慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者体内白介素-6和C反应蛋白质量浓度的变化及意义

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者体内白介素-6(IL-6)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的质量浓度变化及其与气流受限、急性发作是否相关。方法同步收集中南大学湘雅二医院2004年2月至7月54例COPD稳定期患者和10名健康对照者的诱导痰和空腹静脉血,测定诱导痰上清液和血清中的IL-6和CRP质量浓度,进行比较。结果(1)COPD各组痰IL-6均较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.01),血清IL-6在COPDⅢ级、Ⅳ级较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.05),COPD患者痰IL-6显著高于自身血清IL-6(P<0.01);COPDⅡ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级痰CRP较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.01),COPDⅢ级和Ⅳ级血清CRP较正常对照组显著增高(P<0.01),COPD患者血清CRP显著高于自身痰CRP质量浓度(P<0.01)。(2)痰IL-6与肺功能气流受限指标第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC%)呈负相关。痰IL-6和CRP与急性发作次数呈正相关。结论IL-6和CRP参与了稳定期COPD患者气道慢性炎症;重度气流受限的稳定期COPD患者体内存在系统性炎症反应;痰IL-6含量有助于预测COPD患者急性发作频率。     

脉冲振荡法对不同临床亚型慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸阻抗的评估价值

目的探讨脉冲振荡法(IOS)对不同临床亚型慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸阻抗的评估价值。方法收集2013年5月—2014年5月在中国医科大学附属第一医院呼吸科门诊随诊的稳定期COPD患者66例,均进行IOS检测、常规肺功能检测及高分辨率CT(HRCT)检查。比较不同临床亚型COPD患者IOS检测指标、常规肺功能检测指标,并分析两者间的相关性。结果 66例患者中,肺气肿型COPD患者23例(观察组),慢性支气管炎型COPD患者43例(对照组),两组患者性别、年龄、肺功能分级、吸入支气管扩张剂后一秒率(FEV1/FVC)、残气量(RV)/肺总量(TLC)、深吸气量(IC)/TLC、共振频率(Fres)、总气道阻力(R5)、中心气道阻力(R20)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分比(FEV1%Pred)、5Hz时电抗(X5)低于对照组,周边气道阻力(R5-R20)高于对照组(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,X5与FEV1%Pred、IC/TLC呈正相关,与RV/TLC呈负相关;R5与RV/TLC呈正相关,与IC/TLC呈负相关;R5-R20与FEV1%Pred、IC/TLC呈负相关,与RV/TLC呈正相关(P0.05)。结论不同临床亚型COPD患者IOS检测指标存在一定差异,IOS检测有助于更好地评估不同临床亚型COPD患者呼吸阻抗。     

夜间无创正压通气对COPD患者肺功能及生活质量的影响

目的研究夜间无创正压通气（NIPPV）对Ⅲ-Ⅳ级稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能及生活质量的影响。方法将30例Ⅲ～Ⅳ级稳定期COPD患者随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组采用夜间双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）治疗＋氧疗，对照组单纯夜间氧疗，治疗8周。研究对象在治疗前及治疗4周后、8周后测定肺功能、呼吸困难指数、圣·乔洽呼吸问卷（SGRQ）等项目。结果共有27例患者完成本研究，其中实验组14例，对照组13例。①实验组治疗8周后第一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV1％明显增加。②实验组治疗后呼吸困难明显改善。③实验组治疗4周后、8周后SGRQ总评分分别改善-7．83分、-9．74分，明显优于对照组。结论对Ⅲ、Ⅳ级稳定期COPD患者，夜间NIPPV治疗可改善患者呼吸困难及生活质量．并有可能改善肺功能，疗效明显优于夜间单纯氧疗。     

吸气负荷对COPD患者气道阻塞程度及CO_2潴留的评价

在COPD患者的临床和实验中,常见到呼气流速受限程度相似的情况下,动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)相差较多。其原因可能在于单纯分析呼气相不能正确估价COPD的严重程度。故对25例稳定期COPD患者分别测定PaCO_2、肺总量(TLC)、残气量(RV)、功能残气量(FRC),一分钟最大通气量(MVV)、最大呼气流速(PEF)、用力呼气1秒率(FEV_1)、最大用力呼气等容流速(V_(75),V_(50),V(25))、最大用力吸气流速(PIF)、用力吸气肺活量(IVC)、最大用力吸气胸腔内压(PIeI)、反应气道阻力大小的特殊气道传导比(SGaw),并分别测定吸气相与呼气相SGaw。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者肺功能与心腔大小及心功能不全的相关性

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者肺功能与心腔大小及心功能不全的相关性。方法选择COPD患者120例,全球阻塞性肺病创议(GOLD)肺功能分级Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,评估其肺功能:第1秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)、FEV1占预计值百分比、残气量占预计值百分比、深吸气量/肺总量(IC/TLC)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)占预计值百分比,并通过超声心动图检查对心腔大小、左室收缩与舒张功能、右室收缩和舒张的整体功能(Tei指数)及舒张期肺动脉压进行评估。结果随着COPD患者GOLD肺功能分级的升高,所有心腔均缩小(P0.05)。肺功能相关变量与心腔大小高度相关。与气道阻塞或DLCO相比,静态充气过度(IC/TLC)与心腔大小之间的相关性最好。对体表面积进行调整后,IC/TLC是心腔大小的独立预测因素。相比于IC/TLC0.25的患者,IC/TLC≤0.25的患者左心室舒张功能明显受损(P0.05),右室Tei指数明显升高(P0.05)。结论随着COPD严重程度的增加,会出现心腔缩小,使左室舒张功能和右室整体功能受损。     

测定慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者6s用力呼气容积的意义

目前判断气流受限的常用肺功能指标是时间肺活量,包括:第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)和1 s率(FEV1与用力呼气容积比值)的降低来确定的。气道阻塞患者呼气时间可明显延长,最长可达20 s或以上,但呼气时间过长会使患者出现过度通气,导致头晕、呼吸困难、肢体麻木,甚至危及性命,尤其慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者多见于老年人,体质较差,容易出现并发症。6 s呼气容积(FEV6)是指最大吸气至肺总量位后6 s之内快速呼出气量。由于呼气时间相对较短,患者比较容易接受,不良反应少。本文就COPD患者肺功能指标用力肺活量(FVC)与FEV6及FEV1/FVC与FEV1/FEV6进行相关性分析。     

老年中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道可逆性比较

目的:探讨老年中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道阻塞的可逆性,并进行比较。方法:入选46例老年中度COPD稳定期患者和42例老年重度COPD稳定期患者,测定其吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇前后肺通气功能,观察各通气指标改善情况,计算改善率并进行比较。结果:中度COPD组和重度COPD组患者吸药后的肺功能均有一定改善,但重度COPD患者的呼气峰流速(PEF)、一秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流量(MEF25-75)等指标的改变率显著小于中度COPD组(P<0.05);重度COPD患者中有4.76%支气管舒张试验阳性,而中度COPD患者中36.96%支气管舒张试验阳性。结论:部分COPD患者气道阻塞具有一定可逆性,但老年重度COPD患者的气道可逆程度明显低于老年中度COPD患者。     

慢性阻塞性肺病与咳嗽变异型哮喘的鉴别诊断

为了探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)气道反应性变化规律及其与咳嗽变异型哮喘(CVA)的临床鉴别,我们对37例COPD和30例CVA患者进行临床分析。报道如下。对象与方法　37例COPD和30例CVA患者分为两组,对照组52例为正常健康人。应用6200型体积描记仪进行气道反应性、气道阻力(Raw)及最大呼气流量——容积曲线(MEFV)测定。气道反应性测定采用潮气法,以比气道传导率(sGaw)下降≥35%时吸入的乙酰甲胆碱(MCH)浓度(PC35sGaw)<8mgml为气道反应性增高(BHR)。结果与讨论　(1)少数COPD患者(135%)存在BHR,CVA患者全部为BHR,两组比较有显著性…     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者的吸气肌锻炼

慢性阻塞性肺病患者(COPD)由于气道阻塞,吸气肌特别是膈肌疲劳。导致运动能力减弱、呼吸困难,甚至发展为呼吸衰竭。文献上不乏通过呼吸运动锻炼改善吸气肌功能的报道。作者等用“双盲法”对13例COPD患者(男7例、女6例)随机分成2组。1组用增加吸气阻力的方法进行吸气肌锻炼,另1组作对照。两组同时都接受每周3次,每次20分钟的自行车锻炼。4周后观察吸气肌阻力锻炼对两组患者肺功能、运动耐量、呼吸肌强     

老年COPD患者肺功能与血清甲状腺激素的相关性分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者的肺功能与血清甲状腺激素水平之间的关系。方法选取老年COPD患者(分4级)75例及健康对照组25例,分别测定血清TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4和TSH水平及肺功能。另选老年COPDⅣ级患者24例,分为死亡组和存活组。比较不同组别间血清甲状腺激素水平,分析甲状腺激素水平与肺功能的相关性。结果老年COPD患者Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级TT3、FT3均值低于对照组(P<0.01)。24例Ⅳ级COPD患者中死亡组TT3、FT3、TT4均值低于存活组(P<0.05或<0.01),而组间TSH均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。应用Spearson相关分析显示,TT3、FT3与FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%、TLC、IC均呈正相关,与RV、FRC呈负相关;TT4与FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、FEV1%均呈正相关,与RV呈负相关;FT4与FVC、FEV1呈正相关;TSH与RV、FRC呈负相关。结论老年COPD患者随着病情加重会出现血清甲状腺激素水平的异常,甲状腺激素水平与肺功能有相关性,检测血清甲状腺激素水平有助于判断COPD病情严重程度及估计预后。     

Maximum inspiratory muscle endurance capacity during resistive loading in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

In 10 patients with stable severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) we evaluated the relationship between the degree of airway obstruction and hyperinflation, and the maximum inspiratory muscle endurance capacity during added inspiratory resistive loading. We measured the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and airway resistance (Raw) as indices of airway obstruction, and the ratio of functional residual capacity to total lung capacity (FRC/TLC) as an index of hyperinflation. The mean resting transdiaphragmatic pressure to its maximum (Pdi/Pdimax), the tension time index of the diaphragm, and the maximum transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) were also determined. Following 15 min of resting breathing, the patients breathed through added inspiratory resistances which were progressively increased every 3 min until exhaustion. Maximum endurance capacity (ECmax) was defined as the product of the esophageal pressure - time integral and frequency at the maximum load sustainable for 3 min. ECmax correlated significantly with Raw (r = -0.67, p less than 0.04). The addition of FRC/TLC to the analysis resulted in a significant increase in the correlation coefficient (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). ECmax did not correlate with FEV1/FVC. Both resting Pdi/Pdimax and Pdimax independently influenced ECmax. In addition, Pdimax correlated significantly with FRC/TLC, and resting Pdi/Pdimax with Raw. We conclude that in stable patients with severe COPD, both airway obstruction and hyperinflation affect maximum inspiratory muscle endurance capacity during inspiratory resistive loading.     

吸入性噻托溴铵对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者深吸气量和运动耐量的影响

目的 探讨每天一次吸入噻托溴铵对于慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)深吸气量(IC)和运动耐量的影响以及常用的肺功能指标与运动耐量的相关性.方法 吸入噻托溴铵18 μg/d,在第0天、第28天和第56天分别测定肺功能、6分钟步行试验(6MWT)和呼吸困难评分.结果 噻托溴铵吸人后第28天和第56天肺功能指标第1秒用力呼气容积...     

Inspiratory fraction and exercise impairment in COPD patients GOLD stages II-III.

The inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio or "inspiratory fraction" (inspiratory capacity(IC)/total lung capacity (TLC)) may be functionally more representative than traditional indices of resting airflow limitation and lung hyperinflation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the present retrospective study, a comparison was made of the individual performance of post-bronchodilator IC, IC/TLC and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) in predicting a severely reduced peak oxygen uptake (V'(O(2)); <60% predicted) in 44 COPD patients Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages II-III (post-bronchodilator FEV(1) ranging from 31-79% pred). Patients with lower IC/TLC values (相似文献   

Impaired Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity is the Strongest Predictor of Exercise Intolerance in COPD

Abstract

Background: Exercise intolerance is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) is the traditional metric used to define the severity of COPD. However, there is dissociation between FEV₁ and exercise capacity in a large proportion of subjects with COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate whether other lung function parameters have an additive, predictive value for exercise capacity and whether this differs according to the COPD stage. Methods: Spirometry, body plethysmography and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) were performed on 88 patients with COPD GOLD stages II-IV. Exercise capacity (EC) was determined in all subjects by symptom-limited, incremental cycle ergometer testing. Results: Significant relationships were found between EC and the majority of lung function parameters. DLCO, FEV₁ and inspiratory capacity (IC) were found to be the best predictors of EC in a stepwise regression analysis explaining 72% of EC. These lung function parameters explained 76% of EC in GOLD II, 72% in GOLD III and 40% in GOLD IV. DLCO alone was the best predictor of exercise capacity in all GOLD stages. Conclusions: Diffusing capacity was the strongest predictor of exercise capacity in all subjects. In addition to FEV₁, DLCO and IC provided a significantly higher predictive value regarding exercise capacity in COPD patients. This suggests that it is beneficial to add measurements of diffusing capacity and inspiratory capacity when clinically monitoring COPD patients.     

Effect of heliox breathing on dynamic hyperinflation in COPD patients

BACKGROUND: and objective: Patients with COPD exhibit increased inspiratory work and dyspnea due to dynamic hyperinflation caused by expiratory flow limitation. Helium-oxygen mixtures (ie, heliox) have been used in treating these patients on the assumption that, by lowering airway resistance, they might be beneficial. METHODS: In 22 patients with COPD, the presence of expiratory flow limitation was assessed with patients in the sitting and supine positions using the negative expiratory pressure technique, and the effects of heliox (80% He, 20% O2) on breathing pattern, expiratory flow limitation, and dynamic hyperinflation, evaluated from the change in inspiratory capacity (IC), were measured at rest and were compared with those due to inhaled salbutamol. RESULTS: During air breathing, 13 patients experienced flow limitation while in the sitting position and 18 experienced flow limitation while in the supine position. Neither heliox nor salbutamol therapy changed the breathing pattern in any of the patients, regardless of posture and the presence or absence of expiratory flow limitation. However, in both positions IC increased significantly in most flow-limited patients after bronchodilator administration, but not after heliox administration. CONCLUSIONS: Since heliox had no effect on dynamic hyperinflation, the use of this gas mixture, which is costly and cumbersome, does not appear to be beneficial in stable patients with COPD breathing at rest.     

Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Object: Periodic exacerbations of symptoms are the major cause of morbidity, mortality and health care costs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea is the major factor affecting the comfort of patients in the exacerbation of COPD. In this study, we aimed to compare the value of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁) and inspiratory capacity (IC) measured before and after treatment in exacerbations and in the improvement in dyspnea. Methods: Eighty‐seven patients (male/female, 80/7; mean age, 63 ± 7) with COPD exacerbation were included in this study. All subjects underwent spirometric tests on the first day and at the end of treatment. The subjects were asked to quantify the sensation of dyspnea that was described to them as a nonspecific discomfort associated with the act of breathing. The patients quantified dyspnea by pointing to a score on a large Borg scale from 0 to 10 arbitrary units. In the beginning and at the end of treatment, forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV₁, forced expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), IC and Borg score (BS) values were compared. Results: After treatment of COPD exacerbations, FEV₁, FEF25–75, PEF and IC significantly increased, and the BS significantly decreased compared to the initial values. The increase in IC was more significantly correlated with the improvement in BS compared with FEV₁. Admission and discharge day BS was negatively correlated with FEV₁, FEF25–75 and IC. Conclusion: We have shown a more dramatic improvement in IC compared with FEV₁ in patients treated as a result of acute exacerbation of COPD. These data suggest that IC may be more useful than FEV₁ during acute exacerbation of COPD. Moreover, IC better reflects the severity of dyspnea in these patients. Please cite this paper as: Yetkin O and Gunen H. Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 36–40.     

Diferencias en función de la gravedad de la atenuación pulmonar en varones con EPOC

Background and objetives

We compare the inspiratory and expiratory regional lung densities between different levels of COPD severity (as assessed by the GOLD scale and by the BODE index), and to assess the relationship between regional lung densities and functional lung parameters.

Patients and methods

Fifty-five stable moderate-severe COPD men were selected. Functional evaluation included dyspnoea scale, blood gases, spirometry, plethysmography, diffusing capacity and six-minute walk test. Severity was classified according the GOLD scale and the BODE index. High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans of the entire lung at full inspiration and two sections at full expiration were obtained. Densitometry software was used to calculate the densities of the lung areas.

Results

Inspiratory and expiratory mean lung densities (MLD) of the lower lobes were significantly lower in very severe and severe COPD patients than in moderate patients. In contrast, we only found differences between the upper lobe MLD values of moderate and severe COPD patients. Inspiratory and expiratory HRCT densities were similar among all BODE quartiles, for both the upper and lower lobes. In a multiple regression analysis, airway obstruction parameters were mainly related to the expiratory MLD of the lower lobes, whereas lung hyperinflation parameters were predicted by the inspiratory MLD of the lower lobes. Lastly, diffusion capacity was independently related to the expiratory/inspiratory MLD of the lower lobes and to the inspiratory MLD of the upper lobes.

Conclusions

There are differences in lung attenuation measurements by HRCT between the varying levels of COPD severity as assessed by the GOLD scale.     

Functional diagnosis in surgery of the large airways

The main indications for surgery of the airways are (1) non-tumorous airway stenosis and (2) tumors of the large airways with and without relevant stenoses. The aim of the following study was to find out which degree of stenosis is an absolute indication for resection and to what extent the functional disturbances are reversible following surgery. We investigated various groups of patients (stenosis of the trachea, lobectomy with sleeve resection, extended pneumectomy with resection of the distal trachea, pneumectomy with resection of the bifurcation, resection of the main bronchus and lobectomy, rupture of the main bronchus) from 1978 to 1982, before and up to 3 years after surgery. Body-plethysmography (one second forced expiratory volume = FEV1; one second forced inspiratory volume = FIV1; Residual volume = RV; total lung capacity = TLC; airway resistance = Raw; specific airway conductance = sGaw), flow volume relation measurements (maximal inspiratory flow = Vmax insp; maximal expiratory flow = Vmax exp; and flow at various lung volumes), blood gas analysis and an endoscopic estimation of the tracheal diameter were performed. Tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis in patients with non-tumerous tracheal stenosis improved the tracheal diameter from 6.0 to 11.7 mm, the sGaw from 0.04 to 0.08 (cmH2O s)-1 and the severity of dyspnea significantly. There was no measurable change in airway caliber following administration of beta 2-adrenergics. The most sensitive parameters for describing the tracheal stenosis are the resistance and flow volume values. A tracheal diameter smaller than 6.5 mm corresponding to a sGaw smaller than 0.03 (cmH2O s)-1 procedured severe dyspnea, which is incompatibly with normal life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness, and exercise performance during the 6-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develop dynamic lung hyperinflation (DH) during symptom-limited incremental and constant work exercise with cycle ergometer and treadmill. The increase in end-expiratory lung volume seems to be the best predictor of dyspnea. Quantification of DH is based on the relatively complex use of on-line measurement of inspiratory capacity (IC) from flow volume loops. We reasoned that DH could occur during daily activities such as walking, and that it could be simply measured using the spirometrically determined IC. We studied 72 men with COPD (FEV(1) = 45 +/- 13.3% predicted). IC was measured at rest and after a 6-min walk test. Exertional dyspnea was evaluated using the Borg scale and dyspnea during daily activities with the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. IC decreased significantly from 28.9 +/- 6.7% TLC at rest to 24.1 +/- 6.8% TLC after exercise (p < 0.001). Exertional dyspnea correlated with DeltaIC (r = -0.49, p < 0.00001) and baseline MRC (r = 0.59, p < 0.00001). In many patients with COPD, walking leads to DH that can be easily determined with simple spirometric testing. DH helps explain exercise capacity limitation and breathlessness during simple daily activities.