腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻32例诊治体会

目的探讨腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法回顾分析32例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床表现及诊疗方法。结果 32例患者中,30例第1次手术后发生早期炎性肠梗阻,均经保守治疗痊愈,平均治疗时间为10 d,无一例并发症发生;2例因考虑术后早期机械性肠梗阻,术中因分离粘连引起肠壁破损,被迫行小肠部分切除,经保守治疗3周后痊愈。结论腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻保守治疗效果良好。     

生长抑素治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻

［摘要］　目的　总结术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床特点及治疗体会。方法　回顾性分析该院2009-01～2013-06收治的30例腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果　应用生长抑素等保守治疗30例术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者，均治愈出院，肠梗阻解除时间3～7 d，平均4.5 d。结论　术后早期炎性肠梗阻常见于腹部手术后1个月内，治疗方法以保守治疗为主，生长抑素能明显缩短术后早期炎性肠梗阻的治疗时间，值得基层医院推广应用。     

中西医结合治疗老年腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻的疗效

早期炎性肠梗阻是腹部术后的常见并发症,发生率为20％[1],绝大多数是由于手术创伤或腹腔内炎症所致的机械性与动力性并存的炎症性肠梗阻.老年人胃肠道黏膜屏障功能衰退,胃肠道血供减少,肠蠕动减少,加之老年人并存疾病多,机体营养缺乏,行动减少,肠功能恢复缓慢,腹部术后更易发生早期炎性肠梗阻气[2].早期炎性肠梗阻有其病理特殊性,如果处理不当往往会引起肠瘘、重症感染、短肠综合征等严重并发症,甚至危及生命[3];尤其对于老年患者,生理特点特殊,治疗风险更大,一直困扰着临床医师.本文就我院采用中西结合治疗老年性腹部术后早期炎性肠梗阻的临床评价进行分析.     

腹部手术后早期炎性肠梗阻25例诊治体会

多数学者把腹部手术后1个月内发生的肠梗阻定义为术后早期肠梗阻。若对其处理不当，会引起多发肠瘘、重症感染等严重并发症。1997年9月至2004年4月．我们共收治术后早期炎性肠梗阻25例。现将治疗体会报告如下。     

腹部外敷四黄散治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻12例效果观察

术后早期炎性肠梗阻是腹部手术后早期并发症,其首选的治疗方法是保守治疗。2009年6月～2010年12月,我们采用腹部外敷四黄散治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻12例,疗效较好。现报告如下。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻的诊治体会

肠梗阻是腹部手术后常见并发症,炎性肠梗阻与机械性肠梗阻处理方法不同,提高对术后早期炎性肠梗阻的认识,采取正确的处理方法,能减少严重并发症的发生。2001~2007年,我科共收治术后早期炎性肠梗阻16例。现报告如下。临床资料:本组16例患者,男12例、女4例,年龄32~62岁、平均45岁     

老年人术后早期炎性肠梗阻的诊治

肠梗阻为外科常见疾病,病因繁多,诊治方法各不相同.术后早期炎性肠梗阻一般发生于腹部手术后1～3 w以内,因其发病早期临床表现不典型,早期诊断及正确治疗均较困难.近年来,老年患者术后早期炎性肠梗阻的发病率有明显上升趋势.本文对老年术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者28例临床资料进行分析,探讨其诊治体会.     

经鼻肠梗阻导管治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻中的护理

目的探讨经鼻肠梗阻导管治疗术后早期炎性肠梗阻的有效护理措施。方法对26例术后早期炎性肠梗阻患者应用经鼻肠梗阻导管治疗并配合有效的护理措施,对治疗效果进行观察和分析。结果本组26例均经以经鼻肠梗阻导管治疗为主的综合治疗配合有效的心理护理、腹痛腹胀的观察、经鼻肠梗阻导管护理及并发症的预防及护理措施,全组病例于6~21 d(平均16d)治愈出院。结论经鼻肠梗阻导管治疗为主的综合治疗配合有效的护理措施是提高术后早期炎性肠梗阻治愈率的关键。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻的诊治体会

腹部手术后并发肠梗阻是腹部手术常见的并发症，但手术后不同时期所发生的肠梗阻病因不同，因而，治疗措施各异。术后早期炎性肠梗阻（Earlt postoperative infammatory ileus，EPII）发生在腹部术后早期，是指由于腹部手术创伤或腹腔内炎症等原因而导致肠壁水肿和渗出，所形成的一种机械性与动力性同时存在的肠梗阻。提高对本病认识，采取正确的处理方法，可避免给病人造成不必要的伤害和损失。我们1993—07／2006—04共收治术后早期炎性肠梗阻8例，均经保守治愈，现总结报告如下。     

术后早期炎性肠梗阻21例治疗体会

术后早期炎性肠梗阻（EPII）是腹部手术后常见并发症，其发病机制及治疗措施与其他原因引起的机械性肠梗阻有所不同。2000年1月-2005年7月，我们收治术后EPII患者21例，均取得满意疗效。现报告如下。     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.     

Dénervation rénale pour HTA réfractaire sans anesthésie générale : intérêt d’un protocole MEOPA Morphine. Expérience préliminaire

Renal denervation using the technique of radiofrequency is used only recently for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Normally, it is done under general anesthesia because the ablation point technique is painful. We suggest an alternative to general anesthesia comprising an association of morphin 0.1 mg/kg IV to MEOPA (gas combining oxygen and azot protoxyd) delivered through an oxygen mask. Our series includes 12 consecutive patients treated between October 2011 and June 2013, the first five patients (group 1) have received only an hydroxizin and morphin sedation. Every five have felt the ablation painful, in two cases bearable pain (EVA < 5), in three cases intense (EVA > 5) pain leading to increasing doses of morphin, (total dose of 0.25 mg/kg in two cases, 0.17 mg in one case). For the seven following patients, a protocol including hydroxyzin, morphin and MEOPA given through a mask has been set up. Only one patient has felt a mild pain (EVA 5) leading to an increasing dose of morphin (total dose 0.17 mg/kg). None of the six other patients has felt any pain during the procedure. The average dose of morphin is 0.17 mg/kg in group 1, 0.11 mg/kg in group 2. This is a preliminary study; if confirmed, it will allow a lot of hospitals without on-site possibilities of general anesthesia, to realize such procedures. Conclusion: regarding pain, the procedure of renal ablation was well tolerated for six among seven patients receiving the association MEOPA and IV morphin. In contrast, in the five patients treated only with IV morphin, we observed a less good tolerance to pain and the need to increase the doses of IV morphin.     

Scale‐up of TB and HIV programme collaborative activities in Zambia – a 10‐year review

Objective To review the activities, progress, achievements and challenges of the Zambia Ministry of Health tuberculosis (TB)/HIV collaborative activities over the past decade. Methods Analysis of Zambia Ministry of Health National TB and HIV programme documents and external independent programme review reports pertaining to 2000–2010. Results The number of people testing for HIV increased from 37 557 persons in 2003 to 1 327 995 persons in 2010 nationally. Those receiving anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) increased from 143 in 2003 to 344 304 in 2010. The national HIV prevalence estimates declined from 14.3% in 2001 to 13.5% in 2009. The proportion of TB patients being tested for HIV increased from 22.6% in 2006 to 84% in 2010 and approximately 70% were HIV positive. The proportion of the HIV‐infected TB patients who: (i) started on ART increased from 38% in 2006 to 50% in 2010; (ii) commenced co‐trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) increased from 31% in 2006 to 70% in 2010; and (iii) were successfully treated increased to an average of 80% resulting in decline of deaths from 13% in 2006 to 9% in 2010. Conclusions The scale‐up of TB/HIV collaborative programme activities in Zambia has steadily increased over the past decade resulting in increased testing for TB and HIV, and anti‐retroviral (ARV) rollout with improved treatment outcomes among TB patients co‐infected with HIV. Getting service delivery points to adhere to WHO guidelines for collaborative TB/HIV activities remains problematic, especially those meant to reduce the burden of TB in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).     

C-MET在非小细胞肺癌对表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药中的作用研究进展

以表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)为靶点的酪氨酸酶抑制剂(TKI)是近年来非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)治疗的重大突破.但是随着临床的广泛应用,耐药成为新的难点.新近研究已发现对EGFRTKI的耐药产生主要涉及原癌基因C-MET的扩增突变.C-MET是原癌基因,是蛋白产物肝细胞生长因子/离散离子(HGF/SF)的受体,具有酪氨酸酶活性,C-MET基因扩增激活ErbB3-PI3K信号途径导致NSCLC对EGFR-TKI产生耐药,大量研究证实NSCLC患者对EGFR-TKI耐药约20％归因于C-MET基因扩增.     

Artificial intelligence in pancreaticobiliary endoscopy

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in health care have exponentially increased in recent years, and a few of these are related to pancreatobiliary disorders. AI‐based methods were applied to extract information, in prognostication, to guide clinical treatment decisions and in pancreatobiliary endoscopy to characterize lesions. AI applications in endoscopy are expected to reduce inter‐operator variability, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and assist in therapeutic decision‐making in real time. AI‐based literature must however be interpreted with caution given the limited external validation. A multidisciplinary approach combining clinical and imaging or endoscopy data will better utilize AI‐based technologies to further improve patient care.