固脑益智汤联合多奈哌齐治疗老年肾虚痰浊型血管性痴呆的临床疗效

目的探讨固脑益智汤联合多奈哌齐治疗老年肾虚痰浊型血管性痴呆(Va D)的临床疗效。方法筛选该院收治的老年肾虚痰浊型Va D患者86例,随机分为研究组和对照组,每组43例,对照组采用单纯多奈哌齐治疗方案,研究组在对照组的基础上加服固脑益智汤。两组均以1个月为1个疗程,坚持治疗3个疗程,观察临床疗效、简易智能精神状态评估量表(MMSE)、日常生活功能量表(ADL)、长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)、痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(WMS)评分及血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果研究组治疗的总有效率(79.07%)明显高于对照组(53.48%)(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后MMSE、ADL、HDS、WMS评分及血清SOD、MDA水平均较治疗前有明显改善,但研究组改善更明显(P0.05)。结论固脑益智汤联合多奈哌齐有效提高老年肾虚痰浊型血管性痴呆患者的抗氧化能力,改善患者痴呆症状,值得临床推广和普及。     

黄蒲通窍胶囊治疗血管性痴呆的临床观察

目的观察黄蒲通窍胶囊治疗血管性痴呆(VaD)患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法将符合纳入病例标准的90例VaD患者随机分成3组,即西药多奈哌齐治疗组(A组),中医辨证后运用黄蒲通窍胶囊组(B组)和中医辨证后使用黄蒲通窍胶囊合用多奈哌齐组(C组)。疗程为60d。观察3组治疗后中医证候积分;神经心理学量表检查包括:简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知分量表(ADAS-Cog)。测定血液流变学及血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)。结果黄蒲通窍胶囊可以显著改善中医证候积分、ADL、MMSE、ADAS-cog积分,降低血Hcy且无明显不良反应。结论黄蒲通窍胶囊可以改善VaD患者的临床症状,是治疗血管性痴呆的安全有效药物。     

丹红注射液联合盐酸多奈派齐对血管性痴呆患者认知功能及生活质量的影响

目的探讨丹红注射液联合盐酸多奈派齐对血管性痴呆(Va D)患者认知功能及生活质量的影响。方法 Va D患者87例随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组43例予以盐酸多奈派齐治疗,观察组44例于对照组基础上联合丹红注射液治疗。均治疗3周,对比两组疗效、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分、活质量评分、不良反应发生率。结果治疗后观察组总有效率高于对照组(P0.05);MMSE评分高于对照组(P0.05);生活质量评分高于对照组(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率无差异(P0.05)。结论丹红注射液联合盐酸多奈派齐治疗Va D患者,有助于改善认知功能,提高生活质量,不良反应少,安全性高。     

基于“毒损脑络”理论对益肾解毒法治疗血管性轻度认知损害的疗效评价

目的基于"毒损脑络"理论探讨益肾解毒颗粒治疗血管性轻度认知损害的疗效。方法选取2017年1月—2018年12月北京中医药大学东直门医院收治的血管性轻度认知损害病人60例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组30例。对照组给予常规西药尼麦角林片治疗;观察组则给予益肾解毒中药颗粒治疗。治疗前、治疗1个月和治疗3个月,采用统一疾病和疗效的判定标准,评价益肾解毒中药颗粒对血管性轻度认知损害的疗效。结果治疗后,两组认知损害均改善,且观察组中医证候显效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),认知功能[简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)评分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分]和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分改善程度优于对照组(P0.05)。结论益肾解毒中药颗粒对肝肾亏虚兼痰瘀阻络型血管性轻度认知损害疗效较好,能够提高病人认知功能和生活能力。     

皮层下缺血所致血管性认知损害患者的临床特征

目的研究皮层下缺血所致不同阶段血管性认知损害(VCI)患者的临床特征。方法以缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,排除Hachinski缺血量表(HIS)7分的患者。利用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)为筛查量表,MMSE≥27分的患者设为对照组,把MMSE27分的患者,综合临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)评分和临床诊断结果分为非痴呆的血管性认知损害组(VCIND组)和血管性痴呆(VD)组。采用Clox、ADAS-Cog、ADL对47例皮层下VCI患者和34例对照组患者进行测量。结果 1VCIND组患者较对照组MMSE、Clox1评分下降,ADAS-Cog总分上升(P0.01或P0.05)。VD患者较VCIND组、对照组患者MMSE、Clox1、Clox2评分下降,ADAS-Cog总分、ADL评分上升(P0.01或P0.05)。2ADAS-Cog各项评分比较,VCIND组物体命名、服从指令、结构性练习评分高于对照组(P0.05);VD组各项评分均高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论皮层下VD患者表现为全面的认知功能下降,其中执行功能、记忆功能的下降尤其明显。非痴呆的皮层下VCI患者存在部分的认知功能下降,尤以执行功能的下降为主,但尚具有完整的日常生活能力。     

银杏酮酯片治疗非痴呆型血管性认知功能损害的临床观察

目的观察银杏酮脂片治疗血管性认知功能损害非痴呆型病人的临床疗效。方法将60例血管性认知功能损害非痴呆型病人随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。两组均予以脑血管基础治疗措施,治疗组在此基础之上加用银杏酮脂片,对照组加用盐酸多奈哌齐。两组疗程均为4个月,观察简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)、日常生活活动量表(ADL)。结果两组治疗后MMSE、MOCA、ADL评分均较治疗前明显改善(P0.05),治疗组ADL积分改善较对照组更明显(P0.05)。结论银杏酮脂片可改善血管性认知功能损害非痴呆型病人的认知功能,疗效与盐酸多奈哌齐相当,日常生活能力改善较盐酸多奈哌齐有效。     

VCIND(脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍证)证候要素与认知功能的相关性

目的探讨非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)患者的中医证候分布规律及脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍复合证型的认知功能损害特点。方法采用大样本筛查的方法,利用神经心理学量表,根据纳入标准及排除标准,对长春中医药大学附属医院脑病科2012年12月至2013年12月的门诊及住院的400例VCIND患者进行筛查。结果 400例VCIND的患者中,脾肾亏虚证、痰浊蒙窍证在VCIND 7种单一证型中所占比例最高。复合证型中脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍复合证型所占比例最高。对脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍证复合证型与神经心理量表的研究显示,患者在简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)各分项得分中分数比例较低的前三位是计算力、回忆力、语言能力。结论 VCIND患者以脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍复合证候所占比例最大;通过对证候要素与神经心理量表MMSE量表各个认知域的分析,脾肾亏虚、痰浊蒙窍证复合证型患者在计算力方面损害较为严重。     

日常生活能力量表鉴别痴呆与轻度认知损害

目的评价Lawton日常生活能力量表鉴别痴呆与轻度认知损害的能力。方法根据纳入和排除标准筛选有记忆下降主诉的患者,结合临床痴呆分级量表得分分为认知正常组、轻度认知损害组和痴呆组,采用1~4分多水平计分方法对14个日常生活能力量表(ADL)测试条目进行评估,采用受试者工作曲线对量表区分不同认知损害患者的能力进行评价。结果多水平ADL量表具有很好的内部一致性(克朗巴赫α系数=0.93),ADL评分与MMSE呈负相关关系(偏相关系数为-0.793,P=0.000)。以16分作为分界值(≥16分为痴呆)区分痴呆与轻度认知损害最理想,敏感性和特异性分别为0.90、0.93,其中工具性日常生活能力评分(≥10分)具有相同的敏感性和特异性,但基本日常生活能力区分痴呆与轻度认知损害缺乏敏感性(P0.50)。结论多水平Lawton日常生活能力量表能有效地区分轻度认知损害和痴呆。     

盐酸丁咯地尔治疗血管性痴呆30例

目的观察盐酸丁咯地尔治疗血管性痴呆的疗效.方法将确诊的30例血管性痴呆病人应用盐酸丁咯地尔治疗,并于治疗前后进行长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)及精神状态简易速检表(MMSE)评定,观察并比较治疗前后疗效的差异.结果应用盐酸丁咯地尔治疗后的血管性痴呆病人的HDS及MMSE评分与治疗前比较有统计学意义(P<0.001).结论盐酸丁咯地尔能全面提高病人的生活质量,对病人的认知功能有明显的改善作用,对血管性痴呆的疗效明显.     

多奈哌齐与尼莫地平联合治疗血管性痴呆的疗效

目的分析多奈哌齐与尼莫地平联合治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效。方法血管性痴呆患者154例随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组77例,治疗组使用多奈哌齐联合尼莫地平,对照组使用尼莫地平,治疗结束后对两组进行治疗前后痴呆严重程度、认知能力及不良反应的评定。结果治疗组治疗前简易精神状态评估(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)、临床痴呆评定(CDR)、长谷川痴呆修正量表(HDS-R)评分与对照组无显著差异;而治疗后四项指标评分与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。结论多奈哌齐与尼莫地平联合治疗血管性痴呆的疗效明显优于单一的尼莫地平,安全性较高,能缓解痴呆患者的认知功能障碍,减少不良反应,提高生活质量。     

Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems,a 1990 Report for the Institute of Medicine

Summary

These reflections on the 1990 report for the Institute of Medicine provide an abbreviated summary of the methods used to prepare the original report. A few of the significant observations and recommendations of the IOM report are highlighted. Considerations are offered for a need to determine the impact of the report.     

Surgical anatomy of the pancreas for limited resection

The fusion fascia of the head of the pancreas is called the "fusion fascia of Treitz" and that of the body and tail of the pancreas is termed the "fusion fascia of Toldt". The fusion fascia is histologically composed of a loose connective tissue membrane. All of the important pancreaticoduodenal arcades of arteries and veins are situated on this membrane, i.e., between this membrane and the pancreatic parenchyma. The topography of the head of the pancreas shows that, after departing from the gastroducodenal artery, the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery runs toward a point 1.5 cm below the papilla of Vater, then turns to the posterior aspect of the pancreas to join the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. For preserving the duodenum, the artery toward the papilla is very important. The artery toward the papilla of Vater runs along the right side of the common bile duct after departing from the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. The gastrocolic trunk of Henle has been reported to be found in about 60% of individuals. It is possible that the gastroepiploic vein and anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein (ASPDV) can be divided at pancreaticoduodenectomy, with preservation of the superior right colic vein, if this area is free of carcinoma. The ASPDV and anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein form an arcade on the anterior surface of the pancreas. However, arcade formation was not found between the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein in many of the individuals examined. The vein joined by the inferior mesenteric vein was also investigated.     

Endosonographic criteria for assessment of the depth of duodenal invasion in carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Background: Imaging criteria by endosonography for assessment of the depth of duodenal invasion of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater (papilla carcinoma) have not been established. Methods: Twelve patients with papilla carcinoma were studied. The endosonographic findings were described in each case and depths were evaluated based on endosonographic images of the normal papilla and by comparison with endosonographic images of gastric carcinoma. The information was compared with the histopathological findings of the resected specimens. Results: Imaging criteria were proposed as follows: In d0 or T1, the papilla swelled preserving the basic structure; in d1 or T2, the papilla presented as a tumor but the non‐thickened duodenal fourth (proper muscle) layer was traceable behind the tumor; in d2 or T2, the papilla presented as a tumor fused with the thickened duodenal fourth layer; in d3 or T3–4, the papilla presented as a tumor and the duodenal fourth layer was partially or entirely untraceable behind the tumor. Accuracy of endosonography was 75% by the Japanese classification and 83.3% by the TNM system. Conclusions: Proposed endosonographic criteria are suitable for clinical application for assessing the depth of duodenal invasion of papilla carcinoma.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头切除术在乳头部肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的:评价内镜下十二指肠乳头切除术(endos-copic papillectomy,EP)在乳头部肿瘤诊断中的临床价值.方法:分析2008-01/2012-03来我院的16例经病理检查确诊的十二指肠乳头部肿瘤患者的相关资料,评价EP在十二指肠乳头部肿瘤诊断中的临床价值.结果:16例患者中,内镜活检诊断为腺瘤者12例,慢性炎症改变者4例.EP将乳头部肿瘤组织切除后整体送检行病理学检查确诊为低分化腺癌者2例,高分化腺癌1例,腺瘤13例(其中1例腺瘤恶变,4例常规内镜活检诊断为慢性炎症改变者术后均确诊为腺瘤),EP术后准确率明显高于内镜活检法(P<0.05).超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)检查提示病变均起源于黏膜层,胰胆管扩张者9例,未见黏膜下层连续性中断及胰胆管受累者,无腹膜后淋巴结肿大者;12例高回声病变者术后病理检查结果均为腺瘤,1例高回声病变局部见低回声区者术后病理检查结果为腺瘤恶变,3例低回声病变者术后病理检查结果均为腺癌.EP术后2例低分化腺癌者、1例腺瘤恶变者及1例腺瘤者胆管开口处见病变残留,提示胆管受累,但术前EUS检查均未提示胆管受累;1例高分化腺癌及11例腺瘤者病灶均完整切除,术后切缘阴性.EP术后除2例出现黑便外,无急性胰腺炎、穿孔及其他并发症发生,无患者死亡.结论:EP术将乳头部肿瘤组织切除后整体送检行病理学检查可提高诊断准确率,为治疗方法的抉择提供科学依据.     

Pancreatic invasion is a prognostic indicator after radical resection for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater

Sixty-three patients who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater were analyzed with respect to tumor extent and prognosis. The postoperative mortality rate was 3% and overall survival rates 3 and 5 years after surgery were 55% and 46%, respectively. pTNM stage did not reflect prognosis after resection in patients at stages 2 and 3, while pancreatic invasion and regional lymph node metastasis clearly reflected prognosis after resection. Of the 26 patients who had no pancreatic invasion, regional lymph node metastasis was seen in only 19%, whereas of the 37 patients with pancreatic invasion, 62% exhibited lymph node metastasis. These factors were significantly correlated (P<0.001). Pancreatic invasion appeared to be an indirect indicator of regional lymph node metastasis. We conclude that, to improve prognosis for patients with pancreatic invasion, extended resection including extended lymphadenectomy, is a preferable additional procedure.     

老年人用药知识调查与分析

对北京地区243例社区老年人用药知识进行调查,结果表明:老年人用药频率高达81.5%,人均服药3.05种,所服药物主要为治疗高血压、心脏病和脑血管药物.老年人对用药相关知识差者占66.3%,老年人对药物不良反应、药物保管、有效日期、服用时间和药物剂量的知识回答正确率＜30.0%.影响老年人用药知识的因素主要是年龄和教育水平.     

On the Waring problem for polynomial rings

In this note we discuss an analog of the classical Waring problem for C[x0,x1,...,x(n)]. Namely, we show that a general homogeneous polynomial p ∈ C[x0,x1,...,x(n)] of degree divisible by k≥2 can be represented as a sum of at most k(n) k-th powers of homogeneous polynomials in C[x0,x1,...,x(n)]. Noticeably, k(n) coincides with the number obtained by naive dimension count.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a phonoaudiology program for the rehabilitation of dysphagia in the elderly

The object of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a phonoaudiology rehabilitation program directed towards the degenerative changes of the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for the upper digestive system compromised by the age between 80 and 90 years, in a regime of internment in a long permanence institution in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which express, bodily, their difficulty in swallowing food of liquid or pasty consistency. To achieve such an object, the current study was developed in an experimental format or design, comprised of a sample group of 23 elderly subjects, of both genders, undergoing evaluation by the phonoaudiology protocol for evaluating the risk of dysphagia (abbreviated from the Portuguese name: Protocolo de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia = PARD), pre- and post-intervention procedure. The developed program used the indirect therapy approach based on the adaptive myotherapeutic and myofunctional stimulation, contemplating two isometric and isokinetic orofacial active myotherapeutic exercises, two passive myotherapeutic manipulations for the supra-hyoidal musculature, as well as adaptive cephalic postural maneuvres, associated to the intra-oral olfactive and gustative sensory stimulation. The evolution of the individuals was analyzed before and after the therapy by estimating the capacity of swallowing food in the liquid fluid (LF) consistency, by the paired Student t-test, giving a p = 0.01, making the difference of 2.31 between the 2 evaluations statistically significant. The changes produced by the PARD program in the capacity of individuals in swallowing food of a pasty consistency were also significant when analyzing the variance of the results on the 2 instances by using the F-test (pre- and post-intervention difference = 4.47, p = 0.039).     

Approximate confidence limits for the concentration of insulin in radioimmunoassay

Summary In radioimmunoassays confidence limits for the concentration of insulin in the serum assayed are of value to the laboratory as an aid in quality control and to the doctor as an aid in differentiating high from low concentrations and in the reliability to be placed on the result. We present a method of deriving approximate confidence intervals for the concentrations by approximating the non-linear standard curve by a straight line (its tangent) at the estimated concentration. A similar approach may be used for other non-linear standard curves.This work has been supported in part by USPHS NIH Grant No. RR-3 at the Health Sciences Computing Facility, University of California, Los Angeles.