内镜下止血夹治疗在急性非静脉曲张性消化道出血中的应用

目的 观察内镜下金属止血夹治疗急性非静脉曲张消化道出血的治疗效果.方法 收集我院2004年7月至2009年7月收治的急性非静脉曲张消化道出血患者79例,在内镜下明确出血部位,使用止血夹钳夹止血.结果 79例急性非静脉曲张消化道出血患者应用内镜下金属止血夹止血治疗,共用金属夹238枚,平均每例3.01枚,即时止血率97.47%(77/79),20例止血夹止血失败病例中1例Dieulafoy病患者改用内镜下套扎治疗止血成功,另1例转外科手术治疗.1周内再出血率3.80%(3/79),其中2例患者转手术治疗.所有患者内镜术后均未出现内镜治疗相关并发症,全组无死亡病例.结论 内镜下金属止血夹是一种治疗急性非静脉曲张消化道出血的有效方法,具有操作简单,止血效率高及无明显并发症等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

内镜下不同方法治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的疗效比较

目的比较内镜下不同方法治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床效果。方法将176例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者随机分成喷洒组、注射组、钛夹组和微波组,使用电子胃镜检查和治疗,喷洒组向出血部位喷洒8%去甲肾上腺素溶液,注射组向出血部位注射1∶10 000的肾上腺素溶液,钛夹组用金属钛夹止血,微波组使用微波反复熨烙止血。结果钛夹组即时有效率为100%,治疗有效率为97.73%,均明显优于其他三组（P〈0.05）;注射组即时有效率为90.91%,治疗有效率为81.82%;喷洒组及微波组治疗效果欠佳。结论在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗中,钛夹止血法和注射止血法效果确切,优势明显,值得临床推广。     

经胃镜钛夹治疗非静脉曲张上消化道出血53例的临床分析

目的探讨在胃镜下应用钛夹治疗上消化道出血的方法与疗效。方法在胃镜探查下对53例非静脉曲张上消化道出血患者进行钛夹止血治疗并观察治疗效果。结果53例急性出血患者经胃镜下钛夹治疗分别置放钛夹1-5枚后,均成功止血（100％）。结论在胃镜下操作钛夹治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血疗效确切,创伤小,值得临床推广。     

内镜下钛夹联合质子泵抑制剂治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的疗效

目的:探讨内镜下钛夹联合质子泵抑制剂治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床疗效.方法:将新乡医学院第一附属医院于2012-01/2013-12收治的146例急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者根据治疗方法分为研究组和对照组,研究组(73例)采用内镜钛夹止血联合质子泵抑制剂治疗,对照组(73例)仅使用质子泵抑制剂进行治疗.评价两组患者治疗的有效率,比较止血时间、治疗出血量和总输血量,以及随访期内的再出血率和不良反应发生率.结果:研究组患者的治疗有效率明显高于对照组患者(P0.05);前者的止血时间较对照组短,治疗中出血量和总输血量也明显少于对照组(P0.05);研究组的再出血率低于对照组(P0.05),两者不良反应的发生率差异没有统计学意义(P0.05).结论:内镜下钛夹联合质子泵抑制剂治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血疗效较单用质子泵抑制剂高,其止血迅速有效,再出血的发生率低,无严重不良反应,值得临床推广应用.     

内镜下金属钛夹与注射止血治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的临床对照研究

目的探讨内镜下金属钛夹与注射止血治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)的临床效果。方法将2012年1月至2016年12月间我院收治的急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者86例作为研究对象,随机分为研究组和对照组,各43例。研究组患者在内镜下使用金属钛夹止血,对照组患者给予内镜下注射止血药物,观察两组患者的临床疗效。结果研究组治疗总有效率95.35%,显著高于对照组的79.07%(P0.05);研究组有效止血率为95.34%,显著高于对照组的72.07%(P0.05);72 h后再出血率和外科手术率均为0.00%,显著低于对照组的13.95%,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组均未出现穿孔等不良并发症。结论内镜下金属钛夹治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的效果显著优于药物注射止血,安全有效,可在临床范围内推广使用。     

内镜下金属夹治疗和预防消化道出血穿孔的价值

[目的]评估内镜下金属夹治疗和预防消化道出血穿孔中的临床价值。[方法]对138例消化道出血及息肉切除患者选用Olympus可旋式放置器HX-5QR-1和MD850型、HX-600—135型内镜金属夹防治消化道出血、穿孔。[结果]98例中有95例活动性消化道出血患者即时止血,成功率为96．9％,1周内再出血发生率为5．3％,平均使用钛夹2．5枚;40例息肉切除后应用金属夹预防消化道出血、穿孔,成功率为100％,平均使用钛夹1．5枚。[结论]内镜下采用金属夹治疗非静脉曲张性消化道出血和预防较大息肉切除后出血、穿孔疗效满意、安全易行。     

金属钛夹治疗急性消化道出血的护理配合研究

目的探讨金属钛夹治疗急性消化道出血的护理配合。方法选取2011年10月—2012年10月我院收治的非静脉曲张性急性上消化道出血患者49例,其均于胃镜下采用金属钛夹止血治疗,并在术前、术中、术后给予相应的护理配合,观察患者疗效。结果患者共使用金属钛夹143枚,经治疗后出血均立刻停止,治愈率为100.0%(49/49);患者均随访3~12个月,再出血发生率为4.1%(2/49)。结论金属钛夹是治疗急性消化道出血的有效方法,操作前、中、后的护理配合是稳定患者情绪,确保手术成功和减少再出血发生率的重要保证。     

内镜下黏膜注射联合金属钛夹与两者单用治疗溃疡病出血的临床对比研究

目的内镜下黏膜注射联合金属钛夹治疗溃疡出血和单纯黏膜注射及单纯钛夹止血进行疗效比较,为临床治疗溃疡出血寻找新方法。方法选取2011年6月-2013年6月公安县人民医院收治的非静脉曲张性溃疡病出血患者75例作为研究对象,将其按照数字随机表法分为三组:钛夹止血联合黏膜注射止血组25例、钛夹止血组25例和黏膜注射止血组25例,比较三组患者治疗后的即时止血率、再出血率、止血有效率、转外科手术率及并发症发生情况,总结钛夹止血联合黏膜注射止血的临床效果。结果三组患者的即时止血率分别为:联合止血组100%、钛夹止血组80.00%、黏膜注射组76.00%,三组即时止血率行χ2检验,单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜组均明显低于联合治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜治疗组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。三组患者72 h后再出血发生率分别为:联合止血组4.00%、钛夹止血组16.00%、黏膜注射组12.00%,三组72 h后再出血率行χ2检验,单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜组均明显高于联合治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜治疗组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。联合组有效止血率达到96.00%,明显高于单纯钛夹止血组和单纯黏膜注射组,组间行χ2检验,联合治疗组明显高于单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜注射液组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜注射组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。外科手术发生率联合治疗组为4.00%,单纯钛夹组为16.00%,单纯黏膜注射组为20.00%,组间行χ2检验,联合治疗组明显低于单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜注射液组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);单纯钛夹组和单纯黏膜注射组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内镜下金属钛夹止血联合黏膜注射止血治疗溃疡病出血较单纯钛夹止血和单纯黏膜注射止血的临床效果更优,且并发症发生率和单纯注射治疗及单纯钛夹治疗无明显差异,故该治疗方案作为治疗溃疡出血可进行更深入的研究,以规范治疗方法,稳定治疗效果。     

内镜下金属钛夹保守治疗与药物注射治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的疗效比较

目的比较内镜下金属钛夹保守治疗与药物注射治疗非静脉曲张性上消化道出血的疗效。方法选取宁波市鄞州人民医院消化内科2015年3月至12月共120例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者为研究对象,其中80例采用内镜下金属钛夹治疗,设为观察组。40例采用内镜下药物注射治疗,设为对照组。比较两组的止血效果、临床症状和体征的改善情况以及并发症等。结果观察组即时止血率、有效止血率高于对照组,72 h后再出血率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的外科手术率、病死率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组粪便潜血转阴、引流管变清、呕血消失、肠鸣音恢复正常的时间均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。两组术后均无并发症发生,观察组的住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相比于内镜下注射药物治疗,金属钛夹保守治疗上消化道出血具有止血快、再出血率低,临床症状改善较快等特点,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

内镜下金属钛夹治疗急性消化道出血的配合

目的 本文探讨内镜下应用金属钛夹治疗消化道出血的术中配合。方法 采用日本Olympus240电子胃镜和肠镜、HX-600-135金属钛夹在内镜直视下对准出血病灶钳夹止血，根据出血灶的性质、大小确定上夹多少。结果 36例病人上钛夹后35例出血停止，1例48h内再次出血，经外科治疗后止血。结论 内镜下金属钛夹治疗急性消化道出血具有止血快，效果好，创伤小，并发症少等优点。而适应证的的选择和术中密切、熟练的操作配合是治疗获得成功的保证。     

Endoscopic clipping versus injection and thermo-coagulation in the treatment of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Hemoclips, injection therapy and thermocoagulation (heater probe or electrocoagulation) are the most commonly used types of endoscopic hemostasis for the control of non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding. AIM: To compare the efficacy of hemoclips versus injection or thermocoagulation in endoscopic hemostasis by pooling data from the literature. Method: Publications in the English literature (MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library) as well as abstracts in major international conferences were searched using the keywords "hemoclips" and "bleeding", and 15 trials fulfilling the search criteria were found. Outcome measures included: initial hemostasis (after endoscopic intervention); recurrent bleeding; definitive hemostasis (no recurrent bleeding until the end of follow-up); the requirement for surgical intervention; and all-cause mortality. The heterogeneity of trials was examined and the effects were pooled by meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 1156 patients recruited in the 15 studies, 390 were randomly assigned to receive clips alone, 242 received clips combined with injection, 359 received injection alone, and 165 received thermocoagulation with or without injection. Definitive hemostasis was higher with hemoclips (86.5%) than injection (75.4%; RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00-1.30), or endoscopic clips with injection (88.5%) compared with injections alone (78.1%; RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.23), leading to a reduced requirement for surgery but no difference in mortality. Compared with thermocoagulation, there was no improvement in definitive hemostasis with clips (81.5% versus 81.2%; RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.77-1.31). These estimates were robust in sensitivity analyses. There was also no difference between clips and thermocoagulation in rebleeding, the need for surgery and mortality. The reported locations of failed hemoclip applications included posterior wall of duodenal bulb, posterior wall of gastric body and lesser curve of the stomach. CONCLUSION: Successful application of hemoclips is superior to injection alone but comparable to thermocoagulation in producing definitive hemostasis. There was no difference in all-cause mortality irrespective of the modalities of endoscopic treatment.     

食管隆起病灶EMR术后创面出血内镜治疗33例

目的:探讨食管隆起病灶内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)术后创面出血内镜不同止血方法,并分析疗效.方法:33例食管隆起病灶行EMR术合并创面出血,其中直接使用金属肽夹止血8例,余下25例首先采用内镜下喷洒药物止血,成功10例,继续出血的15例中7例采用黏膜注射止血,8例采用内镜下热凝止血,仍然有3例无效采用金属钛夹止血,术后6 wk复查内镜,观察创面愈合情况.结果:8例直接使用金属肽夹止血均成功,25例采用喷洒药物止血成功10例;15例止血无效,对其中7例采用注射药物止血,成功6例;8例采用热凝止血成功6例,剩余3例止血仍然无效加用钛夹止血均成功.术后6 wk内镜复查,创面愈合良好.结论:对于食管隆起病灶EMR术后创面出血,内镜止血方法多样,操作简单、安全、效果好,值得推广.     

Epinephrine plus argon plasma or heater probe coagulation in ulcer bleeding

AIM:To compare the effectiveness of argon plasma coagulation (APC) and heater probe coagulation (HPC) in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.METHODS:Eighty-five (18 female,67 male) patients admitted for acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to gastric or duodenal ulcer were included in the study.Upper endoscopy was performed and HPC or APC were chosen randomly to stop the bleeding.Initial hemostasis and rebleeding rates were primary and secondary end-points of the study.RESULTS:Initial hemostasis was...     

几种内镜下止血措施在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血中的选择应用

目的探讨内镜下不同止血措施在非静脉曲张性上消化道出血中的应用,评价其可行性、成功率及临床疗效。方法根据出血病因及内镜下改良Forrest分级,对112例非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患苦选择性使用：注射药物、氩离子凝固术（APC）、血管夹及注射联合氲离子凝固术等4种内镜下止血措施,观察其临床疗效并进行统计分析。结果112例非静脉曲张性出血患者,总的即时止血率98．2％（110／112）,再出血率12．7％（14／112）,未见明显并发症者,无死亡病例。注射组23例,即时止血率100％,有效止血率73．9％（17／23）,再出血率26．1％（6／23）;APC组29例,即时止血率100％,有效止血率86．2％（25／29）,再出血率13．8％（4／29）;血管夹组27例,即时止血率96．3％（26／27）,有效止血率92．6％（25／27）,再出血率3．8％（1／26）,明显低于注射组及APC组（P〈0．05）;联合组33例,即时止血率96．97％（32／33）,有效止血率87．9％（29／33）,再出血率9．4％（3／32）,低于单纯注射组（P〈0．05）。各组即时止血成功率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急诊内镜下止血起效迅速,疗效肯定,可成为非静脉曲张性出血的一线治疗方法,根据不同的出血病因选择合理的止血措施可提高止血成功率,降低再出血率。     

内镜下尼龙圈套扎治疗急性非静脉曲张消化道出血

目的探讨内镜下尼龙圈套扎治疗（ENLL）在急性非静脉曲张消化道出血治疗的可行性和有效性。方法选择24h内有活动性非静脉曲张消化道出血患者56例，对出血病灶进行内镜下尼龙圈套扎治疗。结果56例患者巾24例为活动性出血，其中23例即时止血成功（95．9％）。无严重并发症发生。结论ENLL是一种治疗急性非静脉曲张出血的有效方法。     

Upper non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding-review the effectiveness of endoscopic hemostasis methods

Upper non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding is a conditionthat requires immediate medical intervention and has a high associated mortality rate(exceeding 10%). The vast majority of upper gastrointestinal bleeding cases are due to peptic ulcers. Helicobacter pylori infection, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin are the main risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. Endoscopic therapy has generally been recommended as the firstline treatment for upper gastrointestinal bleeding as it has been shown to reduce recurrent bleeding, the need for surgery and mortality. Early endoscopy(within 24 h of hospital admission) has a greater impact than delayed endoscopy on the length of hospital stay and requirement for blood transfusion. This paper aims to review and compare the efficacy of the types of endoscopic hemostasis most commonly used to control non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding by pooling data from the literature.     

CLINICAL RESULTS OF ENDOSCOPIC HEMOSTASIS USING A SHORT TRANSPARENT HOOD AND SHORT HEMOCLIPS FOR NON‐VARICEAL UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

Aim: Endoscopic hemostasis using hemoclips is useful, but there are technical difficulties because the angle of the approach is tangential. A transparent hood facilitates the observation and treatment of these lesions, and a shorter hood provides a wider visible field. Endoscopic hemoclipping of hard lesions with hemoclips of the conventional size does not reliably result in sustained hemostasis because the clips slip. Short clips, however, can be easily clamped on protruded visible vessels without slip. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic hemostasis with a short transparent hood and short clips. Methods: Subjects were 198 patients with 214 lesions of non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding at Keio University Hospital. We used a video endoscope with a short transparent hood attached to its distal tip and carried out hemostasis using short hemoclips. Results: The short transparent hood provided a good visual field. If the lesions were in the tangential, the short hood made it possible to observe them in the frontal view and made clip hemostasis much easier. The short clip could be securely clamped against protruded visible vessels. Of 214 lesion, 211 (98.6%) had temporal hemostasis. Rebleeding occurred in 13 of 211 lesions (6.2%), and 205 of 214 lesions (95.8%) had permanent hemostasis. Nine cases were endoscopically difficult. Conclusion: Endoscopic hemostasis with a short transparent hood and short clips is useful for non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.     

Potential role of new technological innovations in nonvariceal hemorrhage

The present armamentarium of endoscopic hemostatic therapy for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage includes injection, electrocautery and clips.There are newer endoscopic options such as hemostatic sprays, endoscopic suturing and modifications of current options including coagulation forceps and over-the-scope clips. Peptic hemorrhage is the most prevalent type of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and traditional endoscopic interventions have demonstrated significant hemostasis success. However, the hemostatic success rate is less for other entities such as Dieulafoy's lesions and bleeding from malignant lesions. Novel innovations such as endoscopic submucosal dissection and peroral endoscopic myotomy has spawned a need for dependable hemostasis. Gastric antral vascular ectasias are associated with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and usually treated by standard argon plasma coagulation(APC), but newer modalities such as radiofrequency ablation,banding, cryotherapy and hybrid APC have been utilized as well. We will opine on whether the newer hemostatic modalities have generated success when traditional modalities fail and should any of these modalities be routinely available in the endoscopic toolbox.     

Risk factors for rebleeding after angiographically negative acute gastrointestinal bleeding

AIM： To identify possible predictive factors for rebleeding after angiographically negative findings in patients with acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.
METHODS： From January 2000 to July 2007, 128 patients with acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding had negative findings after initial angiography. Clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS： Among 128 patients, 62 had no recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and 66 had recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding within 30 d. As determined by the use of multivariate analysis, an underlying malignancy, liver cirrhosis and hematemesis were significant factors related to recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding.
CONCLUSION： Clinical factors including underlying malignancy, liver cirrhosis, and hematemesis are important predictors for rebleeding after angiographically negative findings in patients with acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding.     

New haemostatic techniques: histoacryl injection, banding/endoloop ligation and haemoclipping.

New endoscopic modalities for the haemostasis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding include cyanoacrylate tissue glue injection for oesophageal and gastric varices, ligation using bands and loops for variceal and non-variceal bleeding, and clips for non-variceal bleeding. These new modalities aim to improve primary and secondary haemostasis rates and the safety of endoscopic treatment. Preliminary experience using these modalities has been encouraging, but prospective randomized trials using adequate patient numbers are still needed to validate their efficacy and safety. The choice of treatment will depend on the clinical context and the anatomy of the bleeding lesion. Cyanoacrylate injection, which achieves rapid haemostasis and obliteration of the treated varix, is ideally suited to acute variceal bleeding and the obliteration of large gastric varices. Bands and loops are used in conjunction with a transparent cap attachment for the elective treatment of oesophageal varices. The clip is most effective when a vessel from a non-variceal bleeding source can be identified.