嘉定区HIV/AIDS疫情流行特征分析

嘉定区自1999年1名劳务输出回国人员检出艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体阳性以来，截至2003年底，已累计检出11例。为了了解嘉定区HIV/艾滋病(AIDS)的传染来源、传播模式及流行特征，现对11例HIV／AIDS进行了描述流行病学分析。     

兰州市HIV/AIDS流行病学特征及流行趋势分析

兰州市自1993年从劳务输出回国人员中检出1例艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体阳性者以来，截止2002年12月，已累计检出HIV／AIDS40例。仅2001年就检出HIV／AIDS9例，占总检出数的22．5％；2002年检出HIV／AIDS18例，占总检出数的45．0％。现对HIV／AIDS流行病学特征及流行趋势分析如下。     

湖北省AIDS流行态势分析

目的 探讨艾滋病(AIDS)流行病学特点及趋势，为制定AIDS预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法 对湖北省1988～2002年AIDS常规监测、哨点监测及专题调查资料进行分析。结果 1988～2002年底，湖北省累计发现HIV／AIDS739例，其中AIDS病人194例，死亡83例；1995～2002年，全省HIV感染者报告数的年平均递增速度为49％，其中2000～2002年为176％；艾滋病病毒(HIV)／AIDS人数呈快速增长趋势；流行涉及面广，但地区分布不均，具有明显的地域聚集性；三种传播途径均存在，以采供血途径为主；累及人群主要为农村地区的青壮年；近2年已开始出现集中发病和死亡高峰。结论 应进一步加大监测、行为干预及综合关怀力度。     

福建省AIDS流行特征及趋势分析

目的分析福建省艾滋病病毒／艾滋病(HIV／AIDS)流行现状、特征、影响因素及趋势，为制定AIDS防治策略提供依据。方法对全省1987～2003年AIDS常规监测、高危人群哨点监测、流行病学调查及实验室资料进行分析。结果自1987年发现首例AIDS病人至2003年底，累计报告发现HIV抗体阳性者457例，其中AIDS病人155例，死亡110例。HIV感染者／AIDS病例主要分布在福州、泉州等沿海经济发达地区，从境外感染为主转向境内蔓延扩散，经异性性接触感染是福建省HIV传播的主要途径，并已出现母婴传播的病例。HIV-1E亚型是福建省主要流行株。结论福建省AIDS流行速度明显加快，在静脉吸毒人群中也存在流行的危险，应采取措施预防HIV从商危人群向一般人群传播，加大健康教育、行为干预和监测力度。     

潍坊市艾滋病流行特征及趋势分析

目的分析潍坊市艾滋病流行特征及趋势。方法1992-2007年对全市各类人群HIV血清学监测，HIV感染者及病人流行病学调查资料进行整理、分析。结果1992-2007年底潍坊市共监测各类人群592232人，发现艾滋病病毒感染肯及病人226例．其中病人45例，已死亡34例；感染病毒为HIV-1型。感染者及病人以青壮年为主，20～40岁187例，占82．74%；男性106例，女性120例；外省、市人员148例。占65．49％；性传播感染117例，占51．77％，母婴传播感染6例，占2．65％。结论潍坊市是艾滋病低流行区，但疫情上升较快，性传播依然是HIV传播的主要途径，应采取措施预防HIV从高危人群向一般人群传播。     

陕西省AIDS监测情况及分析

目的：为厂解陕西省艾滋病(AIDS)的流行现状，预测流行趋势：方法：对2001年所收集到的资料进行统计与分析：结果：全省共检测各类人群180 720人次，检出艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体阳性者47例，阳性检出率为2．60／万；首次发现母婴传播的HIV感染者和外籍HIV感染者：结论：陕西省AIDS的流行速度明显加快。     

从AIDS流行病学特点探讨防制策略

石家庄市自 1989年检出河北省首例艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者以来 ,不断从各类人群中发现HIV感染者及艾滋病 (AIDS)病人 ,且逐年上升。 2 0 0 1年共有HIV感染者及AIDS病人 10例 ,报告 8例 (另 2例外省已报 ) ,累计报告 2 9例。为了解AIDS流行趋势 ,为制定防制措施提供依据 ,现分析如下。1　资料来源　石家庄市 1989～ 2 0 0 1年监测的抗 -HIV阳性数。2　结果2 1　时间分布　 1989年检出首例HIV感染者 ,最初几年主要在回国人员中检出HIV感染者。近几年呈上升趋势 ,1999～ 2 0 0 1年报告 17例 ,占全部病例的 5 8 6 2 %。2 2　地区分…     

山西省HIV/AIDS流行状况分析及防治对策

目的 掌握山西省艾滋病(AIDS)流行状况和特征，明确防治工作重点，为决策者提供科学依据。方法 收集和整理山西省1995～2003年艾滋病病毒(HIV)／AIDS病例报告和个案流行病学调查表，进行统计分析。结果 山西省1995～2003年累计报告HIV／AIDS644例，平均每年以202％的速度增长，其中病人334例，占51.8％(334／644)；死亡152例，占45.5％(152／334)。HIV感染人群以既往有偿供血员为主，因不规范的采供血造成经血液传播的占76.1％(490／644)；主要分布在晋南、晋东南地区，占84.9％(547／644)。男女比例为2.1：1。不安全性行为占6.8％(44／644)，吸毒占2.3％(15／644)，母婴传播3.6％(23／644)，是潜在的危险因素。结论 山西省艾滋病流行快速增长，且已进入发病和死亡高峰，存在多种潜在危险因素。各级领导应提高认识，针对各种危险因素，采取积极的有效措施，控制艾滋病的进一步流行。同时，要开展医疗救治，提高HIV感染者和AIDS病人的生命质量，降低死亡率。     

广西乐业县2003～2011年人类免疫缺陷病毒监测结果分析

目的了解乐业县人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）流行的特征和趋势,为艾滋病（AIDS）防治工作提供科学依据。方法对乐业县2003～2011年HIV/AIDS疫情专报系统及流行病学个案随访所得的资料进行人群、时间、地区分布及HIV传播途径分析。结果新发现HIV感染者有呈逐年增多趋势,累计发现HIV感染者38例,占2011年乐业县总人口的0.24‰,其中AIDS患者14例,发病死亡10例。HlV抗体阳性者多数是外出务工返乡的青壮年人员,以性接触感染为主。结论乐业县AIDS流行呈加速传入态势,因此必须加强监测,采取健康教育为主的干预措施,遏制AIDS的流行和蔓延。     

1996—2007年崇左市HIV／AIDS流行特征及趋势分析

1996年崇左市首次发现艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者，此后HIV感染例数逐年上升，到2007年总共累计报告艾滋病感染者和艾滋病即人类免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）患者2502例。近年来HIV／AIDS疫情呈快速上升趋势。现将1996～2007年崇左市HIV／AIDS综合监测和疫情分析如下。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.