胰岛素强化治疗疗程与初诊2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞功能的关系

对110例初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者,分为胰岛素强化治疗15 d组、30 d组、60 d组,检测3组治疗前后空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FIns）,行标准口服馒头餐—胰岛素—C肽释放试验,分析比较3组患者治疗后血糖控制及胰岛β细胞功能恢复情况。发现3组患者治疗后血糖明显下降,胰岛β细胞功能明显改善;30 d组、60d组胰岛β细胞早时相分泌指标较15 d组改善更明显。可见适当延长胰岛素强化治疗疗程可进一步改善胰岛β细胞早时相分泌。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病临床观察

采用自身前后对照,观察28例新诊断2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖≥10.0mmol/L,接受2周短期胰岛素泵治疗.结果2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果.其中27例患者的空腹、餐后2h血糖分别于治疗后(3.1±1.8)d、(8.9±3.6)d达到良好控制,且未见明显低血糖.胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善静脉注射葡萄糖后10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素分泌相,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰,由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高,而反映胰岛素抵抗的Homa IR也较治疗前明显降低.结论对伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,短期胰岛素泵强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的 比较持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII,胰岛素泵治疗)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)治疗酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,观察其降糖效果和对胰岛β细胞功能的影响.方法 对新发的空腹血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,酮体阳性的60例初诊糖尿病患者随机分组.胰岛素泵持续注射胰岛素组(CSII组)30例,多次皮下注射胰岛素组(MSII组)30例.比较两种方法治疗前后血糖、胰岛素用量、血糖达标时间、低血糖发病率;标准馒头餐胰岛素释放试验的胰岛素及C肽、空腹血浆胰岛素及Homaβ等.结果 CSII组在血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖发病率上均优于MSII组(P＜0.05).胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善(P＜0.05).结论 对酮症起病的2型糖尿病患者,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定纠正代谢紊乱、控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的改善作用及降糖效果。方法对 2 4例初诊 2型糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵进行 2周的胰岛素强化治疗 ,治疗第 15天时对比治疗前后静脉葡萄糖耐量试验所诱发的胰岛素第 1时相的分泌、胰岛素曲线下面积及由 Homa模型计算胰岛素分泌指数 (Homa B)、胰岛素抵抗指数 (Homa A) ,同时观察空腹血糖、餐后 2小时血糖变化 ;3个月时对比糖化血红蛋白变化。结果　患者空腹血糖及餐后 2小时血糖分别在治疗 (3.7± 1.8)天、 (5 .5± 1.7)天达到控制标准 ,胰岛 β细胞功能显著改善 ,静脉葡萄糖耐量试验各时点的胰岛素分泌及 Homa B值较治疗前明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,Hom a A指数下降(P<0 .0 5 )。随访 3个月 ,13例患者单纯控制饮食即可维持血糖控制标准 ,糖化血红蛋白由治疗前的 (9.8± 1.2 ) %降至 (6 .3± 0 .7) %。结论　胰岛素短期强化治疗可明显改善及恢复初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛素第 1时相分泌 ,不同程度的缓解病情     

短期诺和锐强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　探讨短期诺和锐强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能和血糖控制的影响。　方法　对45例初诊T2DM患者进行为期两周的诺和锐强化治疗,分析比较治疗前后空腹(FPG)及餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、静脉葡萄糖耐量试验时第一时相胰岛素及C肽分泌和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数、空腹胰岛素(FIns)与FPG比值。　结果　诺和锐强化治疗后,FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01);空腹及第一时相胰岛素和C肽的分泌、胰岛素和C肽曲线下面积、FIns与FPG比值、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数均较治疗前明显升高(P<0.01)。胰岛素抵抗指数较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01)。　结论　短期诺和锐强化治疗可显著改善初诊T2DM患者胰岛β细胞功能。     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照,观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗,结果治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果,其中28例空腹血糖,餐后2h血糖均良好控制,未见明显低血糖,胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善,静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相.部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌,使患者血糖良好控制.     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照，观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗，结果：治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果，其中28例空腹血糖，餐后2h血糖均良好控制，未见明显低血糖，胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善，静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相。部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰。结论：短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌，使患者血糖良好控制。     

胰岛素强化方法治疗成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病老年患者的疗效及其对胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的研究并探讨胰岛素强化方法治疗成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病的临床疗效及其对胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法于2010年1月—2015年6月该院收治的糖尿病患者中,随机选取50例老年隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者和50例老年2型糖尿病患者进行对比研究,分别将其设置为观察组和对照组。两组患者均进行胰岛素强化治疗,对比两组患者治疗前、后的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、空腹C肽、餐后2hC肽以及胰岛β细胞功能指数。结果与治疗前相比,治疗后两组患者的空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素、空腹C肽、餐后2hC肽以及胰岛β细胞功能指数均得到显著改善(P0.05);治疗后,对照组患者和观察组患者的血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组患者的胰岛素、C肽以及胰岛β细胞功能指数较之对照组均明显更低(P0.05)。结论给予老年隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者胰岛素强化治疗,能够有效改善患者的胰岛β细胞功能,促进胰岛素的分泌,使血糖得到有效控制。     

持续皮下胰岛素输注对2型糖尿病早期胰岛功能改善作用的临床研究

目的探讨初发的2型糖尿病患者,应用持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII)或多次胰岛素皮下注射(MSII)的治疗,对胰岛β细胞功能和血糖的影响。方法CSII组采用持续皮下胰岛素输注形式,在3天内使血糖达标;MSII组采用小剂量起步,平均2~3周逐步将血糖调整到位的方法,观察治疗前后血糖、血浆C肽(C-P)空腹、餐后1小时、2小时及HbAlc的变化。结果两组的血糖及HbAlc较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),而CSII组下降更为明显(P<0.05),且该组C-P空腹及餐后1小时值有所升高(P<0.05),胰岛素用量也较MSII组有所减少。结论对初诊的血糖较高的2型糖尿病患者尽早应用持续皮下胰岛素输注的方式,更有助于将血糖控制在理想水平及改善胰岛功能。     

强化胰岛素治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的探讨强化胰岛素治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法将123例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为胰岛素组（32例）、格列齐特组（33例）、二甲双胍组（32例）和毗格列酮组（31例）,在饮食及运动治疗的基础上,胰岛素组行强化胰岛素治疗,另三组分别予相应121服药物,均治疗12周。比较各组治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（FPG2h）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、胰岛素糖负荷后曲线下面积（胰岛素Auc）、C肽糖负荷后曲线下面积（C肽AUC）、胰岛素分泌指数（Homa—β）和胰岛素抵抗指数（Homa-IR）变化。结果胰岛索组胰岛素AUC0—30min、C肽AUC0～30min、Homa-β均明显高于3个口服降糖药组（P均〈0．05）;胰岛素组、二甲双胍组、吡格列酮组Homa—IR均明显降低（P均〈0．05）。结论对初诊2型糖尿病患者,强化胰岛素治疗比常规口服降糖药可更好地改善胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛索抵抗。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.