凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌医院感染及耐药性分析

目的了解国内凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ＣＮＳ）医院感染及耐药现状。方法ＣＮＳ鉴定及药敏试验均采用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的ＶＩＴＥＫ３２型ＣＣ４系列ＧＰＩ及ＧＰＳ卡进行检测。结果分离到表皮、溶血、里昂、模仿、腐生、耳、头状、施氏、木糖葡萄球菌等ＣＮＳ共９种,其中表皮葡萄球菌居首位（５０．０％）。ＣＮＳ对青霉素耐药率为９５．５％,耐甲氧西林ＣＮＳ（ＭＲＣＮＳ）占５３．８％,且呈多重耐药状态。尚未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。结论ＣＮＳ医院感染率及耐药性呈增高趋势,应予重视。     

浙江省耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行状况及耐药性

对我省各地区１９９１年６月至１９９２年１２月间收集的１７０株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的研究表明：在我省同样存在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的流行，在１７０株菌株中共检出了ＭＲＳＡ４４株，占同期金黄色葡萄球菌的２５．９％，且在大多数地区都检测到了ＭＲＳＡ菌株；对其耐药性进行研究发现，ＭＲＳＡ菌株对大多数抗生素的耐药率都比较高，对有的抗生素的耐药率在９０％以上，耐药程度明显高于甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＳＳＡ），但对万古霉素全部敏感。     

非放射性DNA探针检测金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林基因

非放射性ＤＮＡ探针检测金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林基因莫岚王其南作者单位：４３００４２重庆医科大学附属第一医院用常规的药敏试验检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌，ＭＲ－ＳＡ），耗时较长，且结果不够准确。由于只有ＭＲＳＡ才含有ｍｅｃＡ基因，而甲氧西林敏感...     

聚合酶链反应快速检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

目的 建立耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检出方法。方法 利用聚合酶锭反应（ＰＣＲ）快速检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌），建立一种从葡萄球菌中快速提取ＤＮＡ方法，以粗提ＤＮＡ作为ＰＣＲ模板，检测编码耐甲氧西林金葡菌青霉素结合蛋白２（ＰＢＰ２ａ）的ｍｅｃＡ基因。结果 １８４金葡菌有ＰＣＲ方法及药敏法比较，药敏法鉴定为耐甲氧西林金葡菌（ＭＲＳＡ）５８株，仅一株ＰＣＲ扩增ｍｅｃＡ基因阴性，１２６株甲     

甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的研究

甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）感染发生率有逐年增加趋势。为了解ＭＲＳＡ耐药特点及合理选用抗菌药物，我们测定了１８种抗菌药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌（ＳＡ）的最低抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）、受试菌的β－内酰胺酶及凝固酶分型。结果表明ＭＲＳＡ占临床分离ＳＡ的５０．７％，其中产β－内酰胺酶菌株占８５．１％，ＭＲＳＡ凝固酶均为ＩＩ型。ＭＲＳＡ对多数β－内酰胺类及某些氨基糖甙类抗生素呈多重耐药性。万古霉素、阿贝卡星对ＭＲＳＡ显示最强的抗菌活性；阿米卡星、妥磺沙星、氧氟沙星、亚胺培南亦显示较强抗菌活性，提示上述药物可用于ＭＲＳＡ所致严重感染。     

浙江省耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌流行况及耐药性

对我省各地区１９９１年６月至１９９２年１２月间收集的１７０株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的研究表明：在我省两样存在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的流行，在１７０株菌株中共检出了ＭＲＳＡ４４株，占同时期金黄色葡萄球菌的２５．９％，且在大多数地区都检测到了ＭＲＳＡ菌株；对其耐药性进行研究发现：ＭＲＳＡ菌株对大多数抗生素的耐药率都比较高，对有的抗生素的耐药率在９０％以上，耐药程度明显高于甲氧西林敏感的     

两种耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌监测

目的监测上海市区级及社区医院耐甲氧西林金葡菌及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的流行及耐药现状。方法对二所区级及社区医院从2003年8月～2004年2月的感染标本中分离的378株葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏实验。结果对耐甲氧西林金葡菌分离率52．38％，对耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌分离率47．62％。二者均为多重耐药球菌，但对利福平均敏感，耐药率分别为0．9％及2．9％。二者均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。结论上海市二所社区医院中耐甲氧西林金葡菌及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的流行是严重的，其中前者的流行显著高于教学医院，二者均为多重耐药菌株。     

耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染的临床流行病学调查

耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌感染的临床流行病学调查苏智军，陈炳锋，张奕返耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＥ）是一种重要的机会致病菌。我院对１９９２年６月～１９９４年９月临床分离的１０３株表皮葡萄球菌进行检测，结果发现ＭＲＳＥ５１株，现就ＭＲＳＥ感染的临床流行...     

重症监护房中耐甲氧西林葡萄菌感染的调查分析

80年代后,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(ＭＲＳＡ)与耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(ＭＲＣＮＳ)已成为医院感染的重要病原菌[1]。为了解我院重症监护病房(ＩＣＵ)中葡萄球菌的分布、感染状况及耐药特点,1996年1月～1997年12月,我们从ＩＣＵ患者、工作环境和医护人员的标本中分别分离到349、151和42株葡萄球菌,对所有葡萄球菌进行了耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(ＭＲＳ)筛选试验,检测了ＭＲＳ的β内酰胺酶,并用13种抗生素测定了533株葡萄球菌的耐药性,现报告如下。材料与方法一、材料(一)菌株来源　1996年1月～1997年12月从ＩＣＵ中分离到葡萄球菌542株,…     

聚合酶链反应检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

为对聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增ＭｅｃＡ基因诊断耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）的可行性进行评价。应用ＰＣＲ方法检测１２０株保留的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株，扩增结果与药敏检测结果进行比较，发现４０株对甲氧西林、苯唑西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌ＰＣＲ扩增结果均为阳性，而有４株菌株对甲氧西林苯唑西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌ＰＣＲ扩增结果阳性。其扩增产物经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实为ＭｅｃＡ基因特异产物，采用菌落计数的方法发现５６．７０±１２．９４个细菌即可出现阳性结果，ＰＣＲ是一快速、敏感、特异的ＭＲｓＡ诊断方法。     

Incidence, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative microorganisms isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in a medical-surgical intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in istanbul, Turkey (2004-2006)

The identification of microorganisms causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is important for formulating appropriate therapies. In this study, we report the incidence, etiology, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative microorganisms isolated from patients diagnosed with VAP in our medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) during the years 2004-2006. VAP was diagnosed by using the clinical criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated microorganisms were defined by standard methods. The VAP incidence rate was 22.6/1,000 ventilator days. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Acinetobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ninety percent of Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, 64% to imipenem, and 80% to ciprofloxacin. Fifty-nine percent of P. aeruginosa isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, 32% to imipenem, and 62% to ciprofloxacin. Cefoperazone-sulbactam was the most active agent against Acinetobacter spp. In conclusion, the incidence of VAP and the prevalence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms are quite high in our ICU. Comparison of the resistance rates of isolates demonstrates that certain antibiotic agents are more effective than others.     

1998～2000年广州地区部分医院细菌耐药性监测

目的：调查广州地区临床分离常见病原菌对抗生素耐药变迁情况，方法：采用纸片扩散法对1998年8月－2000年12月从广州13家医院临床分离的5063株菌进行药物敏感性试验（苛养菌用浓度梯度法），结果：3年来耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为45．3％，53．0％和64．1％，86．0％，79．0％，未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌，大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属产超广谱-β－内酰胺酶的比率分别为40．7％，31．8％，36．4％和43．1％，42．7％，31．5％，肠杆菌属细菌对第3代头孢菌素有较高耐药性，铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦，头孢他啶和阿米卡星耐药率变化不大，结论：广州地区常见病原菌耐药情况较严重，监测其耐药性的发展变化十分必要。     

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species

OBJECTIVE: To describe the antimicrobial activity of several antimicrobial agents against 97 clinical significant isolates of Enterococcus spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a 2-year prospective study at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics) in Mexico City. Ninety seven strains of Enterococcus spp. (60 E faecalis and 37 E. faecium) were tested against 11 antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were performed with agar, according to the standards of the sNational Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Isolates were screened for high-level resistance (HLR) to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and other antibiotics, as well as for vancomycin-phenotypes. Differences between proportions were evaluated with chi 2 of Fisher exact fest. RESULTS: Overall resistance rates to the antibiotics tested were: 17/97 (17.5%) to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and imipenem. There was neither HLR nor beta-lactamase production; 74/97 (48.4%) were resistant to erythromycin; 60% to ciprofloxacin; 31/97 (32%) to gentamicin, and 55/97 (56.7%) to streptomycin. Seven strains were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), all of them identified as E. faecium; 5/7 with Van A and 2/7 with Van B phenotypes. All the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. The difference in susceptibility among species was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mutidrug-resistant enterococci is a real problem and continuous surveillance is necessary. The microbiology laboratory is the first line of defense against the spread of multiantibiotic-resistan enterococci in the hospital environment. All the strains recovered should be tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and glycopeptides. The English version of this paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.     

13种抗生素对快生长分枝杆菌的体外抑菌效果评价

目的 评价快生长分枝杆菌(rapidly growing mycobacteria,RGM)临床分离株对13种抗生素的敏感性特征。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院2015年1月至2019年12月从临床样本中分离出的98株RGM,包括25株偶发分枝杆菌、70株脓肿分枝杆菌和3株龟分枝杆菌。使用Sensititre RAPMYCO药敏板测定13种抗生素(阿米卡星、妥布霉素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢西丁、亚胺培南、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、克拉霉素、利奈唑胺、米诺环素、多西霉素、替加环素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑)对98株RGM临床分离株的体外抑菌活性。结果 在所测定的13种抗生素中,阿米卡星对所检测的3种RGM临床分离株的体外抑菌活性最佳,对偶发分枝杆菌和脓肿分枝杆菌临床分离株的敏感率分别100.0%(25/25)和90.0%(63/70)。与多西环素、米诺环素相比,替加环素对RGM临床分离株的体外抑菌效果更好,对偶发分枝杆菌和脓肿分枝杆菌临床分离株的敏感率分别为100.0%(25/25)和72.9%(51/70)。莫西沙星和环丙沙星对偶发分枝杆菌临床分离株表现出较强的抑菌活性,敏感率分别为100.0%(25/25)和92.0%(23/25),而对脓肿分枝杆菌临床分离株几乎没有体外抑菌活性,耐药率均为95.7%(67/70)。此外,几乎所有检测的RGM临床分离株均对头孢西丁、多西环素、利奈唑胺、亚胺培南和甲氧嘧啶-磺胺甲噁唑耐药。结论 阿米卡星、替加环素和克拉霉素对脓肿分枝杆菌和偶发分枝杆菌临床分离株具有较好的体外抑菌活性,但在不同菌株间依然存在差异,需要对每个菌种或临床分离菌株进行单独的药物敏感性试验。     

常见非发酵菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解常见非发酵菌的临床分布及耐药情况，指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法 2003年1月～2004年12月临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌281株、不动杆菌属190株及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌63株，用Kirby—Bauer法进行药敏试验。结果 591株非发酵菌中以铜绿假单胞菌（47．5％）、不动杆菌属（32．1％）及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（10．7％）为主；主要分布于痰液（62．4％）、皮肤软组织创面分泌物（22．7％）中；耐药性分析显示铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的敏感性最高（92．9％），其它依次为头孢他啶（78．3％）、环丙沙星（78．1％）、头孢吡肟（74．4％）、阿米卡星（70．5％）、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦（70．1％）、头孢哌酮-巴坦（67．9％）、哌拉西林（60．3％）、氨曲南（57．5％）、头孢哌酮（57．1％）、替卡西林-克拉维酸（55．7％）；不动杆菌属对亚胺培南的敏感性也最高（95．7％），其它依次为头孢哌酮-舒巴坦（66．7％）、头孢吡肟（59．3％）、替卡西林-克拉维酸（57．4％）、阿米卡星（55．0％）、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦（51．6％）；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感性最高（75．6％），其它依次为头孢他啶（75．5％）、复方磺胺甲嗯唑（74．5％）、替卡西林-克拉维酸（73．7％）、环丙沙星（69．8％）、头孢吡肟（63．4％）、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦（56．8％），对包括亚胺培南在内的其它常用抗菌药物均高度耐药。结论 细菌耐药有一定的地区性，定期对本地区细菌耐药性进行监测，对合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要的临床指导价值。     

Three-year surveillance study of nosocomial bacterial resistance in Argentina. The Antimicrobial Committee; and the National Surveillance Program (SIR) Participants Group.

INTRODUCTION: A national surveillance program (SIR) was introduced in 1996 in Argentina by the Antimicrobial Committee of the Argentinean Society for Microbiology to assess bacterial resistance. The present study reports the rates of nosocomial bacterial resistance found by this program. METHODS: A 2-month point-prevalence study was conducted twice yearly (i.e., April-May and October-November) from 1996 to 1998, by 27 Argentinean centers. Susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk diffusion method following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. RESULTS: In all, 6343 isolates recovered from 5603 inpatients (> or =48-hr hospitalization) were included. Methicillin resistance was 58% and 56% in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), respectively. Although no vancomycin resistance was found in staphylococci, 2% and 8% of the S. aureus and CNS strains, respectively, proved resistant to teicoplanin. No ampicillin resistance was displayed by Enterococcus faecalis. High-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance in enterococci were 33% and 37%, respectively. Acquired glycopeptide resistance in enterococci emerged in 1997 (2%). Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 9% and 21%, respectively. Among Enterobacteriaceae, 1% and 5% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates, respectively, proved resistant to imipenem. Ceftazidime and cefepime resistance was found in 63% and 33% of the E. cloacae strains. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was shown by 48%, 26%, and 8% of the K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The alarming rates of resistance found in this study provide compelling evidence of the need for more rational use of antimicrobial agents in Argentina.     

2009年山东大学附属省立医院细菌耐药性监测及分析

目的了解山东大学附属省立医院2009年临床分离菌株分布及耐药谱。方法收集山东大学附属省立医院2009年首次非重复分离株1 821株,细菌鉴定采用VITEK鉴定系统,药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,数据采用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析。结果大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类药物最敏感;柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类药物敏感率较高,肠杆菌属和柠檬酸杆菌属对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为98.6%和85.7%,而沙雷菌属耐药率仅为30%;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、头孢他啶、美罗培南、亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,对其他药物敏感率均〈70%;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感率为82.3%、73.2%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为11.6%,对其他药物耐药率在15.0%~67.8%;葡萄球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺100%敏感,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为45.0%和86.8%;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺最敏感。结论肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物仍最为敏感,但不发酵糖菌对其耐药率升高;葡萄球菌属中均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。     

PCR identification and automated ribotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from intensive care patients

Nosocomial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit high rates of resistance to antibiotics, and are often multidrug resistant. P. aeruginosa clinical isolates (n = 56) were obtained from ICU patients in a hospital in Pakistan over a 3-y period. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the 56 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was investigated using 7 antibiotics and the resistance rates were as follows: aztreonam (68% resistant), ceftazidime (67%), imipenem (66%), ofloxacin (59%), amikacin (56%), gentamicin (44%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (27%) (p < 0.01). In addition, 55% of the P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were resistant to 4 or more antibiotics. Imipenem-resistant strains were frequently associated with ceftazidime, ofloxacin, aztreonam, and more strikingly, amikacin resistance (p < 0.05). PCR (using P. aeruginosa-specific primers VIC1 + VIC2 and P1 + P2, respectively) was highly specific and sensitive, and was positive for all 56 P. aeruginosa isolates tested. Automated ribotyping was used to investigate the clonal diversity of the 56 P. aeruginosa isolates. Automated ribotyping indicated that the clinical isolates were clonally related and could be clustered into 4 major ribogroups based on their similarity index, with ribogroup II being the dominant one. The P. aeruginosa isolates in ribogroup II were correlated with their antibiotic resistance pattern and, interestingly, there seemed to be a gradual acquisition of multiple antibiotic resistance associated with the isolates within this group over time. The ribotyping data, together with the antibiotic resistance profile, provide valuable molecular epidemiology information for the control of hospital-acquired P. aeruginosa infections.     

Determining of antibiotic resistance profile in Staphylococcus aureus isolates

ObjectiveTo determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates from clinical specimens and to identify community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in specimens that have been collected from patients referring to one of the hospitals of Ahvaz.MethodsS. aureus isolates from a hospital in Ahvaz were screened for resistance to various antibiotics including methicillin. The susceptibility of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The MRSA was also treated with ethidium bromide to find the origin of resistance.ResultsAmong the bacterial isolates, all of 11 S. aureus were resistant to methicillin and cefixime, 2 were resistant to ciprofloxacine, 6 were resistant to tetracycline and the reminder were sensitive or intermediate to other antibiotics. The treated isolates were reminded resistant to methicillin and this suggested that the plasmid was not the origin of resistance in these isolates.ConclusionsThese results showed that infection due to MRSA is widespread in Ahvaz and with respect to the spread of vancomycin resistance among MRSA and appearance of overwhelming infections. It is necessary to identify continuously the profile of antibiotic resistance among S. aureus isolates in other regions and finding appropriate antibiotic for infection control and eradication.     

In vitro activities of three carbapenems against recent bacterial isolates from severely ill patients at Swedish hospitals

To study the in vitro activity of imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem against common pathogens isolated from patients in intensive care, haematology and dialysis/nephrology units at 7 Swedish university hospitals, a total of 788 isolates were collected during 2002-2003. The distribution of the isolates was as follows: Escherichia coli (n = 140), Klebsiella spp. (n = 132), Proteus spp. (n = 97), Enterobacter spp. (n = 113), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 126), Acinetobacter spp. (n = 53) and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 127). The susceptibility to the 3 carbapenems was determined by E-test, and the MICs were interpreted according to SRGA criteria. All 3 carbapenems were highly active against Enterobacteriaceae. The overall susceptibility to imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem was 90%, 98% and 93%, respectively. Against Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter spp. excluded, ertapenem had an equal or lower MIC(90) than meropenem. Apart from being the most active carbapenem against Enterobacteriaceae, meropenem was also the most active carbapenem against P. aeruginosa, whereas imipenem was the most active drug against Acinetobacter spp. The carbapenems are still potent antibiotics. With the introduction of ertapenem, and an expected increase in the carbapenem consumption due to an increased prevalence of strains with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, continuous surveillance of carbapenem resistance appears to be warranted, with special attention to P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter and Proteus spp.