Vitamin D and heart failure: A two-sample mendelian randomization study

Background and aimsThe relationship between vitamin D and heart failure (HF) has attracted significant interest, but the association between the two in previous studies remains uncertain. Therefore, we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate a causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and HF risk.Methods and resultsThis study utilized summary statistics from the most extensive genome-wide association studies for 25OHD and HF. To make the results more reliable, we used several methods based on three assumptions for MR analysis. We also used the multivariable MR adjusting for hypertension, BMI, diabetes, chronic kidney disease to further elucidate the association between 25OHD and HF. Considering the potential pleiotropy, we performed an MR analysis with conditionally independent genetic instruments at core genes to further determine the relationship between vitamin D and heart failure. We found that per 1 SD increase in standardized log-transformed 25OHD level, the relative risk of HF decreased by 16.5% (OR: 0.835, 95% Cl: 0.743–0.938, P = 0.002), and other MR methods also showed consistent results. The multivariable MR also reported that per 1 SD increase in standardized log-transformed 25OHD level, the relative risk of HF decreased. And the scatter plots showed a trend towards an inverse MR association between 25OHD levels, instrumented by the core 25OHD genes, and HF.ConclusionIn summary, we found a potential inverse association between elevated 25OHD levels and the risk of HF, which suggested that timely 25OHD supplementation or maintaining adequate 25OHD concentrations may be an essential measure for HF prevention in the general population.     

Statins and risk of venous thromboembolic diseases: A two-sample mendelian randomization study

Background and aimsIn observational studies, statins have been suggested to have protective effects on venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). To this aim, we performed a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether these associations were causal.Methods and resultsData on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to statin medication were obtained from the FinnGen study, and data for VTE, PE and DVT of lower extremities (LEDVT) were from the UK Biobank study, respectively. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the principal analysis of MR, and sensitivity analysis was performed to detect horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity. MR estimates showed an inverse causal association between statin medication and the risk of VTE (odds ratio [OR]: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.998–1.000, P = 0.004), PE (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.999–1.000, P = 0.011) and LEDVT (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.999–1.000, P = 0.008).ConclusionOur findings provide direct evidence that statins might decrease the risk of VTE, PE and LEDVT in agreement with observational studies. The specific mechanism of statin therapy for venous thromboembolism needs to be further studied.     

Cardiovascular safety of genetically proxied interleukin-5 inhibition: A mendelian randomization study

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) inhibitors have revolutionized the management of eosinophilic asthma. However, IL-5 is thought to play a protective role in atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular safety data for IL-5i are scarce. We used population-level data to examine the association between genetically proxied IL-5i and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Genetic instruments for IL-5i were selected from a genome-wide association study of eosinophil count in 563,946 individuals. Genetic association data for coronary artery disease were obtained from 60,801 cases, 40,585 stroke cases, 7988 venous thromboembolism cases, and up to 406,111 controls. We used the inverse-variance weighted method and a series of sensitivity analyses. Nine genetic variants were selected to instrument IL-5i. Genetically proxied IL-5i was not associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.65–1.03), stroke (OR 1.10; 0.95–1.27), or venous thromboembolism (OR 0.87; 0.64–1.17). We found no genetic evidence to suggest that IL-5i affects the risk of adverse cardiovascular and thromboembolic events.     

Lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease according to changes in metabolic syndrome status

Background and aimsThe relationship between dynamic changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) status and lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been reliably quantified. This study aimed to estimate lifetime risk of CVD and life expectancy with and without CVD according to dynamic MetS status.Methods and ResultsDynamic changes in MetS status were assessed: MetS-free, MetS-chronic, MetS-developed, and MetS-recovery groups. We used Modified Kaplan–Meier method to estimate lifetime risk and used multistate life table method to calculate life expectancy. Participants free of CVD at index ages 35 (n = 40 168), 45 (n = 33 569), and 55 (n = 18 546) years. At index age 35 years, we recorded 1341 CVD events during a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Lifetime risk of 33.9% (95% CI: 26.9%–41.0%) in MetS-recovery group was lower than that of 39.4% (95% CI: 36.1%–42.8%) in MetS-chronic group. Lifetime risk of 37.8% (95% CI: 30.6%–45.1%) in MetS-developed group was higher than that of 26.4% (95% CI: 22.7%–30.0%) in MetS-free group. At index age 35 years, life expectancy free of CVD for MetS-recovery group (44.1 years) was higher than that for MetS-chronic group (38.8 years). Life expectancy free of CVD for MetS-developed group (41.9 years) was lower than that for MetS-free group (46.7 years).ConclusionsRecovery from MetS was associated with decreased lifetime risk of CVD and a longer life expectancy free of CVD, whereas development of MetS was associated with increased lifetime risk of CVD and a shorter life expectancy free of CVD.     

No association between alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background and aimsAlthough many observational studies have suggested that alcohol intake was associated with incident atrial fibrillation (AF), controversy remains. This study aimed to examine the causal association of alcohol intake with the risk of AF.Methods and resultsTwo-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to estimate the causal effects of alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, or alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) scores on AF. Summary data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with AF were obtained from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with up to 1,030,836 participants. The fixed- and random-effect inverse-variance weighted (IVW) methods were used to calculate the overall causal effects. MR analysis revealed nonsignificant association of genetically predicted alcohol consumption with risk of AF using fixed- and random-effect IVW approaches (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.004 [0.796–1.266], P = 0.975; OR [95% CI] = 1.004 [0.766–1.315], P = 0.979). Genetically predicted alcohol dependence was also not causally associated with AF in the fixed- and random-effect IVW analyses (OR [95% CI] = 1.012 [0.978–1.048], P = 0.490; OR [95% CI] = 1.012 [0.991–1.034], P = 0.260). There was no significantly causal association between AUDIT and AF in the fixed- and random-effect IVW analyses (OR [95% CI] = 0.889 [0.433–1.822], P = 0.748; OR [95% CI] = 0.889 [0.309–2.555], P = 0.827). Sensitivity analyses indicated no evidence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity in statistical models.ConclusionsThis MR study did not find evidence of a causal association between alcohol intake and AF.     

Epidemiology of dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in northeast China: A cross-sectional study

Background and aimsManagement of dyslipidemia remains the cornerstone for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of dyslipidemia in northeast China.Methods and resultsThis cross-sectional survey was administered on 18,796 participants aged ≥40 years from September 2017 to March 2019 through a multistage, stratified, and cluster random sampling method. Lipid profiles were proposed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The crude prevalence of dyslipidemia was 35.8%, higher in urban and women than their counterparts (49.5% vs 30.2%, 37.6% vs 33.0%, p < 0.001). The age-standardized prevalence of dyslipidemia was 34.0% (urban 47.9%, and rural 28.9%; men 36.2%, and women 33.4%). The prevalence of high total cholesterol (TC), high triglyceride (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were 14.2%, 17.7%, 5.7% and 11.4% respectively. Noticeably, the prevalence of high LDL-C and low HDL-C in urban areas showed a 2.2-fold and 6.3-fold increase over the rural areas (9.3% vs 4.2% and 28.4% vs 4.5%, respectively). Among participants with dyslipidemia, 14.7% were aware of their condition; 5.9% were taking lipid-regulating medications; and only 2.9% had their dyslipidemia controlled. Comorbidities including hypertension (63.6%), and diabetes (25.2%) were highly prevalent in patients with dyslipidemia, however, the control rates of those comorbidities were only 40.0% and 6.6%.ConclusionsPatients with dyslipidemia showed high cardiovascular burden with low control rates of dyslipidemia, high prevalence of coexisting risk factors. Therefore, region- and sex-specific strategies to manage dyslipidemia and related risk factors should be highlighted.     

Mean platelet volume modifies the contribution of homocysteine to cardiovascular disease: A real-world study

Background and aimsThe effect of reductions in homocysteine (Hcy) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) was suggested to be modified by platelet activation, but the interaction between Hcy and platelet activation on CVD events is not well studied. Here, we aimed to examine the interaction between Hcy and platelet activation on CVD in a large, real-world population.Methods and resultsA total of 27,234 patients with hypertension (mean 63 years, 48% male) who were registered in Taicang city and free of CVD were prospectively followed up for new CVD events from 2017 to 2020. Hcy and platelet indices including mean platelet volume (MPV) were assayed at baseline. A total of 1063 CVD events were recorded during follow-up. Hcy at baseline was significantly associated with a higher risk of CVD (HR = 1.85, P < 0.001 for log-transformed Hcy). MPV showed a significant interaction effect with Hcy on CVD (HR = 1.20, P = 0.030 for the interaction term). The association between Hcy and CVD was significantly stronger in participants with a large (vs. small) MPV (HR = 2.71 vs. 1.32, P = 0.029 for log-transformed Hcy). For participants with both elevated Hcy and a large MPV, the attributable proportion of CVD events due to their interaction was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.06–0.45).ConclusionsThe association between Hcy and CVD was significantly stronger in patients with hypertension with a larger MPV. MPV may modify the contribution of Hcy to CVD events through synergistic interactions with Hcy. These findings suggest that MPV could be monitored and controlled in the prevention of CVD.     

Physical activity and metabolic syndrome severity among older adults at cardiovascular risk: 1-Year trends

Background and aimsModifiable lifestyle factors, such as physical activity (PA) and Mediterranean diet (MD), decrease metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim was to assess 1-year changes of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), sedentary behavior, and diet quality according to MetS severity in older population at high cardiovascular risk.Methods and resultsProspective analysis of 55–75-year-old 4359 overweight/obese participants with MetS (PREDIMED-Plus trial) categorized in tertiles according to 1-year changes of a validated MetS severity score (MetSSS). Anthropometrics, visceral adiposity index, triglycerides and glucose index, dietary nutrient intake, biochemical marker levels, dietary inflammatory index, and depression symptoms were measured. Diet quality was assessed by 17-item MD questionnaire. PAs were self-reported using the Minnesota-REGICOR Short Physical Activity Questionnaire and 30-s chair stand test. Sedentary behaviors were measured using the Spanish version of the Nurses’ Health Study questionnaire. After 1-year follow-up, decreasing MetSSS was associated with an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, high intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grain cereals, white fish, and bluefish and low intake of refined cereals, red and processed meat, cookies/sweets, and snacks/ready-to-eat-meals. It resulted in high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, fiber, vitamins B1, B6, B9, C, D, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus and low glycemic index and saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid, and carbohydrates intake. Regarding PA and sedentary behavior, decreasing MetSSS was associated with increased moderate-to-vigorous LTPA, chair stand test, and decreased sedentary and TV-viewing time.ConclusionDecreasing MetSSS was associated with an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, high LTPA, high MD adherence, low sedentary time, and low depression risk.     

The effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AimsThe DASH diet was designed for helping control of blood pressure but, fortunately, it can also be prescribed for many other chronic conditions. The current study intended to assess the potential effects of DASH diet on metabolic risk factors in patients with chronic disease.Data synthesisWe carried out a systematic literature search for RCTs from inception until July 2020. A total of 54 clinical trials were included in the final analysis. Compared to control groups, a significant lower effect of the DASH diet was noted for body weight (−1.59 kg; p < 0.001), BMI (−0.64 kg/m²; p < 0.001), and WC (−1.93 cm; p < 0.001) as well as for SBP (−3.94 mmHg; p < 0.001) and DBP (−2.44 mmHg; P < 0.001). The DASH diet significantly decreased TC (−5.12 mg/dl; p = 0.008) and LDL-C levels (−3.53 mg/dl; p = 0.041), but not HDL-C (0.30 mg/dl; p = 0.510), TG (−4.22 mg/dl; p = 0.067), and VLDL-C (−2.16 mg/dl; p = 0.062). No significant effect of the DASH diet was noted for blood glucose (−0.38 mg/dl; p = 0.216), insulin (−0.03 μIU/mL; p = 0.817), HOMA-IR (−0.15; p = 0.132), and CRP (−0.33 mg/l; p = 0.173).ConclusionsThe DASH diet is a feasible approach to weight loss and to control blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia.     

Triglycerides and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: An update

Regulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) metabolism. Serum triglyceride concentration identifies the presence of potentially atherogenic TGRLs. Human genetics strongly support remnants of TGRLs as a causal cardiovascular risk factor. Remnants of TGRLs play a role in residual risk on statin therapy. Apo: apolipoprotein; ANGPTL: angiopoietin-like protein; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; RLP: remnant lipoprotein.

     

Lifestyle behaviors and cardiovascular risk profiles among parous women by gestational diabetes status, 2007–2018

Background and aimsWomen with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. We compared cardiometabolic risk factors among parous U.S. women ages 20–44 by history of GDM.Methods and resultsUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018, 3537 parous women were classified by self-reported GDM history. We compared anthropometric measures, glycemia, blood pressure, lipids, lifestyle factors, cardiovascular health, and cardiometabolic disease prevalence by GDM status. NHANES survey design was taken into account. Women without history of GDM were younger and, after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and education, had more favorable cardiometabolic risk factor profiles for measures of anthropometry, glycemia, diabetes, many lipids, physical activity, diet, and overall cardiovascular health than women with history of GDM. Many patterns persisted after further adjustment for lifestyle factors. In analyses stratified by race/ethnicity, many patterns persisted, though there were key differences. Hypertension prevalence differed by GDM history only among Hispanic women. In women of other race/ethnicity, there was no difference in healthy eating or body mass index by GDM history. In non-Hispanic Black women, there was no difference in healthy eating by GDM history.ConclusionAmong parous U.S. women ages 20–44, those with history of GDM had less favorable cardiometabolic risk factor profiles than those without history of GDM. This highlights the importance of continued efforts to develop and test multilevel interventions to improve cardiometabolic risk factors among reproductive-age women with a history of GDM.     

Effect of body mass index trajectory on lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease in a Chinese population: A cohort study

Background and aimsThe longitudinal trajectories of body mass index (BMI) can reflect the pattern of BMI changes. Lifetime risk quantifies the cumulative risk of developing a disease over the remaining life of a person. We aimed to identify the trajectory of BMI and explore its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Chinese population.Methods and resultsA total of 68,603 participants with a mean age of 55.46 years were included from the Kailuan cohort in Tangshan, China, who were free of CVD and cancer and with repeated measurements of BMI from 2006 to 2010. A latent mixture model was used to identify BMI trajectories. An improved Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to predict the lifetime risk of CVD according to BMI trajectories. During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 3325 participants developed CVD. Five BMI trajectories were identified at three index ages (35, 45, and 55) respectively. For index age 35 years, compared with the stable low-normal weight group (22.7% [95% CI, 20.0%–25.4%]), the stable high-normal weight (27.6% [25.6%–29.5%]), stable overweight (29.4% [27.4%–31.4%]), stable-low obesity (32.8% [30.0%–35.5%]), and stable-high obesity (38.9% [33.3%–44.5%]) groups had a higher lifetime risk of CVD (P < 0.05). We observed similar patterns for stroke and myocardial infarction. Similarly, the lifetime risk of CVD was higher in the long-term overweight and obese groups at 45 and 55 index ages.ConclusionsLong-term overweight and obesity were associated with an increased lifetime risk of CVD. Our findings could assist in predicting the population burden of CVD.     

Effect of one-anastomosis gastric bypass on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with vitamin D deficiency and morbid obesity: A secondary analysis

Background and aimsBariatric patients often suffer from vitamin D (VD) deficiency, and both, morbid obesity and VD deficiency, are related to an adverse effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, we assessed the change of known CVD risk factors and its associations during the first 12 months following one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB).Methods and resultsIn this secondary analysis, CVD risk factors, medical history and anthropometric data were assessed in fifty VD deficient (25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) <75 nmol/l) patients, recruited for a randomized controlled trial of VD supplementation. Based on previous results regarding bone-mass loss and the association between VD and CVD risk, the study population was divided into patients with 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/l (adequate VD group; AVD) and into those <50 nmol/l (inadequate VD group; IVD) at 6 and 12 months (T6/12) postoperatively. In the whole cohort, substantial remission rates for hypertension (38%), diabetes (30%), and dyslipidaemia (41%) and a significant reduction in CVD risk factors were observed at T12. Changes of insulin resistance markers were associated with changes of total body fat mass (TBF%), 25(OH)D, and ferritin. Moreover, significant differences in insulin resistance markers between AVD and IVD became evident at T12.ConclusionThese findings show that OAGB leads to a significant reduction in CVD risk factors and amelioration of insulin resistance markers, which might be connected to reduced TBF%, change in 25(OH)D and ferritin levels, as an indicator for subclinical inflammation, and an adequate VD status.Registered at clinicaltrials.gov(Identifier: NCT02092376) and EudraCT (Identifier: 2013-003546-16).     

Correlation of urinary cotinine with cardiovascular risk factors in pan masala tobacco users

BackgroundTobacco consumption is considered as one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity. However, the effect of paan masala tobacco (PMT) (a type of smokeless tobacco) consumption has not been well studied in our context. Our study is aimed to find an association of CV risk factors between PMT users and nonusers and to correlate those parameters with urinary cotinine level, a degradation product of nicotine occurring in tobacco.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 200 participants. The effect of PMT use on CV risk factors such as blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and body mass index was measured against urine cotinine level. Statistical tests used were χ² test for categorical variable, independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation applied for numerical variable, and multivariate regression analysis was performed as required. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultMean BP, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and median cotinine level were found to be significantly higher in PMT users than in controls (p < 0.001). Urinary cotinine level was positively correlated with mean BP, TC, TG, and LDL-C in PMT users (p < 0.001). Similarly, the odds of having hypercholesterolemia and increased diastolic BP was also significantly higher in PMT users (p < 0.001).ConclusionPMT use has an adverse effect on CV risk parameters and there is a rational of cotinine measurement for screening CV risk among PMT users.     

Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular events in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

AimsThe ratio of triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been regarded as a novel surrogate indicator of insulin resistance and the atherogenic index of plasma. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and the incidence of cardiovascular events in the general population.Data synthesisCohort studies reporting the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and cardiovascular events in the general population were obtained by a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases until April 11, 2021. 13 cohort studies with a total of 207,515 participants were included in this meta-analysis. In a random-effects model, compared with those with the lowest category of the TG/HDL-C ratio, participants with the highest category were independently associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events (pooled HR: 1.43, 95%CI: 1.26–1.62, I² = 72.9%). For the presence of publication bias detected by the Egger's test (p = 0.011), correction for publication bias using the trim-and-fill method reduced the HR to 1.26 (95%CI: 1.11–1.44). This result was consistent with the finding of the TG/HDL-C ratio analyzed as a continuous variable (pooled HR per unit increment of the TG/HDL-C ratio: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.04–1.12, I² = 67.0%). Subgroup analyses indicated that population gender, geographical region, duration of follow-up, adjustment for other lipid parameters, adjustment for diabetes and categorical number did not significantly vary the relationship.ConclusionElevated TG/HDL-C ratio may be independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the general population. More well-designed studies are needed to confirm the current findings.Registration number in PROSPEROCRD42021244583.     

Circulating citric acid cycle metabolites and risk of cardiovascular disease in the PREDIMED study

Background and aimPlasma citric acid cycle (CAC) metabolites might be likely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, studies assessing the longitudinal associations between circulating CAC-related metabolites and CVD risk are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of baseline and 1-year levels of plasma CAC-related metabolites with CVD incidence (a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death), and their interaction with Mediterranean diet interventions.Methods and resultsCase-cohort study from the PREDIMED trial involving participants aged 55–80 years at high cardiovascular risk, allocated to MedDiets or control diet. A subcohort of 791 participants was selected at baseline, and a total of 231 cases were identified after a median follow-up of 4.8 years. Nine plasma CAC-related metabolites (pyruvate, lactate, citrate, aconitate, isocitrate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, fumarate, malate and succinate) were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weighted Cox multiple regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs). Baseline fasting plasma levels of 3 metabolites were associated with higher CVD risk, with HRs (for each standard deviation, 1-SD) of 1.46 (95%CI:1.20–1.78) for 2-hydroxyglutarate, 1.33 (95%CI:1.12–1.58) for fumarate and 1.47 (95%CI:1.21–1.78) for malate (p of linear trend <0.001 for all). A higher risk of CVD was also found for a 1-SD increment of a combined score of these 3 metabolites (HR = 1.60; 95%CI: 1.32–1.94, p trend <0.001). This result was replicated using plasma measurements after one-year. No interactions were detected with the nutritional intervention.ConclusionPlasma 2-hydroxyglutarate, fumarate and malate levels were prospectively associated with increased cardiovascular risk.Clinical trial numberISRCTN35739639     

Dietary polyphenols,metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factors: An observational study based on the DCH-NG subcohort

Background and aimsPolyphenol-rich foods have beneficial properties that may lower cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to prospectively investigate the relationship between intakes of dietary polyphenols, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, in 676 Danish residents from the MAX study, a subcohort of the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health–Next Generations (DCH-NG) cohort.Methods and resultsDietary data were collected using web-based 24-h dietary recalls over one year (at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months). The Phenol-Explorer database was used to estimate dietary polyphenol intake. Clinical variables were also collected at the same time point. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate relationships between polyphenol intake and MetS. Participants had a mean age of 43.9y, a mean total polyphenol intake of 1368 mg/day, and 75 (11.6%) had MetS at baseline. Compared to individuals with MetS in Q1 and after adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle and dietary confounders, those in Q4 – for total polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids–had a 50% [OR (95% CI): 0.50 (0.27, 0.91)], 51% [0.49 (0.26, 0.91)] and 45% [0.55 (0.30, 1.00)] lower odds of MetS, respectively. Higher total polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic acids intakes as continuous variable were associated with lower risk for elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTotal polyphenol, flavonoid and phenolic acid intakes were associated with lower odds of MetS. These intakes were also consistently and significantly associated with a lower risk for higher SBP and lower HDL-c concentrations.     

Sex differences in cardiovascular risk factors of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A role for diet?

Background and aimsCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Cardiovascular risk is higher in women with diabetes than in men. With this study, we wanted to determine whether female children and adolescents with T1DM are more prone to cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) and an atherogenic diet than boys.Methods and resultsFor this cross-sectional study, anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and dietary intake data of 314 children with diabetes (3–18 years; 178 boys) were analysed according to age and sex. Linear and binary logistic regression was performed to test independent associations between sex, dietary intake, and CVRFs.Low-density lipoprotein -cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), fibre, monounsaturated fatty acid levels (all p < 0.01), and lipid (p = 0.022) intake were higher in the girls than in the boys. Multiple regression analysis showed that LDL was associated with sex, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid intake percentage (R (Kannel, 1979) [2] = 0.130; p = 0.0004) independent of age, pubertal stage, body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes, energy, and fibre intake. Logistic regression analysis showed that high LDL-c levels were present more often in girls [odds ratio, OR; confidence interval, CI = 2.569 (1.178–5.604); p = 0.018] who had a higher dietary lipid intake percentage [OR (CI) = 1.089 (1.011–1.173); p = 0.025].ConclusionsGirls with diabetes have higher LDL-c levels associated with higher dietary lipid intake. Our findings suggest that young people with diabetes, especially girls, may benefit from early dietary interventions to reduce their cardiovascular risk.     

Effect of metabolic control on recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in patients with premature coronary artery disease: Results of the Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease study

Background and aimsCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death around the world, and its rate of presentation is increasing at young ages. Despite the evidence that secondary prevention in CAD reduces the risk of recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), no studies have analyzed the composite control of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose control in premature CAD.Methods and resultsThis was a real-world prospective cohort study of patients with premature CAD. The composite control in blood pressure <140/80 mmHg, LDL-C <70 mg/dL, non-HDL-C <100 mg/dL, and Hemoglobin A1c <8% was considered as metabolic control. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of non-fatal and fatal MACE. The data included 1042 patients with premature CAD. The mean age of the patients was 54.1 ± 8.1 years, 18.5% were women, and had a median follow-up of 59.1 ± 11.8 months. Of them, 7% had non-fatal MACE, and 4% had a fatal MACE. Overall, 21.3% achieved metabolic control, and 3.0% did not achieve any target. Cox regression analysis showed that percutaneous coronary intervention (Hazzard ratio = 1.883 [95% CI, 1.131–3.136]), C-reactive protein (1.046 [1.020–1.073]), blood pressure >140/90 mmHg (2.686 [1.506–4.791]), fibrates (2.032 [1.160–3.562]), calcium channel blockers (2.082 [1.158–3.744]) had greater risk to present a recurrent non-fatal MACE; whereas familial history of premature CAD (2.419 [1.240–4.721]), heart failure (2.139 [1.032–4.433]), LDL-C >70 mg/dL (4.594 [1.401–15.069]), and diuretics (3.328 [1.677–6.605]) were associated with cardiovascular mortality.ConclusionsThe composite goal achievement in lipids, blood pressure and glucose, reduced the risk for recurrent MACE in 80%.     

Causal associations of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with cardiometabolic traits among Chinese children: A Mendelian randomization study

Background and aimsBody mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) have been reported to be causally associated with cardiometabolic diseases in adults in European populations. However, this causality was less explored in East Asian populations and in children. Our study aimed to explore and compare the causal associations of general obesity (measured by BMI) and central obesity (measured by WHR) with cardiometabolic traits.Methods and resultsWe performed a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in 2030 unrelated children from two independent case–control studies in Beijing, China. BMI-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and WHR-SNPs identified by previous genome-wide association studies were used as genetic instruments to examine the casual associations of BMI and WHR with cardiometabolic traits, including glycemic traits, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Each 1-SD increase in BMI and WHR were significantly associated with 0.111 mmol/L and 0.110 mmol/L increase in log-transformed fasting insulin (FINS), 0.049 and 0.060 increase in log-transformed HOMA-β, 0.112 and 0.108 increase in log-transformed HOMA-IR, 0.009 mmol/L and 0.015 mmol/L increase in log-transformed triglyceride, and 15.527 mmHg and 7.277 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure, respectively (all P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that WHR had a stronger effect on FINS, HOMA-β, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride than BMI (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsUsing the MR method, we found that the genetic predisposition to higher BMI or WHR was associated with altered cardiometabolic traits in Chinese children. When compared with general obesity, central obesity might have stronger effects on glycemic traits and blood lipids among children.