血小板miR-126表达与冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病的相关性研究

目的 观察冠心病患者血小板miR-126表达与冠状动脉粥样硬化指标的关系,探讨其在冠心病诊断、预测及预后分析中的应用价值。方法 随机选取2016年3月-2018年3月在沈阳市第四人民医院循环内科确定诊断为冠心病的患者60例为实验组,包括SAP(稳定性心绞痛)组(n=30)及ACS(急性冠状动脉综合征)组(n=30),健康人30例作为健康对照组(NC组),qRT-PCR检测血小板miR-126表达,评价miR-126在健康人群、急性冠状动脉综合征及稳定型心绞痛患者中的表达水平差异,miR-126与冠脉斑块CT值分型的关系,miR-126表达与冠脉造影病变程度、分型及病变支数相关性。结果 qRT-PCR显示,ACS组及SAP组miR-126表达高于NC组(P＜0.01),ACS组高于SAP组(P＜0.05);miR-126在冠脉斑块CT值分型中钙化型高于纤维型及软质型,纤维型高于软质型(P＜0.05);miR-126表达水平在中度、重度及闭塞组高于轻度组(P＜0.05),重度及闭塞组高于中度组(P＜0.05);miR-126表达水平在2支及≥3支病变组高于1支病变组(P＜0.05),≥3支病变组高于2支病变组(P＜0.05)。结论 血小板miR-126表达于冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度具有相关性,miR-126表达高者冠状动脉病变程度及支数均较高。     

血小板内microRNA-146a及155与急性冠状动脉综合征的关系

目的:探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血小板内microRNA-146a(miR-146a)及microRNA-155(miR-155)的表达及临床意义。方法:169例患者根据临床表现和冠状动脉(冠脉)造影结果分为:ACS组87例,稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组39例,冠脉造影正常组(对照组)43例。ACS组根据临床诊断分为:急性心肌梗死(AMI)组46例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组41例。采用Real-Time PCR检测血小板内miR-146a及miR-155的表达,比较各组间的差异。结果:1SAP组与ACS组miR-146a的表达水平较对照组升高,miR-155的表达水平较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2AMI组与UAP组miR-146a的表达水平较SAP组升高,且AMI组高于UAP组;miR-155的表达水平较SAP组降低,且AMI组低于UAP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3冠脉3支、双支病变组与单支病变组及对照组比较,miR-146a表达水平升高,miR-155表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。4软斑块、纤维斑块组与钙化斑块组比较,miR-146a表达水平升高,miR-155表达水平降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:ACS患者冠脉病变越严重,血小板内miR-146a表达水平越高,而miR-155表达水平则越低,提示其在ACS的发生、发展中可能起着重要作用,并有望成为ACS的诊疗标记物。     

ACS患者血清五聚素3水平变化及其与冠脉病变范围、近期预后的相关性研究

目的:了解急性期蛋白五聚素3(PTX3)在急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血清中的水平变化,以及PTX3与冠脉病变范围、近期预后的关系。方法:收集我院心内科住院的冠心病(CHD)患者126例,其中不稳定型心绞痛(UAP组)51例,急性心肌梗死(AMI组)50例,稳定型心绞痛(SAP组)25例,选择同期在我院体检中心健康体检者(NC组)25例作为对照组。采用ELISA检测各组入院时空腹血清PTX3水平,以及ACS患者(UAP组+AMI组)在入院规范治疗1周后的血清PTX3水平,比较不同冠脉病变支数组的血清PTX3水平,出院后3个月对ACS患者进行电话随访,了解患者的近期预后。结果:①UAP组、AMI组的血清PTX3水平明显高于SAP组、NC组(P0.05);SAP组PTX3水平亦高于NC组(P0.05);而UAP组与AMI组的血清PTX3水平无差异。②ACS患者经过1周规范治疗后,复查的血清PTX3水平较入院时显著降低(P0.01);但仍高于NC组的正常水平(P0.01)。③冠脉双支病变组和3支病变组的血清PTX3水平明显高于单支病变组(P0.05);④血清PTX3、hs-CRP和TC影响ACS患者的近期预后(死亡或因心脏事件再住院)(P0.05)。结论:ACS患者血清PTX3水平显著升高,随冠脉病变支数的增加,血清PTX3水平增高。血清PTX3水平增高提示ACS患者近期预后不良。     

老年冠心病患者血清骨保护素、胱抑素C、YKL-40水平变化的临床意义

目的探讨老年冠心病(CHD)患者血清骨保护素(OPG)、胱抑素C、几丁质酶-3(YKL-40)水平变化的临床意义。方法疑似冠心病的老年患者67例,均行冠状动脉造影(CAG)。其中确诊为冠心病的患者44例(CHD组),根据患者的临床表现分为劳力型心绞痛20例(SAP组)和急性冠状综合征24例(ACS组);根据冠脉病变支数分为单支病变组(18例)和多支病变组(26例);23例CAG正常者作为对照组。对比分析不同临床分型和不同冠脉病变支数CHD患者与对照组胱抑素C、OPG和YKL-40水平的变化。结果胱抑素C水平:ACS组最低,SAP组次之,对照组最高(F=19.9608,P0.05);对照组最高,单支病变组次之,多支病变组最低(F=19.2670,P0.05)。OPG水平:ACS组最高,SAP组次之,对照组最低(F=14.1696,P0.05);多支病变组最高,单支病变组次之,对照组最低(F=15.7612,P0.05)。YKL-40水平:ACS组最高,SAP组次之,对照组最低(F=13.5517,P0.05);多支病变组最高,单支病变组次之,对照组最低(F=13.2829,P0.05)。结论胱抑素C、OPG和YKL-40水平在一定的程度上可作为诊断CHD特别是ACS的参考指标,为冠心病患者临床分型提供依据,亦可间接反映患者冠脉病变的严重程度。     

miR-499、miR-146a在急性冠脉综合征患者中的表达水平以及与冠脉病变程度的相关性

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者血小板miR-499、miR-146a表达水平变化以及与冠脉病变程度的相关性。方法选取2016年5月~2017年12月于四川省科学城医院心内科进行冠状动脉造影术(CAG)并住院接受治疗的ACS患者139例。另外选择CAG结果正常的42例受试者作为对照组。比较ACS患者与对照组受试者之间以及ACS不同亚组患者之间血小板miR-499、miR-146a相对表达量的差异,并探讨血小板miR-499、miR-146a表达水平与Gensini评分的相关性。结果 ACS患者血小板miR-499、miR-146a相对表达量和Gensini评分明显高于对照组患者(P0.05),急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血小板miR-499、miR-146a相对表达量和Gensini评分明显高于不稳定型心绞痛(UA)患者(P0.05)。三支病变的ACS患者血小板miR-499、miR-146a相对表达量和Gensini评分明显高于单支病变和双支病变患者(P0.05)。重度冠脉病变的ACS患者血小板miR-499、miR-146a相对表达量和Gensin评分明显高于中度和轻度病变的ACS患者(P0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析,ACS患者Gensini评分与血小板miR-499、miR-146a表达呈正相关性(r分别为0.785,0.806,P均0.05)。结论血小板miR-499、miR-146a表达水平与冠状动脉狭窄病变程度密切相关,可作为诊断或预后的潜在靶点。     

冠心病患者外周血细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子表达量与斑块特征相关性分析

目的分析冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者外周血细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)表达量与斑块特征的相关性。方法选取2017年6月至2019年6月于山东第一医科大学附属济南人民医院心内科就诊的急性冠脉综合征患者(ACS组)82例和稳定型心绞痛患者(SAP组)57例作为研究对象,另选取同期于体检的健康体检者60例作为对照组(CON组)。比较3组外周血EMMPRIN表达水平的差异,使用冠状动脉(冠脉)CT成像和光学相关断层扫描(OCT)评估斑块特性,分析EMMPRIN水平与斑块特征的相关性。结果ACS组和SAP组患者外周血EMMPRIN表达水平明显高于CON组,且ACS组明显高于SAP组(P均<0.05)。冠脉CT成像显示,ACS组患者病变血管处软斑块最多(56.10%),纤维斑块(25.61%)和硬化斑块(18.29%)较少;SAP组患者病变血管处钙化斑块最多(52.63%),软斑块(17.54%)和纤维斑块(29.82%)较少。OCT结果显示,ACS组斑块破裂、血栓及脂质弧明显高于SAP组,而斑块纤维帽厚度明显低于SAP组(P均<0.05)。软斑块患者外周血EMMPRIN表达水平明显高于纤维斑块和钙化斑块患者,且纤维斑块患者高于钙化斑块患者(P均<0.05)。相关性分析显示,患者外周血EMMPRIN表达水平与斑块稳定程度及斑块纤维帽厚度呈明显的负相关,与斑块脂质弧呈明显的正相关(P均<0.05)。结论冠心病患者外周血EMMPRIN表达水平明显升高,且与斑块稳定性下降密切相关,其可对冠心病的早期诊断及预防提供帮助。     

血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白及同型半胱氨酸水平与冠状动脉病变严重程度的相关性研究

目的 通过观察血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白(OX-LDL)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与冠心病(CHD)患者冠状动脉病变支数、稳定情况,以及血清OX-LDL与Hcy的相关性,探讨其对冠心病冠状动脉病变严重程度的预测价值.方法 选择冠状动脉造影确诊的CHD患者144例,其中不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)73例,稳定型心绞痛(SAP)71例,据冠脉造影结果 分为单支病变组(34例)、双支病变组(36例)和多支病变组(74例,≥3支病变),另选同期健康体检者50例为健康对照(NC)组.分析血清OX-LDL和Hcy与冠状动脉病变支数、稳定情况,以及血清OX-LDL与Hcy的相关性.结果 (1)UAP、SAP及NC组之间血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);UAP、SAP组血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平均显著高于NC组(P＜0.01);UAP与SAP组相比,血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)CHD患者单支病变、双支病变及多支病变组血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且随病变支数的增加而升高,多支病变组均显著高于双支病变组(P＜0.01),双支病变组显著高于单支病变组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(3)CHD患者血清OX-LDL与Hcy呈正相关(r=0.793,P＜0.01),病变支数与血清OX-LDL和Hcy呈显著正相关(r=0.625、0.719,均P＜0.01).结论 血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平与CHD冠状动脉病变、病变稳定性及病变支数有关,以及血清OX-LDL与Hcy具有相关一致性.联合检测血清OX-LDL和Hcy水平,可更好的了解病情、指导治疗及判断预后.     

血浆suPAR水平与冠心病患者冠状动脉斑块稳定性、病变程度及冠心病预测之间的关系

目的探讨血浆可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(su PAR)水平与冠心病患者冠状动脉斑块稳定性、病变程度及冠心病预测之间的关系。方法 149例入选患者,根据临床表现及冠状动脉造影结果分为急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)组69例、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组35例和对照组45例,ELISA检测血浆su PAR水平,比较各组血浆su PAR水平,分析血浆su PAR水平与冠心病的相关性,观察其与冠状动脉病变支数及Gensini积分的关系,并绘制su PAR预测冠心病发生的ROC曲线,确定最佳界值。结果 ACS组、SAP组血浆su PAR水平高于对照组(P0.05),ACS组血浆su PAR水平高于SAP组(P0.05);随着冠状动脉病变支数增加,冠心病患者血浆su PAR水平相应增加(P0.05),且与Gensini积分呈正相关(r=0.202,P0.05);简单及偏相关分析显示,血浆su PAR水平与冠心病呈正相关性;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,su PAR是冠心病发生的独立危险因素(OR=3.405,P0.01);根据ROC曲线获得su PAR预测冠心病发生的最佳界值为1.771μg/L,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.745(95%CI=0.661~0.828,P0.001)。结论 su PAR作为冠心病发生的独立危险因素,不仅能对粥样斑块稳定性具有提示性,且与冠状动脉病变程度呈正相关,su PAR界值有可能成为预测冠心病发生的指标之一。     

MPO联合Hcy评估急性冠脉综合征患者病变程度的临床价值

目的研究髓过氧化物酶(MPO)联合同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)评估急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者病变程度的临床价值。方法选2015年5月-2017年2月我院98例冠心病患者作为研究对象,其中急性冠脉综合征患者50例作为ACS组,稳定型心绞痛患者48例作为SAP组,另选同期健康体检者49例作为对照组,对比3组基本信息[血糖、肌酐、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高血压占比、尿素氮(BUN)]及血浆MPO、Hcy水平,均行冠状动脉造影(ICA)检查,并分析血浆MPO、Hcy水平与冠状动脉病变支数及冠状动脉狭窄程度积分(Gensini)的相关性。结果ACS组血浆MPO、Hcy水平高于SAP组、对照组,三支血管病变患者血浆Hcy水平高于单支、两支血管病变者,Gensini积分≥30分患者血浆MPO、Hcy水平高于Gensini积分30分患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman相关分析可知,血浆MPO水平与病变支数无明显相关性(P0.05),与Gensini积分呈正相关(P0.05);血浆Hcy水平与病变支数、Gensini积分呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 ACS患者血浆MPO、Hcy水平异常升高,两者联合检测可反映动脉病变支数、狭窄程度,对评估ACS病变程度具有重要价值。     

超敏C反应蛋白评估非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征严重程度的价值研究

目的探讨血浆超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)评估非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)患者病情严重程度的价值。方法选取2012年6月—2013年1月我院收治的急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者68例,其中非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)32例(NSTEMI组),不稳定型心绞痛(UA)36例(UA组),另选取同期我院稳定型心绞痛(SAP)患者22例(SAP组)。测定患者血浆hs-CRP水平。结果 3组患者hs-CRP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中NSTEMI组hs-CRP水平高于UA组,UA组高于SAP组(P0.05)。三支病变组hs-CRP水平高于两支病变组,两支病变组高于单支病变组(P0.05)。斑块破裂组血浆hs-CRP水平高于无斑块破裂组(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析结果显示,血浆hs-CRP水平与冠心病病变累及血管支数呈正相关(r=0.39,P0.01)。结论 hs-CRP可评价NSTE-ACS患者病情严重程度,与斑块稳定性亦密切相关。     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.     

Dénervation rénale pour HTA réfractaire sans anesthésie générale : intérêt d’un protocole MEOPA Morphine. Expérience préliminaire

Renal denervation using the technique of radiofrequency is used only recently for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Normally, it is done under general anesthesia because the ablation point technique is painful. We suggest an alternative to general anesthesia comprising an association of morphin 0.1 mg/kg IV to MEOPA (gas combining oxygen and azot protoxyd) delivered through an oxygen mask. Our series includes 12 consecutive patients treated between October 2011 and June 2013, the first five patients (group 1) have received only an hydroxizin and morphin sedation. Every five have felt the ablation painful, in two cases bearable pain (EVA < 5), in three cases intense (EVA > 5) pain leading to increasing doses of morphin, (total dose of 0.25 mg/kg in two cases, 0.17 mg in one case). For the seven following patients, a protocol including hydroxyzin, morphin and MEOPA given through a mask has been set up. Only one patient has felt a mild pain (EVA 5) leading to an increasing dose of morphin (total dose 0.17 mg/kg). None of the six other patients has felt any pain during the procedure. The average dose of morphin is 0.17 mg/kg in group 1, 0.11 mg/kg in group 2. This is a preliminary study; if confirmed, it will allow a lot of hospitals without on-site possibilities of general anesthesia, to realize such procedures. Conclusion: regarding pain, the procedure of renal ablation was well tolerated for six among seven patients receiving the association MEOPA and IV morphin. In contrast, in the five patients treated only with IV morphin, we observed a less good tolerance to pain and the need to increase the doses of IV morphin.     

Scale‐up of TB and HIV programme collaborative activities in Zambia – a 10‐year review

Objective To review the activities, progress, achievements and challenges of the Zambia Ministry of Health tuberculosis (TB)/HIV collaborative activities over the past decade. Methods Analysis of Zambia Ministry of Health National TB and HIV programme documents and external independent programme review reports pertaining to 2000–2010. Results The number of people testing for HIV increased from 37 557 persons in 2003 to 1 327 995 persons in 2010 nationally. Those receiving anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) increased from 143 in 2003 to 344 304 in 2010. The national HIV prevalence estimates declined from 14.3% in 2001 to 13.5% in 2009. The proportion of TB patients being tested for HIV increased from 22.6% in 2006 to 84% in 2010 and approximately 70% were HIV positive. The proportion of the HIV‐infected TB patients who: (i) started on ART increased from 38% in 2006 to 50% in 2010; (ii) commenced co‐trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) increased from 31% in 2006 to 70% in 2010; and (iii) were successfully treated increased to an average of 80% resulting in decline of deaths from 13% in 2006 to 9% in 2010. Conclusions The scale‐up of TB/HIV collaborative programme activities in Zambia has steadily increased over the past decade resulting in increased testing for TB and HIV, and anti‐retroviral (ARV) rollout with improved treatment outcomes among TB patients co‐infected with HIV. Getting service delivery points to adhere to WHO guidelines for collaborative TB/HIV activities remains problematic, especially those meant to reduce the burden of TB in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).     

C-MET在非小细胞肺癌对表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药中的作用研究进展

以表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)为靶点的酪氨酸酶抑制剂(TKI)是近年来非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)治疗的重大突破.但是随着临床的广泛应用,耐药成为新的难点.新近研究已发现对EGFRTKI的耐药产生主要涉及原癌基因C-MET的扩增突变.C-MET是原癌基因,是蛋白产物肝细胞生长因子/离散离子(HGF/SF)的受体,具有酪氨酸酶活性,C-MET基因扩增激活ErbB3-PI3K信号途径导致NSCLC对EGFR-TKI产生耐药,大量研究证实NSCLC患者对EGFR-TKI耐药约20％归因于C-MET基因扩增.     

Artificial intelligence in pancreaticobiliary endoscopy

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in health care have exponentially increased in recent years, and a few of these are related to pancreatobiliary disorders. AI‐based methods were applied to extract information, in prognostication, to guide clinical treatment decisions and in pancreatobiliary endoscopy to characterize lesions. AI applications in endoscopy are expected to reduce inter‐operator variability, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and assist in therapeutic decision‐making in real time. AI‐based literature must however be interpreted with caution given the limited external validation. A multidisciplinary approach combining clinical and imaging or endoscopy data will better utilize AI‐based technologies to further improve patient care.