上消化道出血3 68例原因分析

上消化道出血是临床常见急症之一，病死率较高。1998年2月～2005年10月，我院收治368例上消化道出血患者，现将其出血原因分析报告如下。临床资料：本组368例中，男298例，女70例；年龄21～76岁，≤35岁者45例（12．2％）．36～59岁者245例（66．6％），≥60岁者78例（21．2％）。临床表现为呕血39例．黑便128例．呕血及黑便201例。出血量〈1000ml者324例．≥1000ml者44例。原发病为食管静脉曲张12例．胃溃疡9例．胃癌5例，急性胃炎、胃黏膜糜烂4例，十二指肠溃疡14例。     

上消化道大出血的内镜下硬化疗法

我院自1980年2月0－1987年4月对220例上消化道大出血患者在内镜直视下注射硬化剂止血,疗效满意,现报告如下。     

上消化道非静脉曲张出血的内镜下治疗

上消化道出血是指屈氏韧带以上的食管、胃、十二指肠以及胰胆管的出血。常见的出血原因包括：消化性溃疡、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂、急性胃粘膜病变、食管贲门粘膜撕裂综合征、胃癌等。世界上每年的发病率为１００／１０万。据对５１９１例上消化道出血调查分析,门脉高压引起食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血占２５．４％,非静脉曲张破裂出血占７４．６％,其中溃疡病４８．７％,胃炎和胃肿瘤分别占４．５％和３．１％。上消化道出血的治疗包括内科保守治疗、内镜下治疗、放射介入治疗和外科手术治疗。内科药物治疗的有效率一般在７０％,并且主要…     

金属夹治疗上消化道非静脉曲张性大出血

１９９７年～１９９９年我们对２９例上消化道非静脉曲张急性出血患者应用Olympus内镜金属夹治疗取得了满意的疗效。１．一般资料：２９例患者中男１６例，女１３例；年龄１４～７８岁，平均４０．６岁。均有上消化道急性出血史，２４h内行急诊内镜检查。检查结果：胃溃疡１１例，十二指肠球部溃疡７例，胃癌３例，食管贲门粘膜撕裂症２例，胃息肉３例，Dieu－lafoy病１例，胃息肉内镜切除术后出血２例。出血按Forrest分类法：喷射性活动性出血（Ⅰa）１０例，渗出性活动出血（Ⅰb）１２例，血管显露（Ⅱa）７例。２．器械：Olympus－EVI…     

内镜与生长抑素联合治疗食管静脉曲张出血

目的　观察内镜下治疗和生长抑素（ Ｓ Ｓ）联合对食管静脉曲张出血的短期止血效果。方法　病人分二组, Ｓ Ｓ组在急诊内镜前后连续用 Ｓ Ｓ ５ 天;联合组在 Ｓ Ｓ基础上加行内镜下硬化剂或套扎,但内镜４８ 小时后停用 Ｓ Ｓ。结果　硬化剂３７ 例和套扎３２ 例共计６９ 例的联合组与６４ 例 Ｓ Ｓ组间具可比性。在需气囊压迫、最初止血率、再出血率和死亡率方面,联合组的效果显著优于 Ｓ Ｓ组。二组间的输出血量差异不显著。结论　与单纯 Ｓ Ｓ治疗相比,内镜治疗和 Ｓ Ｓ联合可减少气囊压迫的需求,提高止血率,降低再出血率,进而降低死亡率。     

内镜下连续套扎术加小剂量硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张的临床观察

目的：对比观察连续套扎术追加硬化剂注射(EVL EVS)与单纯EVL治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效。方法：将40例食管静脉曲张出血患者分成2组，对照组(EVL)20例，用尼龙圈对曲张静脉进行套扎。治疗组(EVL EVS)20例，套扎后在套扎点附近或两点之间注射少量硬化剂，直至曲张静脉消失。结果：对照组共进行70次316处套扎，术后内镜下分级F1 10例，F2 9例，F3 1例，无并发症发生，复发1例。治疗组共进行37次203处套扎，116处硬化剂注射，术后内镜下分级F0 13例，F1 7例，1次治疗后F0 8例，除4例轻度胸痛外，未见其他并发症，无复发。结论：EVL EVS治疗食管静脉曲张效果优于单纯EVL，且疗程短，并发症少，复发率低。     

肝硬化并上消化道出血病因的内镜诊断

我们对1997—12／2002—06住院的86例肝硬化并上消化道出血的病人，行胃镜检查，现就其内镜检查结果分析如下。     

胃镜下组织胶水治疗难治性非静脉曲张上消化道大出血的评价

[目的]评价胃镜下用组织胶水治疗难治性非静脉曲张上消化道大出血的疗效与安全性。[方法]对20例难治性非静脉曲张上消化道大出血的患者行胃镜下注射组织胶水治疗,观察止血效果及并发症。[结果]止血成功率为100%(20/20),并发症少且轻微。[结论]胃镜下用组织胶水治疗难治性非静脉曲张上消化道大出血的疗效可靠、安全、简便。     

MAGNIFYING ENDOSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Recent advances in technology enable us to obtain more detailed information during endoscopic procedures. Diagnosis of the pit pattern or microvascular architecture allow the earlier detection of neoplastic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. These advances have led to the enhanced selection of appropriate treatments. Cancers that are discovered at an early stage can be treated by mucosal resection, whereas advanced cancers are treated with surgery. Recently, some groups have tried to acquire direct in vivo histological images of gastrointestinal mucosa (virtual histology or optical biopsy). Now optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal laser endoscopy and endo‐cytoscopy systems enable this conception. However, none of these techniques has been proven, although some investigators have been able to use them to enhance cancer detection, and have reported the usefulness of these techniques. The present review assesses the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies, and describes the magnifying observations of the upper gastrointestinal tract using magnifying endoscopy equipment available on the market as well as newly developed endo‐cytoscopy systems. Published and unpublished data for this review were identified by searches of MEDLINE, Register of Cancer Trials: National Cancer Institute ( http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/ ) and references from relevant articles. We also contacted researchers. The authors’ own database of references was also used. The search items were as follows: magnifying endoscopy, endo‐cytoscopy system, confocal endoscopy, optical coherence tomography, contact endoscopy, esophageal cancer, Barrett’s esophagus, Barrett’s esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, chromoendoscopy, methylene blue etc.     

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE AFTER PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY

Background: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is sometimes reported as one of the serious complications. Our purpose was to clarify the cause of upper GI hemorrhage after PEG. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively investigated the causes of upper GI hemorrhage among a total of 416 patients out of 426 consecutive patients who underwent PEG in our institution, excluding 10 patients who showed upper GI tumors on PEG placement. Results: Among 17 patients who developed upper GI hemorrhage after PEG, three and four patients showed PEG tube placement and replacement‐related hemorrhage, respectively; these lesions were vascular or mucosal tears around the gastrostomy site. Ten patients experienced 12 episodes of upper GI hemorrhage during PEG tube feeding. The lesions showing bleeding were caused by reflux esophagitis (five patients), gastric ulcer (two patients), gastric erosion due to mucosal inclusion in the side hole of the internal bolster (two patients), and duodenal diverticular hemorrhage (one patient). Anticoagulants were administered in six patients, including four patients with replacement‐related hemorrhage and one patient each with reflux esophagitis and gastric ulcer. Conclusions: Reflux esophagitis was the most frequent reason for upper GI hemorrhage after PEG. The interruption of anticoagulants should be considered for the prevention of hemorrhage on the placement as well as replacement of a gastrostomy tube.     

230例食管胃静脉曲张出血患者急诊硬化治疗

总结２３０例食管胃静脉曲张出血患者２８３次急诊硬化治疗（ＥＩＳ）的经验。２３０例出血患者于出血后２４小时内行２８３次ＥＩＳ，采用５％鱼肝油酸钠或１％乙氧硬化醇，食管胃静脉内注射法。２８３例次中活动性出血２５３例次，３０例次出血已停止，首次ＥＩＳ能明确出血部位共１４２例次，为６３％（１２８／２５３）。急诊止血率为９６．４％，并发症２０例，发生率８．６％，ＥＩＳ并发症引起的死亡４例，死亡率为１．７％。ＥＩＳ是食管胃静脉曲张出血的一种有效治疗方法，适应证宽，方法简便、安全。     

食管静脉曲张破裂出血内镜下介入治疗

目的总结３６４例肝炎后肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者进行内镜下介入疗法的经验。方法内镜下采用５％鱼肝油酸钠（ＳＭ）或１％乙氧硬化醇（ＡＳ）进行食管静脉曲张硬化治疗（ＥＶＳ），六连发圈套器结扎治疗（ＥＶＬ）和医ＭＴＨ胶或凝血酶食管静脉内栓塞治疗（ＥＶＥ）。结果三种介入方法平均急诊止血率为８９．９％；食管静脉消失率为７７．２％。结论内镜下介入疗法是控制食管静脉曲张出血，消除食管静脉曲张的有效方法，操作较容易，再出血率较低；ＥＶＬ可替代ＥＶＳ作为食管静脉曲张破裂出血首选方法。ＥＶＥ法有异位栓塞之虑，目前暂不宜广泛开展。     

上消化道大息肉的内镜处理──附189例（275颗）报告

本文报告我院十年间在内镜下治疗１８９例，２７５颗上消化道大息肉（息肉＞１０ｍｍ）。采用方法有单纯性圈套套切法；圈套套切加息肉基底部注射硬化剂法及特大息肉的分次切除法。本组除１例胃穿孔，２例术后大出血外，无其他严重并发症。本文讨论了镜下摘除上消化道大息肉的术前准备，术中注意事项、并发症及术后处理。讨论了上消化道大息肉内镜下摘除的必要性。     

超声内镜对壶腹癌及肝外胆管癌术前分期诊断

超声内镜对手术前Ｖａｔｅｒ‘ｓ壶腹痛及肝外胆管癌的原发病变范围，浸润深度，是否有区域淋巴结转移及远隔转移作出诊断及分期，将有助于选择最佳治疗方案及判断预后。对２８例Ｖａｔｅｒ’ｓ壶腹痛及１８例肝外胆管癌于手术前进行了超声内镜检查，并按照国际ＴＮＭ分期方案进行了手术期分期。其中２２例Ｖａｔｅｒ‘ｓ壶腹癌及１８例肝外胆管癌进行了根治性切除及详细的病理组织学检查，有可能将超声内镜与病理诊断结果进行对照以     

A PROSPECTIVE ENDOSCOPIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ORUDIS AND ORUVAIL ON THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS

The effect of ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,was tested on the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) in patientswith osteoarthritis. The drug was given in two forms; as simpleketoprofen (Orudis) and as a slow release preparation (Oruvail),when the drug was not released into the stomach, but into thesmall intestine. These formulations were compared with indomethacinfor endoscopically proven damage to the UGIT. Orudis and Oruvail produced similar damage to previously normalUGITs over 56 days; each formulation produced about a 50% incidenceof ulceration and inflammation. Indomethacin, by comparisonproduced less damage. The results suggested that the directaction of ketoprofen (barrier breaking effect) adds little tothe mechanism of gastric cytotoxicity of this drug, which maybe assumed to be predominantly caused by a systemic effect ofketoprofen on gastric cytoprotective mechanisms. KEY WORDS: Ketoprofen, Orudis, Oruvail, Endoscopy, Upper gastrointestinal tract, Cytoprotection.     

EFFECT OF ARGON PLASMA COAGULATION IN PATIENTS WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ACTIVE HEMORRHAGE

Background: Acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is a common and life‐threatening medical emergency. Despite a large number of endoscopic methods for hemostasis, active bleeding lacks an adequate therapeutic remedy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hemostatic effect of argon plasma coagulation on upper gastrointestinal active bleeding, especially in comparison with heater probe and pure ethanol injection therapy. Methods: Sixty‐eight patients with 77 lesions presenting active bleeding were treated endoscopically and divided into three groups depending on the procedures, that is, argon plasma coagulation group (27 patients with 32 lesions), heater probe group (20 patients with 22 lesions) and pure ethanol injection group (21 patients with 23 lesions). The three groups were similar with respect to all background variables. Episodes of rebleeding were retreated with the same modality as used previously. Results: The primary hemostatic rate in the argon plasma coagulation group was 81.3%, that in the heater probe group was 77.3%, and that in the pure ethanol injection group was 87.0%. The permanent hemostatic rate in the argon plasma coagulation group was 75.0%, that in the heater probe group was 63.6%, and that in the pure ethanol injection group was 78.3%. When examined in terms of Forrest's criteria, the argon plasma coagulation group in Forrest's type I b and the pure ethanol injection group in type I a showed the highest permanent hemostatic rate. Conclusions: Argon plasma coagulation is most suitable in arresting oozing hemorrhage. If pure ethanol injection therapy is possible, it is more effective than other therapies in the case of spurters.     

胃肠道原发恶性淋巴瘤的内镜诊断探讨

本文报告经手术及病理检查证实的胃肠道原发恶性淋巴瘤２０例，对其中１３例行内镜检查者作了较细致观察与记录。肿瘤形态呈隆起型４例，溃疡型５例，局部浸润型１例，弥漫型３例。内镜确诊率为１５．４％，确诊加疑诊率为５３．８％。文中重点讨论了本病胃镜、肠镜的表现特点及活检取材的方法，提出了早期诊断的必要性和可能性。     

USEFULNESS OF MAGNIFYING ENDOSCOPY IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: HISTORY AND RECENT STUDIES

Although clinical trials using magnifying optical endoscopy have been reported, magnifying endoscopies have been remarkably developed in the period of electronic endoscopy. Magnifying electronic endoscopies with 80 or 100‐fold magnification are used for routine endoscopic examination of upper gastrointestinal tract in Japan. Magnifying endoscopy is used to visualize the microstructure and microvascular architecture of gastrointestinal surface mucosa. Microsurface structure of the mucosa includes normal structure, changed structure by inflammation and biological response, and tumor‐specific structure. Microvascular architecture includes normal vascular system and tumor microvessels. Magnifying endoscopy is starting to play an important role in diagnosis of any upper gastrointestinal diseases by assessment of magnified observation. Magnifying endoscopy holds a great deal of promise in the near future because magnifying endoscopic observation is approaching optical biopsy.