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1.
低钠血症是临床最常见的电解质紊乱之一,血钠浓度135 mmol/L即可诊断为低钠血症,大部分慢性低钠血症患者症状较轻或被原发病掩盖而易被临床医师忽略或误诊。诊断精确和及时治疗可降低患者的病死率,从而减少住院时间,改善生活质量。低钠血症的治疗主要是病因治疗,其中抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)患者可考虑限水、高张盐水、使用抗利尿激素受体拮抗剂等。本文从诊断和治疗两方面综述了低钠血症的研究进展。  相似文献   

2.
抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,SIADH)由Schwartz、Bartter等[1]于1957年首次报道,故又称Schwartz-Bartter综合征,其主要病理生理特点为内源性抗利尿激素(ADH,即精氨酸加压素AVP)相对于体液渗透压不适当的分泌增多,导致水潴留、尿钠排泄增多、稀释性低钠血症等一系列临床表现。SIADH是引起低钠血症最常见的原因,占低钠血症全部病因的1/3。  相似文献   

3.
张泽欣  荣海钦 《山东医药》2012,52(41):73-74
目的探讨抗利尿激素分泌不适当综合征与肺部疾病的关系。方法选择因呼吸系统疾病住院的低钠血症患者78例,其中抗利尿激素分泌不适当综合征(SIADH)20例,非SIADH 58例。回顾性分析二者临床表现和实验室检查指标的差异。结果 SIADH患者尿渗透压、尿钠水平较非SIADH患者增高,血UA水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。SIADH病因以肺部恶性肿瘤最多见。结论对低钠血症患者应重视SIADH鉴别,SIADH病因应首先考虑恶性肿瘤的可能性。  相似文献   

4.
目的探讨老年人颅内肿瘤切除术后低钠血症的常见病因、发病机理、诊断和治疗方法.方法回顾性分析56例老年患者颅内肿瘤切除术后发生低钠血症的类型、发病机制、临床表现及治疗措施.结果 56例低钠血症患者中,根据临床表现及实验室检查结果分为医源性组24例,脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)组20例,抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)组8例,尿崩症(DI)组4例;各组临床表现相似但实验室检查不同、给予相应治疗后效果良好.结论老年颅内肿瘤(非鞍区肿瘤)患者术后早期发生低钠血症最常见病因是医源性的,其次是CSWS、SIADH和尿崩症;医源性的给予调整药物,补充钠盐即可,CSWS患者需要补充钠盐、同时补足血容量;SIADH患者则需要限水治疗;尿崩症患者需用激素替代治疗.  相似文献   

5.
抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征研究进展   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征 (syndromeofinappropriatesecretionofantidiuretichormone ,SIADH)是指某些疾病和危重病导致体内抗利尿激素 (antidiuretichormone ,ADH)不适当分泌或肾脏对ADH的超敏而引起水潴留 ,稀释性低钠血症、血浆渗透压降低、尿钠与尿渗透压增高以及相应临床症状的一组临床综合征。本综合征于 195 7年首先由Schwartz等报道[1] 。SIADH起病隐匿 ,好发于老年人 ,多继发于各种肿瘤、颅脑疾病、胸肺疾病、药物运用等。抗利尿激素的生理抗利尿激素的合成与代谢 抗利尿激素又称为血管加压素 (vasopressin) ,是由 9个氨…  相似文献   

6.
正抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,SIADH)被认为是内源性抗利尿激素(antidiuretic hormone,ADH)持续释放或活性增强而引起机体水潴留、稀释性低钠血症、尿钠以及尿渗透压明显升高的一组临床综合征,最早于1957年由Schwartz等~([1])在2例支气管  相似文献   

7.
目的探讨中枢性低钠血症的发病机制、诊断及治疗方法。方法对该院21例中枢性低钠血症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果19例低钠血症恢复正常;2例因合并颅内感染,高热不退,1例死亡,1例经控制感染后,低钠血症恢复正常,但仍昏迷不醒。结论低血钠、高尿钠和意识状态改变是中枢性低钠血症的诊断依据,抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)应限水治疗,脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)则作水化和补盐治疗。  相似文献   

8.
重型颅脑损伤低钠血症患者48例临床分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
冶玉虎  马越 《山东医药》2009,49(48):102-103
重症颅脑损伤患者在治疗过程中合并低钠血症非常多见,但因下丘脑-垂体激素轴损伤引起中枢性低钠血症则少见,主要包括抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)和脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS),二者易混淆。本研究对我院收治的重型颅脑损伤所致低钠血症的48例患者临床资料分析报告如下。  相似文献   

9.
目的 探讨鞍区肿瘤术后两种中枢性低钠血症的鉴别方法及老年人鞍区肿瘤术后中枢性低钠血症的发生特点.方法 对124例鞍区肿瘤术后发生低钠血症患者的临床资料进行分组对照.结果 71例(57.3%)发生脑性耗盐综合征(CSWS),53例(42.7%)发生抗利尿激素分泌不适当综合征(SIADH).老年组CSWS及SIADH发病高峰均较非老年组提前(P<0.01),老年组中、重度低钠血症与非老年组比较存在显著差异(P<0.01),经治疗老年组与非老年组血钠恢复情况比较差异不显著(P>0.05),但老年组经治疗7 d以上血钠才恢复正常者(8.9%)高于非老年组(6.5%).结论 鞍区肿瘤术后老年人与非老年人相比低钠血症发病早,病情较重且病程长,术后病情观察且及时监测中心静脉压(CVP)、血钠、尿钠、尿比重、血浆渗透压的变化,正确区分两种常见低钠血症及有效治疗是病人平稳度过术后恢复期的关键.  相似文献   

10.
抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)是指体内抗利尿激素(ADH)分泌不受低渗透压或低血容量等抑制因素而分泌异常增多或其活性作用异常,从而导致水潴留以及稀释性低钠血症。SIADH可见于多种疾病,如各种肿瘤(包括胸腺瘤)、肺部各种疾病、脑部疾病以及某些药物等。近年来已有脑部疾病引起的SIADH报道,我们最近遇到3例,现报告如下:  相似文献   

11.
Hyponatremia occurs in about 30% of hospitalized patients and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a common cause of hyponatremia. SIADH should be differentiated from other causes of hyponatremia like diuretic therapy, hypothyroidism and hypocortisolism. Where possible, all attempts should be made to identify and rectify the cause of SIADH. The main problem in SIADH is fluid excess, and hyponatremia is dilutional in nature. Fluid restriction is the main stay in the treatment of SIADH; however, cerebral salt wasting should be excluded in the clinical setting of brain surgeries, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc. Fluid restriction in cerebral salt wasting can be hazardous. Sodium correction in chronic hyponatremia (onset >48 hours) should be done slowly to avoid deleterious effects in brain.  相似文献   

12.
Dysregulation of the neuroendocrine system is a frequent complication after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Symptoms of these hormonal abnormalities might be subtle and thus easily ignored. Hyponatremia usually indicates underlying disorders that disrupt fluid homeostasis. In most patients with TBI, hyponatremia is a feature of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion due to pituitary dysfunction after head injury. Usually TBI-associated hyponatremia is transient and reversible. We report the case of a 48-year-old man with TBI-associated hyponatremia with delayed recovery and recurrent hyponatremia precipitated by subsequent surgery. In this report, we emphasize the importance of identifying patients with slow recovery of the injured brain, which could complicate with SIADH and acute hyponatremia. Differentiating TBI-associated SIADH from other important causes of hyponatremia such as cerebral salt wasting, and hypocortisonism are also reviewed. Prevention of its recurrence by avoiding further risk is mandatory in managing patients with TBI.  相似文献   

13.
The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), also recently referred to as the "syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis", is an often underdiagnosed cause of hypotonic hyponatremia, resulting for instance from ectopic release of ADH in lung cancer or as a side-effect of various drugs. In SIADH, hyponatremia results from a pure disorder of water handling by the kidney, whereas external Na+ balance is usually well regulated. Despite increased total body water, only minor changes of urine output and modest edema are usually seen. Renal function and acid-base balance are often preserved, while neurological impairment may range from subclinical to life-threatening. Hypouricemia is a distinguishing feature. The major causes and clinical variants of SIADH are reviewed, with particular emphasis on iatrogenic complications and hospital-acquired hyponatremia. Effective treatment of SIADH with water restriction, aquaretics, or hypertonic saline + loop diuretics, as opposed to worsening of hyponatremia during parenteral isotonic fluid administration, underscores the importance of an early accurate diagnosis and careful follow-up of these patients.  相似文献   

14.
Hyponatremia in intracranial disorders   总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28  
Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disturbance following intracranial disorders. Hyponatremia is of clinical significance as a rapidly decreasing serum sodium concentration as well as rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia may lead to neurological symptoms. Especially two syndromes leading to hyponatremia in intracranial disorders need to be distinguished, as they resemble each other in many, but not all ways. These are the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) and the cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSW). The syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion is characterized by water retention, caused by inappropriate release of ADH, leading to dilutional hyponatremia. The cerebral salt wasting syndrome on the other hand, represents primary natriuresis, leading to hypovolemia and sodium deficit. SIADH should be treated by fluid restriction, whereas the treatment of CSW consists of sodium and water administration. However, in the literature there is abundant evidence that hyponatremia in intracranial diseases is mostly caused by CSW. Therefore, treatment with fluid and salt supplementation seems indicated in patients with intracranial disorders who develop hyponatremia and natriuresis.  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is the most common cause of hyponatremia in elderly hospitalized patients; however in many patients the etiology remains unclear even after routine investigations. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience of the association of hyponatremia and urinary retention in elderly hospitalized patients. PATIENTS: Six patients with hyponatremia and urinary retention who were admitted to the geriatric department in our hospital during a four-year period (2001-2004). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 85 years. The mean serum sodium level was 120 mEq/l, average volume of retained urine was 933 ml (range 500-1,500 ml). All patients underwent a comprehensive work-up seeking a possible cause for the hyponatremia. The diagnostic work-up was negative. In 5 of the patients the laboratory findings fulfilled the criteria for SIADH. In all patients hyponatremia resolved following urinary catheterization and fluid restriction. All patients made a complete recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Potentially, urinary retention by itself may cause hyponatremia. The possible mechanism for this is SIADH, triggered by bladder distention or pain due to bladder distention. Urinary catheterization may be the key to treatment in these cases of hyponatremia.  相似文献   

16.
The present study was undertaken to determine whether urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) participates in the involvement of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in hyponatremia less than 130 mmol/L in 33 elderly subjects (> or =65 yr old) during the last 5-yr period. Subjects were separated into euvolemic hyponatremia groups: 13 with hypopituitarism, 8 with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), 8 with mineralocorticoid-responsive hyponatremia of the elderly, and 4 with miscellaneous diseases. Approximately 40% of those with hyponatremia was derived from hypopituitarism, but severe hyponatremia was found in the patients with SIADH and mineralocorticoid-responsive hyponatremia of the elderly. Plasma AVP levels remained relatively high despite hypoosmolality and were tightly linked with exaggerated urinary excretion of AQP-2 and antidiuresis in the 3 groups of patients, except for one miscellaneous one. An acute water load test verified the impairment in water excretion, because the percent excretion of the water load was less than 42% and the minimal urinary osmolality was not sufficiently diluted. Also, plasma AVP and urinary excretion of AQP-2 were not reduced after the water load. The inappropriate secretion of AVP was evident in the patients with SIADH and hypopituitarism, and hydrocortisone replacement normalized urinary excretion of AQP-2 and renal water excretion in those with hypopituitarism. In contrast, the appropriate antidiuresis seemed to compensate loss of body fluid in the patients with mineralocorticoid-responsive hyponatremia of the elderly, who lost circulatory blood volume by 7.3% (mean). Fludrocortisone acetate increased renal sodium handling and body fluid, resulting in the reduction in AVP release and urinary excretion of AQP-2 in mineralocorticoid-responsive hyponatremia of the elderly. These findings indicate that urinary excretion of AQP-2 may be a more sensitive measure of AVP effect on renal collecting duct cells than are plasma AVP levels, and that increased urinary excretion of AQP-2 shows exaggerated AVP-induced antidiuresis in hyponatremic subjects in the elderly. In addition, mineralocorticoid-responsive hyponatremia of the elderly has to be carefully differentiated from SIADH in elderly subjects.  相似文献   

17.
A 90-year old man was admitted to a hospital because of consciousness loss with hyponatremia. Although his symptom promptly improved with Na supply, his chest X-ray film showed pulmonary infiltration and direct microscopy of sputum smear was positive for acid-fast bacilli, then he was referred our hospital and was admitted. We made a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with SIADH based on detailed examinations. But he should neither respiratory symptoms nor fever. He was medicated with the standard antituberculosis drugs with fluid restriction, and his tuberculosis and hyponatremia were improved gradually. We should be more careful about pulmonary tuberculosis irrespective of its severity as a cause of SIADH.  相似文献   

18.
Hyponatremia is a frequent complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and is commonly attributed either to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSW). The object of this study is to elucidate the clinical demographics and sequelae of hyponatremia due to CSW in subjects with aneurysmal SAH. Retrospective chart review of patients >18 years with aneurysmal SAH admitted between January 2004 and July 2007 was performed. Subjects with moderate to severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <130 mmol l−1) were divided into groups consistent with CSW and SIADH based on urine output, fluid balance, natriuresis, and response to saline infusion. Clinical demographics were compared. Of 316 subjects identified, hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol l−1) was detected in 187 (59.2%) subjects and moderate to severe hyponatremia in 48 (15.2%). Of the latter group, 35.4% were categorized with SIADH and 22.9% with CSW. Compared to eunatremic subjects, hyponatremia was associated with significantly longer hospital stay (15.7 ± 1.9 vs. 9.6 ± 1.1 days, p < 0.001). Subjects with CSW had similar mortality and duration of hospital stay vs. those with SIADH. Though less common than SIADH, CSW was detected in approximately 23% of patients with history of aneurysmal SAH and was not clearly associated with enhanced morbidity and mortality compared to subjects with SIADH. Further studies regarding the pathogenesis and management, along with the medical consequences, of CSW are important.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) among older hyponatremic patients in a subacute geriatric facility, to identify patients with no apparent cause for the SIADH (idiopathic SIADH), and to determine their clinical characteristics. DESIGN: Prospective analysis of a cohort of older patients over a period of 3 months. SETTING: Two wards in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: All patients with hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmols/l) were clinically examined and relevant investigations were performed to determine the etiology of hyponatremia. Patients were observed for symptoms of hyponatremia. Hyponatremia was classified into possible SIADH and non-SIADH types. Patients with SIADH type hyponatremia were screened for possible causes. Past medical histories were obtained from the general practitioners. RESULTS: Of the 172 patients studied, 43 (25%) had hyponatremia. It was symptomatic in only four patients. Twenty-two (51%) had SIADH etiology. In nine (mean age 84 +/- 4), no cause for the SIADH was evident (presumed idiopathic SIADH) and in seven, hyponatremia (128-135 mmols/l) was chronic (12 to 72 months). Further reduction in serum sodium, which was symptomatic, was noted in two of these patients with the onset of pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Most older hyponatremic patients in a rehabilitation setting seem to have SIADH etiology. This study confirms the presence of a group of older individuals with chronic idiopathic hyponatremia in whom the underlying mechanism may be SIADH related to aging. Hyponatremia is modest in these patients and has little clinical significance. However, they may be at increased risk of developing symptomatic hyponatremia with intercurrent illnesses.  相似文献   

20.
Three patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) during the course of disseminated Herpes Varicella-Zoster (HVZ) virus infections are reported. In one patient and two previously reported patients, SIADH occurred at or shortly after admission, prior to antiviral drug therapy. In two patients and one previously reported patient, SIADH began or hyponatremia worsened after vidarabine therapy was begun. Therefore, SIADH may occur during the course of untreated, disseminated HVZ infection. However, the relatively high fluid volume required to dilute vidarabine may play a role in the development of the clinical and laboratory manifestations of SIADH, in patients receiving the drug. Physicians should avoid excess fluid intake and monitor serum sodium carefully when caring for patients with disseminated HVZ infections. Doses of vidarabine greater than 10 mg/kg/day may increase the likelihood of SIADH. Acyclovir therapy was not associated with worsening of hypotonic hyponatremia in our patients.  相似文献   

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