29 cases (74%) could be found. Incomplete right bundle branch block with right precordial T inversions was found in one case. The ECG in two patients revealed a precordial R/S transition in V₁ or V₂; in all other cases, R/S transition was localized in V₃ or V₄. R peak time was normal (< 0.04 s) in all cases, a “notching” or “slurring” of the S wave was striking in 16 cases. T wave inversions were found in 27 cases and definite Epsilon wave in only one case. Although incomplete right bundle branch block and certain preforms could also be disclosed in four patients with idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia, localized right precordial QRS prolongation could be excluded in all but one of these cases. Localized right precordial QRS duration prolongation in one case was probably due to a rotation of the heart with a precordial R/S transition between V₁ and V₂. Conclusion: Localized right precordial QRS prolongation in a normal precordial R/S transition: (a) seems to be the most important aspect of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia at conventional ECG, with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 96% in order to distinguish idiopathic RVOT tachycardia; (b) can appear with (64%) or without (36%) secondary T wave inversions; and (c) is due to a “parietal” block sparing the specialized conducting system.     

Electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular tachycardia in wide complex left bundle branch block morphology tachycardias

Four electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular tachycardia (VT) were proposed and evaluated. These included (1) an R wave in V1 or V2 of greater than 30-ms duration; (2) any Q wave in V6; (3) a duration of greater than 60 ms from the onset of the QRS to the nadir of the S wave in V1 or V2 and (4) notching on the downstroke of the S wave in V1 or V2. The data showed that all 4 criteria had high predictive accuracy (96 to 100%) and specificity (94 to 100%). The relatively low sensitivities of the 4 criteria alone (30 to 64%) might limit their efficacy. Grouped criteria, however, could differentiate VT from supraventricular tachycardias with high sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy. The amount of tracings having either electrocardiographic criteria (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) was determined. The proposed combined criteria had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 89% and a predictive accuracy of 96%. Left axis deviation alone was of no value in distinguishing VT from supraventricular tachycardia. Characteristic patterns were present for left bundle branch block pattern VT associated with anterior and inferior myocardial infarction. In conclusion, the 12-lead electrocardiogram alone, when systematically analyzed, can be used to accurately diagnose the origin of wide complex tachycardias with left bundle branch block pattern. Attention to these criteria may lead to more rapid and effective therapy.     

An electrocardiographic algorithm for determining the location of pacemaker electrode in patients with right bundle branch block configuration during permanent ventricular pacing

The expected morphology of right ventricular pacing is a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern. However, right bundle branch block (RBBB) can also be seen during permanent right ventricular pacing. The aim of this study was to develop an electrocardiographic algorithm to differentiate this benign condition from septal and free wall perforation with subsequent left ventricular pacing. Three hundred consecutive patients who had permanent ventricular or dual-chamber pacemaker implantation between 1999 and 2000 were screened and 25 patients (8.3%) who exhibited RBBB configuration were included in the study. Echocardiograms and chest radiographs were evaluated in order to identify the pacing lead location in this group. The authors formed a study group with their own 25 patients and 22 cases of RBBB with permanent pacemaker from previous publications (total 47 patients). Frontal axis, QRS morphology in lead V(1), and the precordial transition point, which is defined as the precordial lead where R wave amplitude is equal to S wave amplitude, were examined. Placement of precordial leads V(1) and V(2) 1 interspace lower than the standard location (Klein maneuver) eliminated the RBBB pattern in 12 patients. RBBB pattern with "true right ventricular pacing" was detected in 24 of the 25 patients, and in 11 of the 22 patients reported in the literature (total 35 patients). Right ventricular pacing was correctly identified in 34 of 35 patients with use of criteria including left superior axis deviation, RS or qR morphology in lead V(1), and precordial transition at lead V(3) with a high sensitivity and specificity. A simple surface electrocardiogram can accurately predict the lead location in patients having RBBB morphology with right ventricular pacing.     

Electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of complete right bundle branch block

The usual electrocardiographic criteria recommended for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy may be unreliable in the presence of complete right bundle branch block (BBB). Thirty-six standard electrocardiographic criteria for LV hypertrophy were evaluated in 100 patients (mean age +/- standard deviation 67 +/- 11 years) with right BBB and technically satisfactory echocardiograms. Eight additional electrocardiographic criteria derived from this study also were evaluated. LV mass index was determined from the echocardiogram using the Penn method. LV hypertrophy defined as LV mass index greater than 132 g/m2 in men and 109 g/m2 in women was present in 56 of the 100 patients. Electrocardiographic criteria with the highest sensitivity were SIII + (R + S) maximal precordial lead greater than or equal to 30 mm (sensitivity 68%), specificity 66%), left axis deviation of -30 degrees to -90 degrees (sensitivity 59%, specificity 71%) and combination of left axis deviation and SIII + (R + S) maximal precordial lead greater than or equal to 30 mm (sensitivity 52%, specificity 84%). The electrocardiographic criteria with the highest sensitivity and specificity greater than 90% were left axis deviation of -30 degrees to -90 degrees and SV1 greater than 2 mm (sensitivity 34%), point-score system, RaVL greater than 12 mm and RI + SIII greater than 25 mm (each with a sensitivity of 27%). In general, limb lead voltage criteria such as RaVL greater than 11 mm (sensitivity 29%, specificity 86%) had higher sensitivities than criteria using right precordial lead S-wave voltage criteria such as SV1 + RV5, V6 greater than 35 mm (sensitivity 2%, specificity 100%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

起源于主动脉窦频发室性期前收缩的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗

目的报道11例起源于主动脉窦的频发室性期前收缩（premature ventricular contraction,PVC）患者的心电生理特征、射频消融（radiofrequency catheter ablation,RFCA）方法及疗效。方法分析患者术前体表心电图和动态心电图PVC的特点,测量V1或V2导联r波时限和振幅,计算r波与QRS波时限的比值及r波于S波振幅的比值。术中行主动脉窦内激动标测和起搏标测确定PVC起源部位,并行冠状动脉造影辅助定位后行RFCA。结果11例均有频发PVC,5例有反复短阵室性心动过速。下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1导联呈rS型,胸前导联多移行于V3以前,V6导联多呈Rs型或无S波。V1导联r波时限（84.6±9.8）ms,占QRS波时限的50%以上;r/S振幅比值0.72±0.31。有效消融靶点局部电图V波较体表心电图的QRS波明显提前（35.6±8.9）ms,有效靶点放电2～8 s见PVC减少至消失。结论起源于主动脉窦的PVC其下壁导联QRS波呈R形且高大直立,V1或V2导联r波时限宽（〉50%同导联QRS波）,r波振幅高（〉30%同导联S波）;主动脉窦内PVC的射频消融治疗是安全、有效的。     

后间隔旁道体表心电图及心内电图的特征

总结射频消融成功的后间隔旁道３７例体表及心内电图特征，结果显示：显性后间隔旁道体表心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａＶＦ导联δ波负向，ＱＲＳ波群在Ｖ２导联呈Ｒ或Ｒｓ形时，若Ｖ１导联为ｒＳＲ或Ｒｓ形诊断为左后间隔旁道，其敏感性７３．３％、特异性９１．７％；Ｖ１导联为ＱＳ形诊断为右后间隔旁道，其敏感性５８．３％、特异性１００％。冠状窦电极为间距１ｃｍ的４极标测电极，近端电极置于窦口。心动过速时，心内电图ΔＶＡＨ－ＣＳ（ＶＡＨ与最短ＶＡｃｓ的差值）≥２５ｍｓ提示左侧，敏感性６２．８％、特异性９３．７％；ΔＶＡｃｓ（冠状窦电极记录的最长与最短ＶＡ的差值）≤１５ｍｓ提示左侧，敏感性８７．５％，特异性９５．４％。此外，左后间隔旁道逆行Ａ波最早出现在冠状窦近端（ＣＳｐ）或冠状窦中端（ＣＳｍ），且冠状窦中端Ａ波（Ａｃｓｍ）均早于希氏束远端（Ｈｉｓｄ）Ａ波（ＡＨｉｓｄ）；右后间隔旁道逆行Ａ波最早出现在Ｈｉｓｄ或ＣＳｐ处，Ａｃｓｍ均晚于ＡＨｉｓｄ。通过体表心电图和心内电图特征，可简便准确地预测间隔旁道的消融靶点。     

鉴别宽QRS心动过速心电图指标对原有束支传导阻滞患者的应用价值

目的　探讨鉴别宽 QRS心动过速心电图指标对原有束支传导阻滞患者的应用价值。方法　以非选择性、连续性 42 0例完全性束支传导阻滞窦性心律患者为研究对象 ,分析以往文献报道鉴别宽 QRS心动过速心电图标准中的 QRS形态指标的特异性。结果　 12个分析指标中 4个指标特异性 >90 % :右束支传导阻滞 V1 呈三相型 (Rsr′,r SR′,RSR′) ;右束支传导阻滞 V6呈 QS或 QR型 ;左束支传导阻滞 V6有 q或 Q波 ;V1 ～ V6无 RS波。其它 8个指标特异性在 45 %～ 87%范围内。结论　有利于室性心动过速诊断心电图标准中的 QRS形态指标对鉴别原有束支传导阻滞的室上性心动过速患者存在局限性