泛素-蛋白酶体系统功能异常与心脏疾病

<正>泛素(Ub)-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)是真核细胞内大多数蛋白质的降解通路,其调控异常与多种疾病发生有关,对生命活动具有重要的调控意义。UPS功能异常与心血管疾病,如心肌病、心肌缺血、心肌纤维化等有着密切的关系。本文对UPS与心脏疾病的关系进行综述。1 UPS概述1.1 UPS结构UPS由Ub、Ub活化酶(E1)、Ub结合酶(E2)、Ub连接酶(E3)、蛋白酶体构成。Ub是一种由76个氨基酸残     

泛素-蛋白酶体与心血管疾病研究新进展

泛素-蛋白酶体(ubiquitin-proteasome system,UPS)途径是细胞内蛋白质选择性降解途径之一。泛素分子主要通过泛素活化酶、泛素偶联酶、泛素结合酶和泛素-蛋白连接酶与靶蛋白结合形成多泛素链,将底物蛋白泛素化并降解。UPS还可作用于转录因子及体内某些信号传导通路。泛素化过程是真核细胞内重要的蛋白质质控系统,参与细胞生理活动过程,如细胞凋亡、主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)-Ⅰ类抗原递呈、细胞周期以及细胞内信号传导等,对维持细胞正常生理功能具有重要意义。     

泛素-蛋白酶体系统及其与肝病关系的研究现状

泛素-蛋白酶体系统（UPS）主要由泛素、泛素活化酶、泛素结合酶、泛素连接酶、26S蛋白酶体及去泛素化酶等组成,是降解细胞内蛋白质的非溶酶体途径。UPS与多种疾病的发生发展有关,在肝病研究中也具有重要的病理生理意义。本文就UPS及其与肝病关系的研究现状作一综述。     

泛素连接酶在骨形成调节中的作用

泛素-蛋白酶体系统是维持细胞内蛋白质稳态和功能的重要调节途径,泛素化参与调节细胞的增生、分化和存活,泛素化调节异常可导致代谢性骨病、肿瘤等疾病的发生。越来越多的证据表明泛素-蛋白酶体系统参与调控成骨细胞功能和骨形成。泛素连接酶(E3 ubiquitin ligases,E3)作为泛素和底物蛋白之间的衔接分子可特异性识别底物,在骨形成相关蛋白调节和骨转换过程中具有重要的意义。既往研究表明E3连接酶通过介导酪氨酸激酶受体、信号蛋白和转录因子等参与成骨细胞增生、分化、存活和骨形成的调节。Smurf1、Cbl和SCFβ-Tr CP等E3连接酶可特异性介导Runx2、MEKK2、Jun B、β-catenin、Gli2、ATF4等成骨细胞分化重要调节蛋白的降解,抑制成骨功能。E3连接酶作为促进骨形成和减少骨丢失理想的治疗靶标,具有广阔的研究前景。本文对E3连接酶在骨形成调节中的作用及机制进行回顾和总结。     

泛素-蛋白酶体抑制剂的研究及应用进展

泛素( ubiquitin,Ub)是一个由76个氨基酸残基组成的高度保守的蛋白质,属于热休克蛋白基因家族,它是一种非常小的球形蛋白,主要作用是以多聚泛素链与底物蛋白结合,从而标记降解蛋白.泛素-蛋白酶体途径(UPP)是生物体内蛋白质选择性降解的重要途径之一.最近研究发现,UPP广泛参与细胞凋亡、主要组织相容性复合物(MHC) -Ⅰ类抗原的递呈、细胞周期以及细胞内信号传导等多种生理过程[1].蛋白酶体是UPP的重要组成部分,对于维持细胞功能至关重要.其抑制剂通过干扰蛋白酶体活性抑制肿瘤细胞生长,故有可能成为抗肿瘤的先导药物[2].同时,蛋白酶体抑制剂改变蛋白酶体的酶切位点活性也是免疫、炎症等研究领域的热点.     

E3泛素连接酶介导泛素化修饰在炎症性肠病中的作用机制研究

泛素化是重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,主要效应包括蛋白质的降解和功能调节。研究提示,泛素化异常参与了炎症性肠病(IBD)的发生和发展,一些泛素酶及其抗体有望成为克罗恩病(CD)临床诊断和评估病情严重程度的重要标志物。本文就E3泛素连接酶介导泛素化修饰在IBD中的作用机制研究作一综述。     

蛋白酶体抑制剂诱导肝星状细胞凋亡的研究进展

泛素-蛋白酶体通路（ubiquitin proteasome pathway，UPP）是一种高效蛋白降解途径，主要负责真核细胞内蛋白质的选择性降解。其中，蛋白酶体是一种广泛存在的酶复合体，它参与细胞周期调控、凋亡、血管发生过程中多种蛋白质的降解等过程，从而在细胞存活、纤维化、肿瘤发生发展过程中起着重要作用。目前包括硼替佐米（bortezomib）在内的多种蛋白酶体抑制剂已经开始应用于临床多种恶性肿瘤的治疗，在肝纤维化方面的研究也开始进入萌芽阶段，现就近年来其与HSC凋亡关系的研究进展作一综述。[第一段]     

蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132诱导人巨噬细胞THP-1凋亡

泛素-蛋白酶体途径是生物体内进行蛋白质选择性降解的重要途径之一，广泛参与细胞周期调控、DNA修复、细胞信号转导、细胞凋亡等多种生理过程。为了研究调控泛素一蛋白酶体途径表达对巨噬细胞THP-1凋亡和细胞内载脂蛋白B的蓄积的影响，本实验采用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132(5／μmol／L)处理THP-1细胞，流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和细胞内载脂蛋白B含量，用半定量逆转录一聚合酶链反应检测细胞内UPP途径相关基因的表达。结果发现：MG132可以诱导THP-1细胞凋亡；实验组细胞内载脂蛋白B蓄积增加；实验组细胞内泛素活化酶、泛素缀合酶和泛素-蛋白连接酶mRNA表达均降低，而26S蛋白酶体mRNA无显著改变。结果提示，蛋白酶体抑制荆MG132能够诱导THP-1细胞凋亡，其机制可能与MG132抑制泛素-蛋白酶体途径中泛素活化酶、泛素缀合酶和泛素一蛋白连接酶活性，使细胞内载脂蛋白B经泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解减少，在细胞内蓄积而使细胞凋亡率增加。     

E3泛素连接酶对糖尿病冠状动脉大电导钙激活钾通道的调控及机制探讨

糖尿病时冠状动脉平滑肌细胞上大电导钙激活钾通道(BK通道)功能异常,其表达下降受泛素-蛋白酶体系统的调控。F-box蛋白(FBXO)和肌肉特异性环指蛋白1(MuRF1)是参与调节BK-β1亚基蛋白泛素化的两种E3连接酶。FBXO和MuRF1蛋白表达增加,导致BK-β1亚基蛋白泛素化降解增加,表达减少,这可能是糖尿病时冠状动脉血管功能受损的机制之一。     

去泛素化酶在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展

研究发现泛素-蛋白酶体系统具有重要的泛素化与去泛素化功能,参与许多细胞生物学过程.去泛素化酶是真核细胞中泛素-蛋白酶体系统重要组成部分,可以直接或间接影响炎症、凋亡以及增殖等细胞活动,并调控动脉粥样硬化的进程.鉴于去泛素化酶的重要性,本文综述了去泛素化酶在动脉粥样硬化中的作用及其机制,为临床动脉粥样硬化的诊治提供依据.     

UBE2S drives elongation of K11-linked ubiquitin chains by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex

The Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates mitosis and G1 by sequentially targeting cell-cycle regulators for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. The mechanism of ubiquitin chain formation by APC and the resultant chain topology remains controversial. By using a single-lysine APC substrate to dissect the topology of ubiquitinated substrates, we find that APC-catalyzed ubiquitination has an intrinsic preference for the K11 linkage of ubiquitin that is essential for substrate degradation. K11 specificity is determined by an E2 enzyme, UBE2S/E2-EPF, that elongates ubiquitin chains after the substrates are pre-ubiquitinated by UbcH10 or UbcH5. UBE2S copurifies with APC; dominant-negative Ube2S slows down APC substrate degradation in functional cell-cycle extracts. We propose that Ube2S is a critical, unique component of the APC ubiquitination pathway.     

CUL7: A DOC domain-containing cullin selectively binds Skp1.Fbx29 to form an SCF-like complex

Selective protein degradation targeted by members of the F-box protein family plays pivotal roles in cell biology. It is widely accepted that an F-box protein directs substrate ubiquitination within a Skp1.CUL1.F-box protein.ROC1 (SCF-ROC1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This assembly utilizes the CUL1 molecular scaffold, allowing the F-box protein to position its bound substrate for ubiquitination by a ROC1-recruited E2-conjugating enzyme. Here, we describe an alternative mechanism for assembling an F-box protein-based E3 complex through a previously uncharacterized cullin, CUL7, identified by mass spectrometry as a ROC1-interacting protein. CUL7 is a large polypeptide containing a cullin domain, which is responsible for ROC1 binding, and a DOC domain, which is also present in the anaphase-promoting complex. Remarkably, CUL7 assembles an SCF-ROC1-like E3 ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of Skp1, CUL7, the Fbx29 F-box protein, and ROC1. In contrast to CUL1 that binds Skp1 by itself, CUL7 interacts with the Skp1.Fbx29 complex, but not with Skp1 alone. Strikingly, CUL7 selectively interacts with Skp1.Fbx29 but not with Skp1.betaTRCP2 or Skp1.Skp2. Thus, CUL7 may define a previously uncharacterized, Fbx29-mediated, and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis pathway.     

Srmir￡2与肿瘤关系的研究进展

Smad泛素化调节因子2（Smuff2）属于泛素蛋白水解酶途径中的一种E3泛素连接酶。研究发现Smurf2与肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,其在肿瘤中的作用并不单纯依赖于泛素连接酶活性,亦可通过其他方式参与细胞增殖、凋亡、衰老、迁移等过程,从而调控肿瘤的发展。本文就Smurf2与肿瘤关系的研究进展作一综述。     

From the Cover: Identification of the von Hippel–Lindau tumor-suppressor protein as part of an active E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

Mutations of von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene product (pVHL) are found in patients with dominant inherited VHL syndrome and in the vast majority of sporadic clear cell renal carcinomas. The function of the pVHL protein has not been clarified. pVHL has been shown to form a complex with elongin B and elongin C (VBC) and with cullin (CUL)-2. In light of the structural analogy of VBC-CUL-2 to SKP1-CUL-1-F-box ubiquitin ligases, the ubiquitin ligase activity of VBC-CUL-2 was examined in this study. We show that VBC-CUL-2 exhibits ubiquitin ligase activity, and we identified UbcH5a, b, and c, but not CDC34, as the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes of the VBC-CUL-2 ubiquitin ligase. The protein Rbx1/ROC1 enhances ligase activity of VBC-CUL-2 as it does in the SKP1-CUL-1-F-box protein ligase complex. We also found that pVHL associates with two proteins, p100 and p220, which migrate at a similar molecular weight as two major bands in the ubiquitination assay. Furthermore, naturally occurring pVHL missense mutations, including mutants capable of forming a complex with elongin B-elongin C-CUL-2, fail to associate with p100 and p220 and cannot exhibit the E3 ligase activity. These results suggest that pVHL might be the substrate recognition subunit of the VBC-CUL-2 E3 ligase. This is also, to our knowledge, the first example of a human tumor-suppressor protein being directly involved in the ubiquitin conjugation system which leads to the targeted degradation of substrate proteins.     

Nitrosative stress linked to sporadic Parkinson's disease: S-nitrosylation of parkin regulates its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity

Many hereditary and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of aberrant proteins. In sporadic Parkinson's disease, representing the most prevalent movement disorder, oxidative and nitrosative stress are believed to contribute to disease pathogenesis, but the exact molecular basis for protein aggregation remains unclear. In the case of autosomal recessive-juvenile Parkinsonism, mutation in the E3 ubiquitin ligase protein parkin is linked to death of dopaminergic neurons. Here we show both in vitro and in vivo that nitrosative stress leads to S-nitrosylation of wild-type parkin and, initially, to a dramatic increase followed by a decrease in the E3 ligase-ubiquitin-proteasome degradative pathway. The initial increase in parkin's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity leads to autoubiquitination of parkin and subsequent inhibition of its activity, which would impair ubiquitination and clearance of parkin substrates. These findings may thus provide a molecular link between free radical toxicity and protein accumulation in sporadic Parkinson's disease.     

HIV-1 Vif-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of APOBEC3G involves four critical lysine residues in its C-terminal domain

During coevolution with the host, HIV-1 developed the ability to hijack the cellular ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway to counteract the antiviral activity of APOBEC3G (A3G), a host cytidine deaminase that can block HIV-1 replication. Abrogation of A3G function involves the HIV-1 Vif protein, which binds A3G and serves as an adapter molecule to recruit A3G to a Cullin5-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Structure-guided mutagenesis of A3G focused on the 14 most surface-exposed Lys residues allowed us to identify four Lys residues (Lys-297, 301, 303, and 334) that are required for Vif-mediated A3G ubiquitination and degradation. Substitution of Arg for these residues confers Vif resistance and restores A3G''s antiviral activity in the presence of Vif. In our model, the critical four Lys residues cluster at the C terminus, opposite to the known N-terminal Vif-interaction region in the protein. Thus, spatial constraints imposed by the E3 ligase complex may be an important determinant in Vif-dependent A3G ubiquitination.     

The DDB1-CUL4ADDB2 ubiquitin ligase is deficient in xeroderma pigmentosum group E and targets histone H2A at UV-damaged DNA sites

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a heritable human disorder characterized by defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and the development of skin cancer. Cells from XP group E (XP-E) patients have a defect in the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (UV-DDB), involved in the damage recognition step of NER. UV-DDB comprises two subunits, products of the DDB1 and DDB2 genes, respectively. Mutations in the DDB2 gene account for the underlying defect in XP-E. The UV-DDB complex is a component of the newly identified cullin 4A-based ubiquitin E3 ligase, DDB1-CUL4A(DDB2). The E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize specific substrates and mediate their ubiquitination to regulate protein activity or target proteins for degradation by the proteasomal pathway. In this study, we have addressed the role of the UV-DDB-based E3 in NER and sought a physiological substrate. We demonstrate that monoubiquitinated histone H2A in native chromatin coimmunoprecipitates with the endogenous DDB1-CUL4A(DDB2) complex in response to UV irradiation. Further, mutations in DDB2 alter the formation and binding activity of the DDB1-CUL4A(DDB2) ligase, accompanied by impaired monoubiquitination of H2A after UV treatment of XP-E cells, compared with repair-proficient cells. This finding indicates that DDB2, as the substrate receptor of the DDB1-CUL4A-based ligase, specifically targets histone H2A for monoubiquitination in a photolesion-binding-dependent manner. Given that the loss of monoubiquitinated histone H2A at the sites of UV-damaged DNA is associated with decreased global genome repair in XP-E cells, this study suggests that histone modification, mediated by the XPE factor, facilitates the initiation of NER.