糖尿病合并社区获得性肺炎住院患者临床特征和死亡危险因素分析

目的分析DM合并社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患者的临床特征和影响30 d病死率的危险因素。方法选取2013年1月至2015年12月于北京、山东、云南3省市共4所医院住院的所有CAP患者病例资料,比较DM合并CAP(DM+组)和单纯CAP(CAP组)患者临床特征和结局。Logistic回归分析DM+CAP组30 d死亡相关的独立危险因素。结果 3366例CAP患者纳入研究,DM合并CAP患者531例(15.8%)。与CAP组比较,DM+CAP组CURB-65评分2～5分(28.5%vs 14.3%,P0.001)、肺炎严重性指数Ⅲ-Ⅴ级(60.8%vs 35.5%,P=0.003)患者比例及30 d病死率(5.6%vs 2.7%,P=0.001)升高。Logistic回归分析显示,动脉血乳酸(OR 2.993,95%CI1.316,6.809,P=0.009)和血肌酐(OR 1.009,95%CI 1.002,1.016,P=0.018)是影响DM+CAP组30 d病死率的独立危险因素。结论合并DM导致CAP住院患者病情加重,临床结局恶化。临床治疗应注意保护肾功能和改善组织灌注,以提高DM合并CAP住院患者的生存率。     

糖尿病患者并发社区获得性肺炎的相关因素及治疗措施

目的探讨关于糖尿病(DM)患者并发社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的相关因素及治疗措施。方法选取该院门诊于2009年2月至2012年8月收治的132例DM并发CAP患者,利用随机数字表法随机分为研究组和对照组,各66例。研究组给予左氧氟沙星治疗,对照组给予阿奇霉素治疗,两组的疗程均为10 d。治疗后对比两组患者的临床疗效及病原体清除率。同时选取同期入院的100例DM患者不伴有CAP(DM非CAP组),与DM患者并发CAP(DM伴CAP组)进行比较,分析导致DM患者并发CAP的危险因素。结果研究组总有效率为96.9%,对照组为72.7%,两组差异显著(P<0.05);研究组病原体清除率为96.0%(48/50),对照组为81.6%(40/49),两组差异显著(P<0.05);DM伴CAP组相较于TDM非CAP组在高龄(>65岁)、存在肺部基础疾病、病程长且易反复发作、DM病史>10年,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)>8%、重度吸烟、白蛋白<25 g/L、高脂血症、院外使用制酸剂>1 w及院外联合使用抗菌药物(>3种且>1 w)等方面存在明显的统计学差异(P<0.05)。高龄(>65岁)、存在肺部基础疾病、病程长且易反复发作及HbA1c是DM并发CAP的独立危险因素。结论 DM合并CAP患者,应用左氧氟沙星进行治疗,临床疗效可观,病原体清除率高,取得较为满意的临床效果;DM病史、存在肺部基础疾病、病程长且易反复发作是发病的独立危险因素,可通过降低血糖及积极治疗肺部基础性疾病以降低发病的危险性。     

2型糖尿病患者骨骼肌质量与颈动脉粥样斑块形成的相关性研究

目的探讨T2DM患者骨骼肌质量与颈动脉粥样斑块(CAP)形成的关系。方法选取2018年1~12月于苏州大学附属第一医院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者270例,按照颈动脉超声检查结果分为合并CAP组(CAP,n=218)与单纯T2DM组(T2DM,n=52),比较两组骨骼肌质量;再以骨骼肌质量四分位间距分为4组,比较CAP形成等因素。单因素方差分析及二元Logistic回归分析骨骼肌质量与CAP形成的关系。结果T2DM患者骨骼肌质量与CAP形成有关,骨骼肌质量越低,越容易形成斑块。骨骼肌质量四分位间距4组T2DM患者校正混杂因素后,二元Logistic回归分析显示,骨骼肌质量是CAP的危险因素。受试者工作特征曲线显示,T2DM患者CAP形成的最佳骨骼肌质量截止值为25.35,灵敏度为76.9%,特异度为70.3%。结论骨骼肌质量降低是T2DM患者CAP形成的独立危险因素,对CAP形成有一定预测价值。     

CURB-65评分联合血镁预测2型糖尿病合并社区获得性肺炎患者住院期间死亡的价值

目的 探讨CURB-65评分联合血镁预测2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者住院期间死亡的价值.方法 回顾性纳入2016年6月至2020年6月于南京中医药大学附属医院住院治疗的526例T2DM合并CAP患者.根据患者住院期间生存状况将其分为存活组486例和死亡组40例.通过医院电子病历系统提取患者入院...     

高频超声在老年糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检测中的应用价值

目的研究高频超声在老年糖尿病(DM)患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块(CAP)检测中的应用价值。方法选择2015年112月在该院接受高频超声检查的老年DM患者188例纳入实验组,选择同期健康体检正常人188例纳入正常组,两组均以高超声诊断仪检测CAP,比较检测结果。结果实验组斑块发生率(70.21%)高于对照组斑块发生率(17.55%)(P0.05)。实验组左、右两侧颈总动脉、颈总动脉分叉、颈内动脉等颈动脉内膜中层厚度均较高于正常组(P0.05)。CAP多见于右颈总动脉分叉位,多数斑块存在内部钙化,密度较大或密度较大伴声音衰减,表面光滑且回声较强。部分斑块低回声或混合回声。结论高频超声在老年DM患者CAP检测中具有较高应用价值。     

T2DM微量白蛋白尿和幽门螺杆菌感染关系

测定133例T2DM患者幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染率,发现伴微量白蛋白尿患者较尿蛋白正常患者Hp感染率升高,提示Hp感染可能是T2DM患者发生微量白蛋白尿的危险因素之一.     

社区获得性肺炎诊治指南的变迁

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)是威胁人类健康的常见感染之一,全球各专业组织为优化CAP诊治策略,主要在以下4个方面对指南进行了更新:(1)CAP严重程度的分类.(2)患者初始接受治疗的场所.(3)监测耐药菌株的重要性.(4)非典型病原体越发引人关注.相应的抗菌药物在CAP诊治指南中地位也发生了一些改变,氟喹诺酮的地位在各国指南中均得到肯定.并且基于CAP治疗应覆盖非典型病原体的理念,对我国非典型病原体耐药现状进行了展望,以期在今后指南更新中作为参考.     

彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病患者下肢动脉粥样硬化的诊断价值

动脉粥样硬化(AS)与心脑血管疾病密切相关,是心脑血管疾病发病的基础.糖尿病(DM)是常见的慢性疾病,也是AS发生的重要危险因素之一,DM并发的AS主要表现在下肢动脉,应用彩色多普勒超声检测DM患者并发下肢AS情况,对于临床早期诊断与治疗有较高的价值.     

视网膜Müller细胞在糖尿病视网膜病变中的作用

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是糖尿病(DM)最为常见和严重的微血管并发症之一,发病率随DM病程的延长而增加,致盲率占眼科双眼盲的第一位.目前越来越多的研究表明Müller细胞在DM早期发生的一系列改变可能是视网膜血管改变的一个主要因素.近年来的临床和基础研究已证实动物模型和DM患者中Müller细胞超微结构和生理功能发生了变化,这种变化早于视网膜血管损伤.DM患者眼底尚未出现改变时,图形视网膜电图(P-ERG)的 b波已有所下降[1],而P-ERG b波起源与Müller细胞关系密切,反映了DM早期Müller细胞已发生功能障碍.     

糖尿病患者血同型半胱氨酸值与冠心病的关系

研究对象为49例T_2DM患者,其中合并冠心病组26例(男14,女12),T_2DM无冠心病组23例(男14,女9)。比较两组间血浆HCY值。结果 T_2DM合并冠心病组患者血浆HCY水平高于无冠心病组(P 0. 05)。结论 T_2DM患者血HCY水平是发生冠心病的危险因素之一。     

唐山农村地区老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者病原学分析

目的分析唐山农村地区老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患者病原学构成并初步分析合并常见基础疾病的病原体构成。方法选择在唐山市3家三级医院住院的唐山市农村地区老年CAP住院患者359例,分析患者痰培养结果,病原学构成,同时分析合并有常见基础疾病的老年CAP患者的病原学特点。结果 359例老年CAP住院治疗患者中,以革兰氏阴性细菌感染占72.9%,伴COPD、脑血管后遗症、糖尿病的老年CAP患者最常见为肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染,支扩中最常见病原体为铜绿假单胞菌。结论老年CAP住院患者以革兰氏阴性菌感染为主,其伴随的基础疾病影响病原学结果。     

Community-acquired pneumonia: An overview

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) accounts for a significant number of hospitalizations and outpatient visits, as well as substantial health care expenditures. CAP is particularly common among the elderly who account for more than 90% of deaths due to pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is believed to be the most common microbial etiology of CAP, but recent studies suggest that the atypical pathogens may be more common than previously thought, particularly among ambulatory patients. Recent studies have provided data regarding risk of mortality and process of care and outcomes. Increasing resistance among strains of S. pneumoniae has impacted the approach to the empiric therapy of CAP. The Infectious Diseases Society of America published guidelines for the evaluation and management of CAP this past year. Pathogen-specific therapy guided by the results of sputum gram stain and culture is emphasized. Despite enthusiasm for practice guidelines and clinical pathways, there remains insufficient published data to determine their impact on quality and cost of care in patients with CAP.     

Managing community-acquired pneumonia: a European perspective

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disease and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It puts an enormous burden on medical and economic resources, particularly if hospitalization is required. Initial antibacterial therapy for CAP is usually empirical, as culture and antibacterial sensitivity test results are rarely available at initial diagnosis. Any agent selected for empirical therapy should have good activity against the pathogens commonly associated with CAP, a favorable tolerability profile, and be administered in a simple dosage regimen for good compliance. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common causative pathogen, although the incidence of this organism varies widely. Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with decreased susceptibility to penicillin have become increasingly prevalent over the past 30 years and are now a serious problem worldwide. In addition, an increase in the prevalence of pneumococci resistant to macrolides has been observed in Europe over recent years. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae are among the most common atypical pathogens isolated from patients with CAP. Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Moraxella catarrhalis are less commonly identified as causative organisms. The emergence and spread of resistance to commonly used antibiotics has challenged the management of CAP. Multiple sets of CAP guidelines have been published to address the continued changes in this complex disease.     

425例社区获得性肺炎的临床分析

目的探讨社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者的临床特征,指导CAP诊治。方法分析我院425例CAP患者的临床表现、X线表现、微生物学检查及治疗情况。结果住院CAP患者以老年人多见,肺炎的临床表现最主要的症状仍为咳嗽、咳痰、发热,但与年轻人相比老年人易于出现呼吸困难和神智障碍;X线主要表现为片状影或问质渗出;痰液培养的阳性率比较低,治疗主要靠依赖经验治疗,预后较好。结论社区获得性肺炎是一种呼吸内科常见病,按照指南临床诊治相对容易。但在部分老年人症状重且不典型,伴基础疾病时可出现预后不良,需引起重视。     

Pneumonia complicating pregnancy

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can affect pregnancy, posing risks to mother and fetus. CAP is the most common fatal nonobstetric infectious complication and a common cause of hospital readmission. Risk factors of pneumonia in pregnancy relate to anatomic and physiologic respiratory changes and immune changes. Aspiration can occur during labor, can cause life-threatening disease, and is more common in cesarean deliveries. Influenza pneumonia can cause severe disease, increasing the risk of preterm delivery, abortion, cesarean section, maternal respiratory failure, and death. CAP treatment requires considering antimicrobial appropriateness and safety, choosing therapy in line with guidelines, but considering maternal and fetal risk.     

Is Vitamin C Beneficial to Patients with CAP?

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in elderly and children. Vitamin C is known as a physiological antioxidant, regulating innate immune system in the lung. Vitamin C has been used to prevent and treat CAP. However, the use of vitamin C for preventing and treating CAP has been a subject of controversy. We aim to review the most significant findings about vitamin C supplementation in patients with pneumonia based on literature from the PubMed. First, we reviewed recent advances about the role of oxidative stress in CAP. Oxidative stress is a crucial component of the host defense system and inflammatory response. However, excessive oxidative stress can cause a systemic inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. The degree of oxidative stress has been associated with the severity of CAP. Vitamin C is beneficial to the host defense system by regulating the innate immunity in the lungs. We also discuss the prophylactic use of vitamin C for pneumonia. Vitamin C supplementation decreased the pneumonia risk in patients with vitamin C deficiency. However, it is not beneficial for prophylactic use of vitamin C to prevent pneumonia in the well-nourished population. Finally, we summarize the effect of vitamin C on mechanical ventilation used during respiratory failure. Administration of vitamin C decreases the duration of mechanical ventilation by decreasing oxidative stress.     

Recent Developments in Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common acute infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Consequently, research into the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pediatric CAP spans the translational research spectrum. Herein, we aim to review the most significant findings reported by investigators focused on pediatric CAP research that has been reported in 2014 and 2015. Our review focuses on several key areas relevant to the clinical management of CAP. First, we will review recent advances in the understanding of CAP epidemiology worldwide, including the role of vaccination in the prevention of pediatric CAP. We also report on the expanding role of existing and emerging diagnostic technologies in CAP classification and management, as well as advances in optimizing antimicrobial use. Finally, we will review CAP management from the policy and future endeavors standpoint, including the influence of clinical practice guidelines on clinician management and patient outcomes, and future potential research directions that are in the early stages of investigation.     

Community-acquired pneumonia: the clinical dilemma

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the sixth most common cause of death in the United States. Despite its frequency and mortality, specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major clinical challenge. The organisms most commonly implicated in CAP are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR), and viruses. Clinical and radiographic criteria have proven to be of little value in determining the etiology of CAP. Laboratory studies, including Gram's stain and culture of sputum, have also been shown to be of severely limited value to the clinician faced with the patient with CAP. Antibiotic therapy must, therefore, generally be empiric. Regimens including erythromycin either as a single agent or coupled with an aminoglycoside or cephalosporin appear to be most efficacious.     

Antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common disorder that is potentially life-threatening, especially in older adults and patients with comorbid disease. Despite substantial progress in therapeutic options, CAP remains a primary cause of death from infectious disease in the United States. The mainstay of treatment for most patients is appropriate antimicrobial therapy This article reviews the principles for initial antimicrobial therapy, highlights some of the differences in approaches to antimicrobial drug selection in selected guidelines, and includes new recommendations for empiric and pathogen-directed therapy of CAP.     

社区获得性呼吸道感染主要致病菌及其耐药性变化

肺炎链球菌(SP)和肺炎支原体(MP)是我国社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的最常见病原体,另外,细菌合并非典型病原体的混合感染亦不可忽视。SP对大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率迅速增加,并且其对青霉素的耐药性仍呈上升趋势。MP对大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率也在增加。而喹诺酮类药物对SP及非典型病原体仍具有较强抗菌活性。金黄色葡萄球菌是CAP的少见病原体,但是随着社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在世界范围内的增加,已引起了临床的重视。