Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in special locations

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is considered one of the most challenging endoscopic procedures for novice endoscopists. When compared with the stomach, the colon and rectum have a narrower tubular lumen, greater angulation at the flexures, and a thinner muscle layer. These factors make endoscopic control and maneuverability difficult. ESD of the colorectum was considered more difficult than gastric and esophageal ESD. However, with learning from the experts, practicing, and selecting an appropriate technique,most of colorectal ESD could be performed successfully. Nevertheless, some colorectal locations are extremely specialized either from unique anatomy or given unstable scope position. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to provide endoscopists with an overview of the techniques and outcomes associated with ESD at these special colorectal locations. ESD at the discussed special locations of the ileo-colo-rectum was found to be feasible, and outcomes were comparable to those of ESD performed in non-special locations of the ileocolo-rectum. Practice for skill improvement and awareness of the unique characteristics of each special location is the key to performing successful ESD.     

How to establish endoscopic submucosal dissection in Western countries

Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) has been invented in Japan to provide resection for cure of early cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Professional level of ESD requires excellent staging of early neoplasias with image enhanced endoscopy(IEE) to make correct indications for ESD,and high skills in endoscopic electrosurgical dissection. In Japan,endodiagnostic and endosurgical excellence spread through personal tutoring of skilled endoscopists by the inventors and experts in IEE and ESD. To translocate this expertise to other continents must overcome two fundamental obstacles:(1) inadequate expectations as to the complexity of IEE and ESD; and(2) lack of suitable lesions and master-mentors for ESD trainees. Leading endoscopic mucosal resection-proficient endoscopists must pioneer themselves through the long learning curve to proficient ESD experts. Major referral centers for ESD must arise in Western countries on comparable professional level as in Japan. In the second stage,the upcoming Western experts must commit themselves to teach skilled endoscopists from other referral centers,in order to spread ESD in Western countries. Respect for patients with early gastrointestinal cancer asks for best efforts to learn endoscopic categorization of early neoplasias and skills for ESD based on sustained cooperation with the masters in Japan. The strategy is discussed here.     

Severe splenic rupture after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Splenic rupture (SR) after colonoscopy is a very rare but potentially serious complication. Delayed diagnosis is common, and may increase morbidity and mortality associated. There is no clear relation between SR and difficult diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, but it has been suggested that loop formation and excessive torquing might be risk factors. This is a case of a 65-year-old woman who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for lateral spreading tumor in the descending colon, and 36 h afterwards presented symptoms and signs of severe hypotension due to SR. Standard splenectomy was completed and the patient recovered uneventfully. Colorectal ESD is usually a long and position-demanding technique, implying torquing and loop formation. To our knowledge this is the first case of SR after colorectal ESD reported in the literature. Endoscopists performing colorectal ESD in the left colon must be aware of this potential complication.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms

Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) gains acceptance as one of the standard treatments for esophageal and stomach neoplasms in Japan, it is still in the developing stage for colorectal neoplasms. In terms of indications, little likelihood of nodal metastasis and technical resectability are principally considered. Some of intramucosal neoplasms, carcinomas with minute submucosal invasion, and carcinoid tumors, which are technically unresectable by conventional endoscopic treatments, may become good candidates for ESD, considering substantial risks and obtained benefits. ESD as a staging measure to obtain histological information of the invasion depth and lymphovascular infiltration is acceptable because preoperative prediction is difficult in some cases. In terms of techniques, advantages of ESD in comparison with other endoscopic treatments are to be controllable in size and shape, and to be resectable even in large and fibrotic neoplasms. The disadvantages may be longer procedure time, heavier bleeding, and higher possibility of perforation. However, owing to refinement of the techniques, invention of devices, and the learning curve, acceptable technical safety has been achieved. Colorectal ESD is very promising and become one of the standard treatments for colorectal neoplasms in the near future.     

结直肠肿瘤内镜黏膜下层剥离术穿孔的临床危险因素

目的 探讨和分析结直肠肿瘤内镜黏膜下层剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）穿孔的危险因素.方法 选取2009年10月-2013年2月接受结直肠肿瘤ESD的199例患者.首先,对穿孔的发生率和临床操作过程进行评价.其次,对患者相关的变量（年龄、性别、阿司匹林或抗血小板制剂服用史及合并症）、内镜下的相关变量（肿瘤大小、位置和形态）、手术相关变量（手术者的经验、手术时间、黏膜下注射的药品）、病理诊断进行分析.结果 病变的平均大小为（15.9±10.6） mm.整体切除率为90.5%.20例（10.1%）患者发生了穿孔.16例（8.0%）患者保守治疗成功.肿瘤的类型（侧向发育型肿瘤）和位置（右半结肠）、内镜操作经验缺乏（〈50例）、未行黏膜下层透明质酸钠溶液注射与穿孔的高发生率相关（P〈0.05）.结论 若是侧向发育型的肿瘤类型,ESD需更加谨慎及防止穿孔,进行长期黏膜保护尤为重要.     

Two traction methods that can facilitate esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

Different traction devices that can provide a visual field and attain appropriate tension at the dissection plane during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) have been developed. Clip-with-line (CWL) is a classic traction device that can offer per-oral traction toward the direction where the line is drawn. A multicenter randomized controlled trial (CONNECT-E trial) comparing the conventional ESD and CWL-assisted ESD (CWL-ESD) for large esophageal tumors was conducted in Japan. This study showed that CWL-ESD was associated with a shorter procedure time (defined as the time from initiating submucosal injection to completing tumor removal) without increasing the risk of adverse events. Multivariate analysis revealed that whole-circumferential lesion and abdominal esophageal lesion were independent risk factors for technical difficulties, which were defined as a procedure time of > 120 min, perforation, piecemeal resection, inadvertent incision (any accidental incision caused by the electrosurgical knife within the marked area), or handover to another operator. Therefore, techniques other than CWL should be considered for these lesions. Several studies have shown the usefulness of endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection (ESTD) for such lesions. A randomized controlled trial conducted at five Chinese institutions showed that compared with the conventional ESD, ESTD had a significantly reduced median procedure time for lesions covering ≥ 1/2 of the esophageal circumference. In addition, a propensity score matching analysis conducted at a single Chinese institution showed that compared with the conventional ESD, ESTD had a shorter mean resection time for lesions at the esophagogastric junction. With the appropriate use of CWL-ESD and ESTD, esophageal ESD can be performed more efficiently and safely. Moreover, the combination of these two methods may be effective.     

Application of blunt dissection in ESD of a gastric submucosal tumor

We performed endoscopic submucosal dissection of a gastric fundus tumor.It was difficult to strip the tumor completely due to space limitation,and we used blunt dissection to remove the tumor quickly and safely.Firstly,the basal area of the 2.5 cm submucosal tumor located in the gastric fundus was cut open,and the mucosa was dissected.The tumor was difficult to peel,therefore,a snare was used and the tumor was pulled and tightened slightly.Short electronic coagulation was used during the procedure.The tumor was then bluntly dissected.This method ensured rapid and complete removal of the tumor.     

Recent traction methods for endoscopic submucosal dissection

Endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) is problematic with regard to en bloc and curable resection rates.Advancements in endoscopic techniques have enabled novel endoscopic approaches such as endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD), which has overcome some EMR problems, and has become the standard treatment for gastrointestinal tumors. However, ESD is technically difficult. Procedure time is longer and complications such as intraoperative perforation and bleeding occur more frequently than in EMR. Recently various traction methods have been introduced to facilitate ESD procedures, such as clip with line, external forceps, clip and snare, internal traction, double scope, and magnetic anchor. Each method must be used appropriately according to the anatomical characteristics. In this review we discuss recently proposed traction methods for ESD based on the characteristics of various anatomical sites.     

Efficacy of mucosa-submucosa clip closure method after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection

BACKGROUND We recently developed a new endoscopic closure technique using only conventional endo-clips for colorectal lesions.Little is known about the feasibility of the endoscopic mucosa-submucosa clip closure method for gastric lesions.AIM To elucidate the efficacy of the endoscopic mucosa-submucosa clip closure method after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD).METHODS Twenty-two patients who underwent gastric ESD and mucosa-submucosa clip closure were included in this study.In this method,endo-clips are placed at the edges of a mucosal defect.Additional endo-clips are then applied in the same way to facilitate reduction of the defect size.Additional endo-clips are applied to both sides of the mucosal defect.Complete closure can be achieved.We have also developed a "location score" and "closure difficulty index" for assessment purposes.RESULTS Complete closure was achieved in 68.2% of the patients(15/22).The location score in the failure group was significantly larger than that in the complete closure group(P = 0.023).The closure difficulty index in the failure group was significantly higher than that in the complete closure group(P = 0.007).When the cutoff value of the closure difficulty index was set at 99,the high closure difficulty index predicted failure with a sensitivity of 57.1%,specificity of 100%,and accuracy of 86.3%.CONCLUSION The endoscopic mucosa-submucosa clip closure method was unreliable after gastric ESD,especially in cases with a high closure difficulty index.     

Risk factors for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal neoplasms

AIM:To investigate the risk factors for delayed bleeding following endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)treatment for colorectal neoplasms.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 317 consecutive patients with 325 lesions who underwent ESD for superficial colorectal neoplasms at our hospital from January 2009 to June2013.Delayed post-ESD bleeding was defined as bleeding that resulted in overt hematochezia 6 h to 30d after ESD and the observation of bleeding spots as confirmed by repeat colonoscopy or a required blood transfusion.We analyzed the relationship between risk factors for delayed bleeding following ESD and the following factors using univariate and multivariate analyses:age,gender,presence of comorbidities,use of antithrombotic drugs,use of intravenous heparin,resected specimen size,lesion size,lesion location,lesion morphology,lesion histology,the device used,procedure time,and the presence of significant bleeding during ESD.RESULTS:Delayed post-ESD bleeding was found in14 lesions from 14 patients(4.3%of all specimens,4.4%patients).Patients with episodes of delayed postESD bleeding had a mean hemoglobin decrease of2.35 g/dL.All episodes were treated successfully using endoscopic hemostatic clips.Emergency surgery was not required in any of the cases.Blood transfusion was needed in 1 patient(0.3%).Univariate analysis revealed that lesions located in the cecum(P=0.012)and the presence of significant bleeding during ESD(P=0.024)were significantly associated with delayed post-ESD bleeding.The risk of delayed bleeding was higher for larger lesion sizes,but this trend was not statistically significant.Multivariate analysis revealed that lesions located in the cecum(OR=7.26,95%CI:1.99-26.55,P=0.003)and the presence of significant bleeding during ESD(OR=16.41,95%CI:2.60-103.68,P=0.003)were independent risk factors for delayed post-ESD bleeding.CONCLUSION:Location in the cecum and significant bleeding during ESD predispose patients to delayed post-procedural bleeding.Therefore,careful and additional management is recommended for these patients.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastrointestinal neoplasms

Endoscopic submucosal dissection （ESD） is an advanced technique of therapeutic endoscopy for superficial gastrointestinal neoplasms. Three steps characterize it：injecting fluid into the submucosa to elevate the lesion, cutting the surrounding mucosa of the lesion, and dissecting the submucosa beneath the lesion. The ESD technique has rapidly permeated in Japan for treatment of early gastric cancer, due to its excellent results of en- bloc resection compared to endoscopic mucosal resection （EMR）. Although there is still room for improvement to lessen its technical difficulty, ESD has recently been applied to esophageal and colorectal neoplasms. Favorable short-term results have been reported, but the application of ESD should be well considered by three aspects：（1） the possibility of nodal metastases of the lesion, （2） technical difficulty such as location, ulceration and operator＇s skill, and （3） organ characteristics.     

Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection: Recent technical advances for safe and successful procedures

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is very useful in en bloc resection of large superficial colorectal tumors but is a technically difficult procedure because the colonic wall is thin and endoscopic maneuverability is poor because of colonic flexure and extensibility. A high risk of perforation has been reported in colorectal ESD. To prevent complications such as perforation and unexpected bleeding, it is crucial to ensure good visualization of the submucosal layer by creating a mucosal flap, which is an exfoliated mucosa for inserting the tip of the endoscope under it. The creation of a mucosal flap is often technically difficult; however, various types of equipment, appropriate strategy, and novel procedures including our clip-flap method, appear to facilitate mucosal flap creation, improving the safety and success rate of ESD. Favorable treatment outcomes with colorectal ESD have already been reported in many advanced institutions, and appropriate understanding of techniques and development of training systems are required for world-wide standardization of colorectal ESD. Here, we describe recent technical advances for safe and successful colorectal ESD.     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉的疗效分析

目的探讨采用内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月经内蒙古消化病研究所内镜中心行肠镜检查发现的45例结直肠侧向发育型息肉患者,应用IT刀、Hook刀行ESD治疗。将ESD成功率、剥离病变大小、手术时间、手术并发症及复发率等纳入观察范围。 结果45例结直肠病变接受ESD,其中,2例病变黏膜下注射后病变托举差,术中剥离困难且容易出血转外科手术。术后病理证实,3例癌变且基底仍有肿瘤残留,行外科手术扩大切除。ESD成功率88.9%(40/45)。病变直径为1.5～6.3 cm,平均3.6 cm;ESD手术时间为31～125 min,平均67 min。3例术后有便血,其中1例保守治疗失败,内镜下成功电凝止血,ESD术后出血发生率7%(3/43)。4例在ESD治疗中有小穿孔,应用软组织夹成功缝合穿孔,未转开腹手术,ESD穿孔发生率为9.3%(4/43)。术后40例患者均随访,创面基本愈合,无病变残留和复发。 结论ESD治疗结直肠侧向发育型息肉疗效可靠,能完整切除较大的病变,提供完整的病理学资料且复发率低。出血和穿孔是其主要的短期并发症。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗不同亚型结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床与病理研究

目的 研究结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)各亚型相关的临床病理学特点以及内镜黏膜下剥离术( ESD)治疗的疗效与安全性.方法 对经ESD治疗的174例结直肠LST病变的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.先按内镜下表面形态将LST分为4个亚型,然后对各亚型的临床病理特点以及ESD治疗的切除率、操作时间、并发症和复发情况等进行分析.结果 在颗粒型(LST-G)病变中,结节混合型的病变大小[(35.3±14.2)mm]、高级别上皮内瘤变及黏膜下癌的发生率(51.0％)、操作时间[(52.1±33.0)min)]均明显大于颗粒均一亚型;而非颗粒型(LST-NG)的伪凹陷型的病变大小[(30.1±9.1)mm]、黏膜下癌的发生率(11.1％)和操作时间[(62.7±31.0) min]均明显大于扁平隆起型.LST-G与LST-NG及各亚型之间整块切除率、完整切除率及完整治愈切除率差异均无统计学意义.LST-G的颗粒均一型及LST-NG的扁平隆起型无明显并发症发生,结节混合型术后出血率为4.6％,穿孔率为3.5％;伪凹陷型术后出血率和穿孔率均为11.1％.1例伪凹陷型在术后第6个月复查发现复发.结论 结节混合型和伪凹陷型由于病变较大、黏膜下侵犯的概率高,所需操作时间较长,并发症发生率较高,应由操作技术高者来完成.无论是临床治疗还是基础研究,准确区分这4种亚型是很有必要的.     

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. The proportion of early gastric cancer (EGC) cases at diagnosis has increased because of the use of mass screening endoscopy in older adults. Endoscopic mucosal resection has become the standard treatment for EGC in cases with standard indications because of its low risk of lymph node metastasis. A new endoscopic method, endoscopic submucosal dissection, has recently become available. This method allows en bloc resection without limitation of the size of the lesion. The goal of this article is to review the history and methods of endoscopic treatment with EGC, the conventional and extended indications, the therapeutic outcomes, and the complication rates.     

Cost analysis and outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal lesions in an outpatient setting

Background and study aims

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), a minimally invasive treatment for early gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, is considered challenging and risky in the colorectum. As such, most patients undergoing ESD are hospitalized due to the perceived increased risk of adverse events. The aim of this study was to compare the costs, safety and efficacy of colorectal-ESD in an outpatient vs inpatient setting in a tertiary level center.

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。