长期发热的病因诊断方法──感染性疾病是不明原因长期发热的重要病因

不明原因长期发热 (ｆｅｖｅｒｏｆｕｎｋｎｏｗｎｏｒｉｇｉｎ ,ＦＵＯ) ,其定义为发热持续 2 3周以上 ,体温≥38 5℃ ,经详细询问病史、体检和常规实验室检查仍未能明确诊断者。ＦＵＯ的原因复杂 ,但可概括为感染、结缔组织病、血液病及恶性肿瘤四大类。　　感染仍是ＦＵＯ最常见、最重要的原因。根据近年我科不明原因长期发热 110例临床分析显示 ,感染性疾病占ＦＵＯ病因的 52 7% ,其中细菌性感染 4 7例包括伤寒、感染性心内膜炎、败血症和腹腔脓肿等 ,而结核病占感染性疾病的 4 6 6% ,且以肺外结核居多(占结核病的 2 / 3) ;其次ＣＭＶ…     

血清CA125诊断肝癌的价值

目的研究血清ＣＡ１２５对肝癌的诊断价值．方法肝癌患者３２例，男２０例，女１２例，平均年龄４６岁±２５岁；肝硬变３６例，男２７例，女９例，平均年龄４２岁±２３岁；正常对照组４０例．全部受测对象均静脉采血，分离血清，－２０℃贮存备测．采用ＩＲＭＡ法测定血清ＣＡ１２５含量．结果肝癌患者血清ＣＡ１２５含量２１８Ｕ／Ｌ±１３０Ｕ／Ｌ，显著高于肝硬变组和正常对照组（分别为１９Ｕ／Ｌ±１１Ｕ／Ｌ，１０Ｕ／Ｌ±８Ｕ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜００１）．肝硬变组高于正常对照（Ｐ＜００５），但显著低于肝癌组（Ｐ＜００１）．以２６Ｕ／Ｌ为界限值，肝癌阳性检出率为６８７％，其中ＡＦＰ阳性（ＡＦＰ＞４００μｇ／Ｌ）的肝癌中血清ＣＡ１２５的阳性检出率为７６０％，ＡＦＰ阴性（ＡＦＰ＜２０μｇ／Ｌ）的肝癌中血清ＣＡ１２５的阳性检出率为４２９％．结论血清ＣＡ１２５是诊断肝癌较好的肿瘤标记物     

彩色多普勒血流显像及术中B超诊断小肝癌的应用

本文报道应用彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）及术中Ｂ超（ＩＯＵＳ）诊断小肝癌８例。显示小肝癌的肿瘤内外动脉血流图像占８７．５％（７／８），动脉阻力指数（ＡＲＩ）ＦＱＵ＞６０％（范围６０～８９％）。网篮征５７．１％（４／７）。其他肝占位性病变（炎性假瘤、血管瘤、结核瘤、脂肪瘤）检出率均明显低于小肝癌（Ｐ＜０．０１）。具有鉴别诊断意义。本组ＣＤＦＩ对小肝癌诊断率为８７．５％。１例漏诊；由ＩＯＵＳ诊断，为＜２．０ｃｍ位于肝右后上段病例。ＣＤＦＩ具有无创性。操作简便、血流检出率高等特点。从而进一步提高超声诊断的特异性。ＩＯＵＳ可进一步辅助ＣＤＦＩ诊断的不足。特别是对ＡＦＰ阴性，位于盲区的小肝癌。     

不明原因发热449例临床分析

目的探讨不明原因发热(FUO)的原因。方法回顾性分析2000年1月∽2003年12月间在我院住院诊治的符合不明原因发热诊断标准的患者449例。结果449例患者中经各种检查或诊断性治疗最终明确诊断者387例,确诊率为86．2％。病因包括：感染性疾病220例(56．8％),其中结核病96例,占43．6％(96／220);结缔组织病76例(19．6％),其中Still病占34．2％(26／76),系统性红斑狼疮占18．4％(14／76),血管炎占13．2％(10／76);肿瘤性疾病64例(16．5％),其中淋巴瘤占39．1％(25／64);其他疾病27例(7．0％),其中坏死性淋巴结炎占33．3％(9／27),伪热占22．2％(6／27),药物热占26％(7／27);出院时仍未确诊的62例(13．8％)。结论感染性疾病是本组FUO患者的主要病因,结核病是其中的主要病种,结缔组织病和肿瘤性疾病在本组FUO病因中也占重要地位;大多数FUO经仔细的临床检查和分析是可以得到确诊的。     

长期不明原因发热388例临床分析

目的 探讨不明原因长期发热患者的病因.方法 分析在我院住院诊治且符合不明原因发热诊断标准的388例患者的临床资料.结果 388例患者中经各种检查或诊断性治疗最终明确诊断者253例,确诊率为65.2%.病因：感染性疾病131例,占51.8%,其中结核病55例,占感染性疾病的42.0%（55/131）;结缔组织病69例,占27.3%,成人still病占结缔组织病的30.3%（20/69）;肿瘤37例,占14.6%,其中淋巴瘤占86.4%（32/37）;其他疾病16例,占6.3%;原因未明者135例,占34.8%.结论 感染性疾病仍然是不明原因发热的主要病因,结核病尤其是肺外结核占较大比例.肿瘤性疾病和结缔组织病在发热待查中也占有相当比例,淋巴瘤和成人still疾病是这两类疾病的主要病种.     

原因不明发热的病因分析

原因不明发热（ＦＵＯ）是内科领域的难题之一,患者病情往往重而复杂,进展迅速,病死率高。通过对６４例ＦＵＯ病因分析,进一步探讨ＦＵＯ的诊断要点。一、资料与方法１－诊断标准［１］：（１）发热持续３周以上;（２）体温多次超过３８．３℃;（３）住院１周经常规检查仍未确诊者。２－一般资料：从１９８６年至１９９８年共收治ＦＵＯ６４例,其中男４１例,女２３例,年龄１９～７４岁,平均年龄３６．７８岁。二、结果６４例ＦＵＯ的三大病因中,感染性疾病、结缔组织病和恶性肿瘤分别为５１．６％,１４．０％,２０．３％;药物…     

AFP阳性肝细胞癌的诊断标准

目的评价甲胎球蛋白阳性＋肝实质占位病变＝肝细胞癌的诊断标准．方法本院１９８９年～１９９４年１０３３例ＡＦＰ阳性，明确诊断的住院患者进行回顾分析，所有患者分成两组即肝占位病变组７３０例，非肝占位病变组３０３例．ＡＦＰ的阳性标准＞３１μｇ／Ｌ．结果肝占位病变组、ＡＦＰ＞２００μｇ／Ｌ者６２０例，＞３１μｇ／Ｌ但＜２００μｇ／Ｌ者１１０例．非肝占位病变组，１８８例ＡＦＰ＞２００μｇ／Ｌ，１１５例ＡＦＰ＞３１μｇ／Ｌ但＜２００μｇ／Ｌ．ＡＦＰ＞２００μｇ／Ｌ伴肝ＳＯＬ肝细胞癌的发病率占９８１％，其它恶性肿瘤占０８％．ＡＦＰ＜２００μｇ／Ｌ伴肝ＳＯＬ者，ＨＣＣ符合率占５９１％，肝良性占位占３４５％，按诊断标准（ＡＦＰ＞２０μｇ／Ｌ），有１／３肝良性占位病变被误诊为ＨＣＣ．结论对ＡＦＰ升高的患者应针对病情全面、综合分析．当肝ＳＯＬ存在时，用ＡＦＰ＞２００μｇ／Ｌ作为诊断ＨＣＣ的标准较合适．     

不明原因发热162例病因分析

选取2002～2008年我院急诊科收治的162例不明原因发热（FUO）患者的临床资料，分析其病因构成比及诊断方法。结果发现，149例（91．98％）FUO患者通过细菌学检查、病理学检查、影像学诊断以及诊断性治疗，得到明确诊断，其中，感染性疾病占47．53％，自身免疫疾病占19．75％，肿瘤占17．28％，其他疾病占7．41％；病因不明13例（8．02％）。认为感染性疾病是我院FUO患者的主要病因，其次为自身免疫疾病和肿瘤。制定合理的诊断策略，可减少或避免误诊或漏诊。     

原因不明发热患者128例临床分析

目的分析不明原因发热的病因和诊断方法，避免漏诊和误诊。方法选择128例符合不明原因发热病例，对病因及最终诊断方法进行回顾性分析。结果128例不明原因发热患者通过血清学和细菌学、体液、骨髓穿刺、组织活检以及诊断性治疗反应等获得明确诊断的为118例，占92．2％，以感染（62．5％）、结缔组织病（16．1％）、肿瘤（11．0％）为三大主因，在感染性疾病中，细菌感染是主要病原体；其次是病毒和结核感染，结缔组织病中以成人Still病为主，恶性肿瘤中血液系统疾病是其主要病种，以淋巴瘤、恶性组织细胞病、白血病最常见。结论不明原因发热的主要病因是感染性疾病，结缔组织病和肿瘤也是其常见病因。     

神经心源性晕厥患者和正常人对硝酸甘油直立倾斜试验的反应

目的：评价直立倾斜试验（ＨＵＴ）加硝酸甘油静脉滴注诊断神经心源性晕厥的价值。方法：３０例不明原因晕厥患者（晕厥组）及２０例正常人（正常对照组）行硝酸甘油直立倾斜试验（ＮＩＴＲＯ－ＨＵＴ）。结果：去除药物反应和不能耐受者，ＮＩＴＲＯ－ＨＵＴ的敏感性为５９．３％（１６／２７），特异性为９４．７％（１８／１９），不能耐受发生率为３．３％（１／３０）。结论：ＮＩＴＲＯ－ＨＵＴ是一种敏感性高、特异性强、副作用少、禁忌证少的倾斜试验方法     

不明原因发热127例临床分析

目的探讨不明原因发热的常见病因及临床诊断思维。方法回顾性分析2005年1月～2009年6月因不明原因发热收入院的病人共127例。结果 127例病人中,感染性疾病78例,占61.4%,结缔组织病21例,占16.5%,恶性肿瘤共18例,占14.2%,为不明原因发热病人的主要病因。结论通过临床正确的诊疗,大部分FUO病因可以明确,其中仍以感染性疾病、结缔组织病及恶性肿瘤为主。     

Fever of unknown origin due to preleukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome: the diagnostic importance of monocytosis with elevated serum ferritin levels

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a common clinical diagnostic dilemma. In the elderly, causes of FUO most commonly include malignancy or infection, and less commonly include collagen vascular diseases. Among the collagen vascular diseases causing FUO in the elderly, polymyalgia rheumatica/temporal arteritis, and adult Still's disease (adult juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) are difficult diagnoses to prove. Among the infectious causes of FUO in the elderly are subacute bacterial endocarditis, intra-abdominal abscesses, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In the elderly, neoplastic causes of FUO include lymphomas, hepatomas, renal cell carcinomas, and hepatic or central nervous system metastases. Acute leukemias, particularly during "blast" transformation, may present as acute fevers in the absence of infection, but are rare causes of FUO. Preleukemia/myelodysplastic syndromes are exceedingly rare causes of FUO. We present a case of an elderly man who presented with findings that initially suggested adult Still's disease. Prolonged and profound monocytosis provided the key clue to his subsequent diagnosis of preleukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. In this patient, a positive Naprosyn test result also suggested a neoplastic cause for his FUO. After months of prolonged fevers, myelocytes/metamyelocytes were eventually demonstrated in his peripheral smear during hospital evaluation. These findings, in concert with the persistent monocytosis, highly elevated ferritin levels, polyclonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis, and eventual presence of myelocytes/metamyelocytes on peripheral smear, prompted a bone marrow test that demonstrated blast cells confirming the diagnosis of preleukemia myelodysplastic syndrome as the cause of this patient's FUO.     

The spectrum of diseases causing fever of unknown origin in Turkey: a multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this trial was to determine the spectrum of diseases with fever of unknown origin (FUO) in Turkey. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study of 154 patients with FUO in twelve Turkish tertiary-care hospitals was conducted. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42+/-17 years (range 17-75). Fifty-three (34.4%) had infectious diseases (ID), 47 (30.5%) had non-infectious inflammatory diseases (NIID), 22 (14.3%) had malignant diseases (MD), and eight (5.2%) had miscellaneous diseases (Mi). In 24 (15.6%) of the cases, the reason for high fever could not be determined despite intensive efforts. The most common ID etiologies were tuberculosis (13.6%) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (3.2%). Adult Still's disease was the most common NIID (13.6%) and hematological malignancy was the most common MD (7.8%). In patients with NIID, the mean duration of reaching a definite diagnosis (37+/-23 days) was significantly longer compared to the patients with ID (25+/-12 days) (p=0.007). In patients with MD, the mean duration of fever (51+/-35 days) was longer compared to patients with ID (37+/-38 days) (p=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: Although infection remains the most common cause of FUO, with the highest percentage for tuberculosis, non-infectious etiologies seem to have increased when compared with previous studies.     

Fever of unknown origin: subacute thyroiditis versus typhoid fever

Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is not infrequently a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians. Common infectious causes include endocarditis and abscesses in adults, and noninfectious causes include neoplasms and certain collagen vascular diseases, for example, polymyalgia rheumatica, various vasculitides, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (adult Still's disease). Subacute thyroiditis is a rare cause of FUO. Among the infectious causes of FUO, typhoid fever is relatively uncommon. We present a case of FUO in a traveler returning from India whose initial complaints were that of left-sided neck pain and angle of the jaw pain, which initially suggested the diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis. After an extensive FUO workup, when typhoid fever is a likely diagnostic possibility, an empiric trial of anti- Salmonella therapy has diagnostic and therapeutic significance. The presence of relative bradycardia, and response to quinolone therapy, was the basis of the clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever as the explanation for this patients FUO. This case illustrates the diagnostic difficulties in assessing patients with FUO with few diagnostic findings.     

A retrospective study of hospitalized patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) past six years

We analysed retrospectively 48 hospitalized patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) from 1982 through 1988. The criteria of FUO were (1) temperature of more than 38.3 degrees C documented on several occasions (2) overall duration of illness more than three weeks, (3) uncertain diagnosis till one week after hospitalization. Of this group of FUO, 25 patients (52.1%) were found to have infections, 8 patients (16.7%) had collagen disorders, 7 patients (14.6%) had neoplastic disorders, 3 patients (6.3%) were crohn disease and 5 patients (10.4%) were undiagnosed. Among infectious diseases, chronic tonsillitis was the most frequent (5 patients: 20%) and they were diagnosed by the provocative examination. Non bacterial meningitis and cervical lymphadenitis were diagnosed in all 3 patients (12% in all), Adult Still's disease was found in 3 patients (37.5%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 2 patients (25%) in collagen disease. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 3 patients (42.9%) of malignant diseases. Three cases of Crohn disease were revealed in all the patients of the miscellaneous group. Duration of fever was relatively short in infection diseases compared to malignant and Crohn diseases. The most common laboratory abnormality is an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (89.6%). As the final diagnosis of FUO are changing with the development of diagnostic techniques, a new criteria of FUO is necessary.     

Fever of unknown origin: analysis of 71 consecutive cases

BACKGROUND: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is still an important problem in clinical practice. Evaluation of patient characteristics may clarify the utility of diagnostic tests and etiologies of FUO. METHODS: Fever of unknown origin in 71 patients was investigated at Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital in Turkey between February 2001 and December 2004. RESULTS: Mean hospital stay and fever duration was 20.5 days and 44 days, respectively. Etiologies of FUO were as follows: infections 32 (45.1%), collagen vascular disease 19 (26.8%), neoplasm 10 (14.1%), and miscellaneous diseases 4 (5.6%). Diagnosis remained obscure in 6 patients (8.5 %). Tuberculosis was found to be 40% of the infectious causes of FUO. Mean hospital stay and fever duration were prolonged in infectious cases. Female predominance was observed in collagen vascular diseases (P = 0.047). Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy were common in the neoplasm group (P = 0.017, P = 0.017, respectively). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate hydrogenase levels were elevated in patients with collagen vascular diseases. Nine (12.7%) patients died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital stay and fever duration were prolonged in the infectious group of FUO patients. Infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, were the most important cause of FUO in our series. Tuberculosis should be kept in mind as an important etiology of FUO countries where tuberculosis is endemic.     

Fever of unknown origin in Turkey: evaluation of 87 cases during a nine-year-period of study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate fever of unknown origin (FUO) in 87 patients. METHODS: We investigated 87 (61 male) patients with FUO using the criteria of Petersdorf and Beeson [Medicine 40 (1961) 1] hospitalized between January 1994 and August 2002 at Cukurova University Hospital. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 38.5 years (range: 14-80 years). Eleven patients (12.6%) were over 65. The mean duration of hospitalization was 22.5+/-13 days. Infectious diseases were the most common causes of FUO. Tuberculosis (n=15, 17.2%), infective endocarditis (n=6), abdominal abscess (n=6), brucellosis (n=5), urinary tract infection (n=5), visceral leishmaniasis (n=4), salmonellosis (n=3), rhinocerebral mucormycosis (n=4), atypical pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, Cytomegalovirus infection or encephalitis were diagnosed in 51 (58.6%) patients. The second most common causes of FUO were collagen vascular diseases (n=16, 18.3%) determined as vasculitis syndrome, adult Still's disease (n=4), systemic lupus erythematosus, Beh?et's disease, juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. Neoplasm was found in 12 (13.7%) patients; (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, gastrointestinal tract carcinoma, glioma). Miscellaneous diseases thyroiditis, granulomatous hepatitis were diagnosed in two (2.2%) patients. On admission, six patients (6.8%) were neutropenic. CONCLUSIONS: Infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, were the leading diagnostic category of FUO in this study. Adult Still's disease was more common than expected. An aetiological diagnosis could not be reached in six (7%) patients who were followed for 1 year. Five of these patients completely recovered, and one patient died.     

Clinical analysis of 130 patients with fever of unknown origin

Hospital records of 130 patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) from 1985 to 1989 were studied. Etiologic diagnoses were made in 117 (90%) patients, 60 (46.1%) patients had infections, 22 (16.9%) neoplasms, 19 (14.6%) connective tissue diseases, and 16(12.3%) various diseases grouped under "miscellaneous", 10% of the FUO cases remained undiagnosed and the death rate was 13.8%. This clinical analysis showed that infection was the most frequent cause of FUO in this series.