135例胸腔积液患者内科胸腔镜检查及临床意义

目的探讨内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者的临床意义。方法分析内科胸腔镜检查135例患者的临床资料。结果135例中,经胸腔镜胸膜活检确诊104例（77．0％）,其中病理为恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎各51例（49．0％）,脓胸2例（1．9％）。135例胸腔积液患者经胸腔镜检查病因诊断阳性率85．9％。恶性肿瘤和结核性胸膜炎患者经胸腔镜胸膜活检阳性率分别为79．7％和91．1％。结论内科胸腔镜检查对不明原因胸腔积液患者有获得病理诊断、病因诊断及准确肺癌分期等临床意义。     

内科胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的 分析内科胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液诊断中的价值及其安全性.方法 对我院呼吸内科及重症医学科2010年4月至2013年4月收治的92例不明原因胸腔积液患者行内科胸腔镜检查,观察胸膜病变,直视下病变处多部位活检并行病理检查.结果 92例胸腔积液患者确诊84例,诊断阳性率为91.3％,其中恶性胸腔积液48例,结核性胸腔积液29例,非特异性炎症4例,化脓性胸膜炎2例,结节病1例,病因不明8例,术后疼痛11例,发热3例,出血1例.结论 内科胸腔镜检查有助于进一步明确不明原因胸腔积液的病因,且患者耐受性好、安全、有效,值得临床推广应用.     

内科胸腔镜对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值分析

目的分析内科胸腔镜对不明原因胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法对2012年3月至2015年10月在我院就诊的不明原因胸腔积液患者253例进行内科胸腔镜检查,观察镜下改变,结合病理检查结果进行诊断,观察记录患者并发症发生情况。结果以病理检查结果为准,不明原因胸腔积液患者253例中,经内科胸腔镜检查确诊236例,确诊率为93.28%;其中恶性肿瘤124例,结核性胸膜炎74例,结缔组织疾病伴胸腔积液9例,肺炎旁胸腔积液9例,脓胸3例,乳糜胸1例,非特异炎症16例,未能确诊17例。检查过程中,出现胸腔穿刺出血18例;行病理活检患者均少量出血、出现痛感,但均可以忍受而无需处理;术后23例患者发热38℃左右,对症处理后均在3 d内缓解。结论针对不明原因的胸腔积液患者采用内科胸腔镜检查诊断,确诊率高、安全性好,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

可弯曲电子内科胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨可弯曲电子内科胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液诊断中的应用价值。方法采用尖端可弯曲电子内科胸腔镜（LTF-240型）对92例不明原因的胸腔积液患者进行检查,并回顾性分析其临床资料。结果92例患者均成功实施了胸腔镜检查,胸腔镜下病理组织活检确诊恶性肿瘤30例、结核性胸膜炎57例、慢性炎症5例。肿瘤和结核病理结果确诊率为94．6％。恶性胸腔积液主要表现为结节样改变,部分病灶融合成肿块。而结核性胸膜炎主要为胸膜弥漫性充血肿胀,结节病灶细小呈卵石样改变,可见坏死物覆盖。92例胸腔镜检查仅1例出现胸膜反应,无严重并发症发生。结论可弯曲电子内科胸腔镜检查安全、有效、易操作。     

内科胸腔镜对老年人原因不明胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的 研究内科胸腔镜在老年人原因不明胸腔积液诊断方面的价值,评估其安全性.方法 筛选通过胸水检查及其他临床情况综合判断,不能明确病因的渗出性胸腔积液且年龄≥65岁的患者,对其行内科胸腔镜检查.结果 49例患者中男性33例,女性16例,年龄65～82岁,平均70.5岁.单侧胸腔积液41例(83.7%),双侧胸腔积液8例(16.3%).病理确诊结核性胸膜炎14例(28.6%),恶性肿瘤8例(16.3%),未明确诊断者包括病理报告非特异性炎症12例(24.5%)、间皮细胞及组织细胞增生4例(8.2%)、另外11例(22.4%)包括镜下脏壁层胸膜正常未取活检及未成功手术者.结合临床资料,在这27例中8例(16.3%)明确为感染性,19例(38.8%)原因不明.胸腔镜检查对临床原因不明胸腔积液诊断率为61.2%.本组胸腔镜检查术后出现发热8例(16.3%),大面积皮下气肿7例(14.3%),1例(2.0%)包裹性胸腔积液在人造气胸过程中出现严重胸膜反应.上述并发症经治疗后均痊愈.结论 内科胸腔镜检查对老年人原因不明胸腔积液明确诊断有较大的临床价值.并发症发生率较既往未按年龄分组的研究所报道的数据略高.     

内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液诊断和治疗的临床价值

目的：探讨内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液的诊断价值,以及应用内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术对恶性胸腔积液的治疗价值。方法回顾性性分析2008年1月至2014年1月在郑州市第三人民医院呼吸内科接受内科胸腔镜诊断的142例胸腔积液患者的临床资料。评价内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液的诊断阳性率和分析病因。将确诊为恶性胸腔积液的患者分为胸腔镜组和对照组。胸腔镜组给予内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术,对照组胸给予胸腔引流管内灌注滑石粉而实现胸膜固定。对两组的疗效进行对比和分析。结果在142例胸腔积液患者中,有136例经内科胸腔镜检查及病理活检明确诊断,确诊率达95.8%。其中恶性胸腔积液(含恶性胸膜间皮瘤2例)85例(59.9%),结核性胸膜炎31例(21.8%),肺炎旁积液13例(9.2%),非特异性炎症7例(4.9%),原因不明胸腔积液6例(4.2%)。确诊的85例恶性胸腔积液患者中,胸腔镜组56例,1个月后复查有效率为91.1%,完全缓解率为82.1%;对照组29例,1个月后复查有效率为69.0%,完全缓解率为48.3%,两组有效率和完全缓解率比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为6.786、10.555,P 值分别为0.009、0.001)。结论内科胸腔镜对胸腔积液具有较好的确诊率,内科胸腔镜滑石粉胸膜固定术可以有效地治疗恶性胸腔积液。     

内科胸腔镜对老年人原因不明胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的 研究内科胸腔镜在老年人原因不明胸腔积液诊断方面的价值,评估其安全性.方法 筛选通过胸水检查及其他临床情况综合判断,不能明确病因的渗出性胸腔积液且年龄≥65岁的患者,对其行内科胸腔镜检查.结果 49例患者中男性33例,女性16例,年龄65～82岁,平均70.5岁.单侧胸腔积液41例(83.7%),双侧胸腔积液8例(16.3%).病理确诊结核性胸膜炎14例(28.6%),恶性肿瘤8例(16.3%),未明确诊断者包括病理报告非特异性炎症12例(24.5%)、间皮细胞及组织细胞增生4例(8.2%)、另外11例(22.4%)包括镜下脏壁层胸膜正常未取活检及未成功手术者.结合临床资料,在这27例中8例(16.3%)明确为感染性,19例(38.8%)原因不明.胸腔镜检查对临床原因不明胸腔积液诊断率为61.2%.本组胸腔镜检查术后出现发热8例(16.3%),大面积皮下气肿7例(14.3%),1例(2.0%)包裹性胸腔积液在人造气胸过程中出现严重胸膜反应.上述并发症经治疗后均痊愈.结论 内科胸腔镜检查对老年人原因不明胸腔积液明确诊断有较大的临床价值.并发症发生率较既往未按年龄分组的研究所报道的数据略高.     

电子支气管镜代内科胸腔镜检查在疑难性胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的 探讨电子支气管镜代内科胸腔镜检查在疑难性胸腔积液诊断中的应用.方法 回顾性分析52例原因不明胸腔积液患者电子支气管镜代替胸腔镜检查诊断结果及并发症,观察在支气管镜下的胸膜改变,并对可疑组织行病理检查.结果 52例原因不明胸腔积液患者,通过电子支气管镜代内科胸腔镜检查明确诊断48例,未能确诊4例,确诊率为92.31％.结论 电子支气管镜代替胸腔镜检查对不明原因的胸腔积液的病因诊断是一种操作简单、诊断率高、并发症少的检查方法,其具有较高临床应用价值,值得进一步推广使用.     

内科胸腔镜在老年人不明原因胸腔积液中的诊断价值及安全性

目的评价内科胸腔镜诊断老年人不明原因渗出性胸腔积液的诊断价值及安全性。方法选取2012年7月至2014年5月该院收治的66例胸腔积液患者,应用内科胸腔镜进行检查,术中对可疑病变部位进行直视下多点活检,明确胸腔积液的成因,比较镜下表现与病理结果的相关性,观察手术的安全性及术后并发症,进一步评价手术的安全性。结果经病理确诊61例,确诊率为92.42%,其中恶性肿瘤37例(56.06%),包括转移性腺癌27例(40.91%),鳞癌4例(6.06%),小细胞癌2例(3.03%),恶性胸膜间皮瘤4例(6.06%);结核性胸膜炎18例(27.27%),化脓性感染4例(6.06%),非特异性慢性炎症2例(3.03%);病因不明5例(7.58%)。术后并发症为发热2例(3.03%),急性肺水肿1例(1.51%),经治疗后均痊愈,其他病例均未发生严重并发症。结论内科胸腔镜检查对老年人不明原因渗出性胸腔积液诊断阳性率高、简单、安全、微创、有效、并发症发生率低,可作为临床常规诊断手段进行推广。     

内科胸腔镜对不明原因胸腔积液诊断价值 及恶性胸腔积液镜下表型特征

目的探讨内科胸腔镜在不明原因胸腔积液诊断中的临床应用价值及恶性胸腔积液的镜下表型特征。方法回顾性分析2015年1月-2018年1月我科98例不明原因胸腔积液患者胸腔镜活检病理结果、恶性胸腔积液镜下表型特征、围手术期并发症及胸水腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase,ADA)、癌胚抗原(carcino-embryonic,CEA)和血CEA的结果。结果 98例不明原因胸腔积液中确诊89例,确诊率达90. 82%;其中恶性胸腔积液36例,确诊率为94. 74%,镜下主要表现为:正常者1例,溃疡糜烂样病变2例,孤立性结节1例,粟粒样结节2例,多发结节27例,多发结节至弥漫性白斑样病变3例;胸腔镜检查术后疼痛18例、皮下气肿5例、发热4例。结核性胸腔积液胸水ADA较高,而胸水及血CEA在恶性胸腔积液浓度较高(P均0. 05)。结论内科电子胸腔镜具有微创、安全、高效的特点,对不明原因胸腔积液具有较高的诊断价值;恶性胸腔积液具有特征性镜下表型特征,正确识别恶性胸腔积液胸膜病变在内科胸腔镜下的表现对术中指导多点活检,尽早明确诊断具有重要意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.