云南农村地区冠心病危险因素的分布

目的：调查云南省农村地区50～70岁人群冠心病危险因素的分布,为该地区冠心病的防治和干预提供科学依据。方法：采用分层随机抽样方法,共抽取云南省四个县区11个农村地区中50-70岁人群540人进行现况调查,使用SPSSll．0软件进行统计学分析。结果：云南省农村50～70岁人群高血压病、超重／肥胖、高胆固醇和糖尿病的患病率分别为42．4％、15．7％、36．8％和0．6％,吸烟率为36．7％,饮酒率为33．5％。各民族问高血压病、超重／肥胖的患病率和饮酒率存在显著差异（P〈0．01）。白族和纳西族超重／肥胖率显著高于汉族、彝族、傈僳族;藏族高血压病与饮酒率高于汉族、彝族、傈僳族,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。高血压病、肥胖的患病率随年龄的增长而增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。女性超重／月巴胖率（18．7％）显著高于男性（12．5％,P〈0．05）,男性吸烟率、饮酒率及高血压病患病率（66．1％、54．9％和47．5％）显著高于女性（9．9％、14．1％和37．8％,均P〈0．05）。结论：云南省农村地区冠心病的危险因素在国内处于较高水平,民族间某些危险因素的分布存在显著差异。     

顺德市容桂地区中年农业人群心血管病危险因素探讨

目的：探讨顺德容桂地区农业人群心血管病的危险因素。方法：1997－1999年对本地区小黄圃等6个村委会35－39岁有农业户口的常住人群共4083名人员作为调查对象，进行病史询问以及血压，身高，体重，腰围，臀围、血糖、血脂、心电图等检查。结果：高血压患病率为14．8％（标化率），血脂异常率41．3％，超重率20．8％，饮酒率36．7％；现在吸烟率男性58．4％，女性4．7％。结论：本地区中年农业人群多项心血管病危险因素水平较高，特别要注意腰臀比、体重指数，血脂、血糖指标测定，应予重视并进行干预，以期降低心血管疾病的发病率及死亡率。     

金坛地区中年人群肥胖现状及与其他心血管病危险因素关系研究

目的了解金坛地区中年人群肥胖现况及与其他心血管病危险因素关系。方法 2009~2010年期间在金坛地区抽取35~64岁调查对象进行心血管病危险因素调查,调查对象982人。计算中年人群超重、肥胖及中心性肥胖患病率,并分析与其他心血管病危险因素的关系。结果金坛地区35~64岁中年人群超重率为42.77%,肥胖率为18.94%,轻、重度中心性肥胖患病率分别为38.70%、19.96%。不同性别间超重、肥胖率差异无统计学意义;女性中心性肥胖患病率高于男性,差异有统计学意义。在超重、肥胖及中心性肥胖人群中,高血压、糖尿病及血脂异常患病的比例明显增加,其中超重、肥胖人群中同时具有3个危险因素的比例是正常体重人群的3.56倍和6.05倍;而轻度、重度中心性肥胖人群中同时具有3个危险因素的比例是非中心性肥胖正常人群的4.62倍及5.51倍(P0.05)。结论金坛地区中年人群中体重异常者近六成,肥胖人群心血管病危险因素的比例很高。     

我国多省市心血管病趋势及决定因素的人群监测（中国MONIC…

中国多省市心血管病人监测协作研究开展对人群心血管病危险因素水平及其趋势的监测，主要结果如下：１．北方地区平均血压水平及高血压患病率高于而南方地区低于国际平均水平；血清总胆固醇和体重指数低于国际平均水平，且亦呈北高南低的分布，男性吸烟率高于国际平均水平且无明显地区差异，女性吸烟率低于国际平均水平，北方高于南方。（２）部分人群１０年趋势分析显示人群血压水平无明显升降趋势；多数人群血清总胆固醇和体重指数     

江苏省农村人群心血管病危险因素水平变化趋势─（1989～1993年）江苏省Monica研究

为动态观察人群心血管病危险因素水平的变化趋势，按照ＷＨＯ－Ｍｏｎｉｃａ方案要求，我们对江苏省农村海门县地区人群的有关心血管病危险因素水平进行了抽样调查，以了解该人群的血压、总胆固醇（Ｔｃ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－ｃ）、体重指数（ＢＭＩ）水平以及人群的吸烟率、高血压患病率的状况。其结果显示：男性血压、Ｔｃ、ＢＭＩ及高血压患病率较前明显上升（ｐ＜０．０１），吸烟率则下降。女性血压水平、高血压患病率及ＢＭＩ同样较前明显升高。鉴于此，我们认为该地区五年来心血管病危险因素水平的总趋势是上升了，提出应重视开展人群防治工作，控制人群心血管病危险因素水平的增长，以最终达到有效降低心血管病发生之目的。     

上海市心血管病主要危险因素变化趋势分析

目的：评价上海地区人群心血管病主要危险因素的变化趋势。方法：采用重复横断面调查的方法,1992、1995、1996和1999年共4次对上海市某工厂人群进行心血管病主要危险因素调查,共1118人,对收缩压、舒张压、体重指数、高血压的患病率和吸烟情况的变化趋势进行了分析。结果：（1）1992年人群基线心血管病危险因素如血压、吸烟率、血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、HDL－胆固醇、腰臀比、体重指数结果与MONICA北京的地区监测结果相近。（2）无论男性或女性,收缩压和舒张压水平均呈上升趋势。男性收缩压平均升高12.3mmHg, 舒张压平衡升高6.4mmHg;女性依次为11.5mmHg和4.9mmHg;（3）男性高血压患病率呈上升趋势;女性变化趋势不明显。（4）男性与女性体重指数各年度比较均无显著性差异,无逐渐肥胖的倾向。（5）男性吸烟率一直维持在较高水平,1996年较1992年有明显下降,1996至1999年下降趋势不明显;女性吸烟率维持在较低水平,趋势平稳。结论：上海地区应重视吸烟和高血压的预防控制。     

南宁市城乡心血管病危险因素流行现况

目的了解南宁市城乡居民心血管病危险因素流行现况。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,对南宁市区401名市民及市郊乡村727名农民进行问卷调查并测量血压,检测血脂、空腹血糖。结果乡村中年男性的高胆固醇血症及糖代谢异常患病率高于城市中年男性(P<0.01,P<0.05);乡村老年男性高血压及高胆固醇血症患病率高于城市老年男性(P<0.01,P<0.05);乡村中年女性的高血压、高胆固醇血症及糖代谢异常患病率高于城市中年女性(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01);乡村老年女性高血压患病率高于城市老年女性(P<0.01)。结论南宁乡村农民心血管病危险因素流行率高,需加强综合干预措施,以预防心血管病事件。     

1984—1999年北京城乡人群心血管病危险因素变化趋势的研究

目的:描述1984—1999年北京城乡人群心血管病主要危险因素的流行状况,对比并评价心血管病危险因素的变化趋势。方法:分别于1984—1985年,1988—1989年,1993年,1996年和1999年采用相同的方法,在北京市25~64岁人群中进行了5次独立的心血管病危险因素调查。按性别、城乡分组,比较各种危险因素在城乡人群中的不同变化趋势。结果:从1984—1999年,北京市城乡人群心血管病危险因素的变化趋势:1.城市人群的收缩压、舒张压水平和高血压患病率呈下降趋势,城市男性的下降趋势有统计学意义;而农村人群的收缩压、舒张压水平和高血压患病率则均呈上升趋势。2·各组人群的血清总胆固醇水平和高胆固醇血症患病率均呈上升趋势。15年间,城乡男性的血清总胆固醇水平每年分别增加0·06mmol/L(2·3mg/dL)和0·08mmol/L(3·1mg/dL)。3·除城市女性外,其他各组人群的体重指数(BMI)水平、腰围、超重+肥胖率(BMI≥24)、肥胖率(BMI≥28)和腹型肥胖率均呈上升趋势。4·吸烟支数和吸烟率在农村男性中呈上升趋势,在其他各组人群中则呈现下降趋势。尤其在女性中下降趋势有统计学显著性。结论:北京城乡人群的多项心血管病危险因素水平呈不同的变化趋势。农村人群的危险因素水平普遍高于城市人群,均呈上升趋势。今后应加强对农村人群的心血管病防治工作。     

高校无症状成年人心血管病发病危险调查

目的:调查武汉大学无症状成年人心血管病危险因素的患病情况,评估该人群未来10年缺血性心血管病发病的风险。方法:选取该校近1年无缺血性心血管病症状成年人的体检资料,了解其性别、年龄、吸烟史、体质指数、胆固醇水平及患糖尿病、高血压病情况,通过简易查表法,对个体的危险因素进行评分,根据总分查到相应10年缺血性心血管病发病绝对危险。结果:总体人群吸烟率、超重、肥胖、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常的比例分别为13.3%、35.2%、7.4%、33.4%、14.9%、41.6%。男性吸烟率及超重、肥胖的比例明显高于女性,女性血脂异常的患病率明显高于男性。50岁以上男女性高血压、糖尿病患病率无显著性差异。10年心血管病发病绝对危险随年龄增长不断增高,女性各年龄组发病风险均低于男性。结论:60岁以上男性及70岁以上女性心血管病总体危险较高,男性应加强体重的干预,女性应加强控制血脂的干预措施。     

浙江丽水城区人群心脑血管病危险因素水平调查报告

目的：探索丽水城镇社区人群心脑血管病危险因素水平,为综合防治提供科学依据。方法：于1999年5月对丽水城镇社区8万人口中35－64岁人群进行了一次心血管疾病危险因素随机抽样调查。结果：人群吸烟率24．8％,其中男性高达51．0％;饮酒率29．9％,其中男性高达49．1％;超重占32．8％;高甘油三酯血症占29．4％;高血压患病率21．92％。结论：本地区上述危险因素水平均相当突出,采取社区综合防治措施,进行有效控制已刻不容缓。     

中年人群高血压患病率及控制状况的演变趋势

背景高血压是心血管病的主要危险因素,了解和掌握高血压的流行及控制状况对心血管病防治意义重大。目的了解中年人群高血压患病率及控制状况的演变趋势。方法利用国家八五(1992—1994年)、九五(1998年)和十五(2004—2005年)期间年龄在35～59岁的12组可比人群资料进行分析。结果 2004—2005期间高血压标化患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别达到24.4%、48.4%、38.5%和9.5%,与其他两个时期比较均有明显增加(P<0.05)。在接受治疗的高血压患者中,不同时期的控制率分别为12.2%、19.2%、24.0%。无论患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率,性别之间、不同体质量指数之间、城乡之间都存在差异。乡村控制率的增长高于城市(14.6%对11.7%)。结论高血压的患病率仍在不断攀升,尽管控制率有所增加,但仍处于低水平。进一步提高人群的控制率仍是当务之急。     

1984～1993年北京城乡心血管病危险因素变化趋势的比较

目的：评价并对比北京城乡人群１９８４－１９９３年１０年中,心血管病危险因素的变化趋势。方法于１９８４－１９８５年,１９８８－１９８９年和１９９３年分别在北京７０万ＭＯＮＩＣＡ监测人群中进行了３次独立的心血管病危险因素调查。分别采用分层随机抽样方法抽取２５－６４岁,男女两性的独立样本。对收缩压、舒张压、高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率、控制率、血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、体重指数）Ｂ     

The relationship of peripheral arterial disease and metabolic syndrome prevalence in asymptomatic US adults 40 years and older: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a subclinical marker of coronary artery disease and identifies asymptomatic individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of clinical factors that increases the risk of developing diabetes and CVD. The authors' objectives were to estimate the prevalence of MetS in patients with PAD and to determine the prevalence of PAD in the population of asymptomatic US adults 40 years and older with MetS. The authors analyzed data from 3 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 1999-2004). Prevalence of MetS as defined by the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel criteria and prevalence of associated cardiac risk factors were determined in 5376 asymptomatic participants 40 years and older. Presence of PAD was defined as ankle-brachial index <0.9. Estimates were weighted with the sample weights accounting for the unequal selection probability of complex NHANES sampling and over sampling of selected population subgroups. Prevalence of PAD in asymptomatic US adults 40 years and older was 4.2%. PAD prevalence in persons with MetS was 7.0% compared with 3.3% in persons without MetS. A total of 38% of the population with PAD also had MetS. High rates of abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are significant contributors to both MetS and PAD. Persons with MetS have twice the risk of having PAD. Of persons with PAD, almost 40% have MetS. The presence of either PAD or MetS should warrant screening for both conditions so that risk stratification and management of risk factors may be performed.     

Prevalence and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among patients with haemophilia: experience of a single haemophilia treatment centre in the United States (US)

Summary. The primary objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and their known risk factors among persons with haemophilia (PWH). This cross‐sectional study, covering a 5‐year period, included PWH aged ≥35 years who were cared for at a single haemophilia treatment centre in the United States. Medical records were extensively reviewed to collect the information about CVD events and their risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and smoking. Prevalence rates were compared with national population estimates and associations between risk factors and CVD events were examined using logistic regression. The study cohort comprised 185 PWH (102 haemophilia A and 83 haemophilia B). Lifetime prevalence of a CVD event was 19.5% (36/185, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.8–25.2%). CVD mortality was 5.4% (10/185, 95% CI 2.7–8.1). Compared with US non‐Hispanic White males (NHWH), PWH had about twice the prevalence of coronary artery disease, stroke and myocardial infarction. The prevalence of CVD risk factors for PWH was similar to that for US NHWM with 39.5% of PWH exposed to two or more of these risk factors. Both hypertension and smoking were associated significantly with CVD events, with odds ratios of 4.9 and 6.3, respectively. In conclusion, this study revealed that both CVD events and its risk factors were at least equally prevalent among PWH and might have been even higher than among the US NHWM in the United States. Therefore, it is imperative to implement strategies for CVD prevention among PWH.     

Trends in self-reported multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in the United States, 1991-1999

BACKGROUND: There are few national- and state-level data on multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor status and trends over time. We examined the prevalence of self-reported multiple CVD risk factors from 1991 through 1999. METHODS: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System is a state-based telephone survey of adults 18 years or older. Surveys in 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, and 1999 ascertained reported high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol level, diabetes, obesity, and current smoking status. Trends in the prevalence of persons with each risk factor and of having 2 or more risk factors were calculated. Data were age standardized to the 2000 US population. RESULTS: From 1991 to 1999, the prevalence of reported high blood pressure increased from 23.8% to 25.4%, high cholesterol levels increased from 24.9% to 27.7%, diabetes increased from 5.5% to 7.1%, obesity increased from 13.5% to 20.3%, and smoking remained at approximately 21%. The prevalence of adults with 2 or more risk factors increased from 23.6% in 1991 to 27.9% in 1999 and significantly increased for both men and women and for all race or ethnic, age, and education groups. Among states, the prevalence of multiple risk factors ranged from 15.0% to 29.9% in 1991 and from 18.7% to 37.1% in 1999. From 1991 to 1999, the prevalence of multiple risk factors increased by 10% or more in 36 states. CONCLUSIONS: The substantial proportion of persons with known multiple risk factors (25% of the population) suggests that increased CVD prevention and risk factor reduction efforts should focus on comprehensive risk reduction strategies.     

Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in non-obese asian Indian-an urban-rural comparison

Background: In the present study we evaluated the association of insulin resistance (IR) with different components of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in an Asian Indian population, and performed a comparative study between urban and rural populations of India. Methods: A Total of 267 urban men and women aged 25-70 years participated in this study. Results were compared with rural data from a previously published study. Fasting serum insulin, uric acid, and lipid profile were measured along with fasting and 2 hour plasma glucose. Association of MS and IR was studied by using univariate regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of MS was significantly higher in the urban population compared to that of the rural population (35.2% vs 20.6%, chi(2) = 23.2, p < 0.001). Calculated insulin resistence (HOMA-IR) was common in MS group of both populations. Percentage prevalence of IR was high and almost the same in both population (42%). Percentage prevalence of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia was significantly higher in the urban population compared to the rural population. Linear regression analysis of IR significantly correlated with different components of MS of both the population. Conclusions: The significant finding of the present study was that the rural population exhibited a high prevalence of MS and IR, though nonobese. IR correlated with components of MS not only in the urban but also in the rural population. To reduce the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in our populations, early identification of populations at risk based on prevalence of MS and IR will become of prime importance.     

Relation between age and carotid artery intima‐medial thickness: a systematic review

Carotid artery intima‐medial thickness (cIMT) represents a popular measure of atherosclerosis and is predictive of future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Although older age is associated with a higher cIMT, little is known about whether this increase in cIMT follows a linear relationship with age or it is affected under influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or CVD risk factors. We hypothesize that the relationship between cIMT and age is nonlinear and is affected by CVD or risk factors. A systematic review of studies that examined cIMT in the general population and human populations free from CVD/risk factors was undertaken. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Seventeen studies with 32 unique study populations, involving 10,124 healthy individuals free from CVD risk factors, were included. Furthermore, 58 studies with 115 unique study populations were included, involving 65,774 individuals from the general population (with and without CVD risk factors). A strong positive association was evident between age and cIMT in the healthy population, demonstrating a gradual, linear increase in cIMT that did not differ between age decades (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Although populations with individuals with CVD demonstrated a higher cIMT compared to populations free of CVD, a linear relation between age and cIMT was also present in this population. Our data suggest that cIMT is strongly and linearly related to age. This linear relationship was not affected by CVD or risk factors.     

Lifestyle interventions in preventing new type 2 diabetes in Asian populations

The aim of this study was to review current evidence on interventional studies aimed at the prevention of type 2 diabetes in Asian population with lifestyle interventions. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes sharply increased in most Asian countries during the last decades. This issue has now also relevant implication for Europe where different surveys are also consistently revealing an higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other and major CVD risk factors among subjects originating from Asian Countries than in the native population. Nutrition and lifestyle transition seem to play a role in disclosing the predisposition for the development of type 2 diabetes and great interest is now shown toward the possibility to intervene with lifestyle intervention on at risk populations. A meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials showed that lifestyle interventions are highly effective also in the Asian population. All studies were, however, conducted with an individual approach based on the identification of high-risk individuals. When ethnic minority groups have to be addressed, an approach directed to the community rather than to the individual might, however, be more effective. This review reinforces the importance for policy-makers to consider the involvement of the whole community of minority immigrant groups with lifestyle intervention programs.     

Obesity,Nutrition, and Physical Activity in Blacks and Whites: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease

Rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, and obesity-related CVD risk factors such as hypertension are higher in blacks than whites in the United States. Obesity, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity as well as psychosocial and environmental factors may contribute to ethnic differences in CVD. Survey data from the United States show that black populations consume fewer vegetables and CVD-protective micronutrients such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium than whites. Black populations are also less physically active. Physiologic factors may also contribute to ethnic differences in CVD. Blacks are more insulin resistant than whites, predisposing them to type 2 diabetes and CVD, and healthy black adults have higher levels of inflammatory markers, potentially increasing their risk for CVD. Although obesity does not appear to have a differential impact on CVD risk factors by race, the higher obesity prevalence of blacks combined with their higher-risk diet, lack of exercise, and psychosocial stress places this population at significant excess risk for CVD.