老年非瓣膜性房颤病人血浆BNP水平及其对左房附壁血栓的预测价值研究

目的分析老年非瓣膜性房颤(NVAF)病人血浆B型脑利钠肽(BNP)水平与左房附壁血栓形成的相关性及其预测价值。方法选取在沈阳医学院附属第二医院心内科和老年病科住院的老年非瓣膜性房颤病人204例,男144例,女60例,年龄65～83(72.76±11.13)岁。根据经食管超声心动图(TEE)检测有无左心房附壁血栓分为血栓阳性组与血栓阴性组。比较两组病人血浆BNP、C反应蛋白(CRP)、D-二聚体、左房内径(LAD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等。通过多因素Logistics回归分析老年非瓣膜性房颤病人左房附壁血栓形成的危险因子,并绘制ROC曲线研究各指标对左房血栓形成的预测价值。结果两组病人中,充血性心力衰竭病人比例、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、血浆BNP、D-二聚体水平和LAD左房血栓阳性组均显著大于血栓阴性组(P0.05),LVEF左房血栓阳性组小于血栓阴性组(P0.05)。多因素Logistics逐步回归分析显示,血浆BNP(OR=1.16,95%CI 1.05～4.24,P0.05)和CHA2DS2-VASc评分(OR=2.19,95%CI 1.55～6.45,P0.01)是左房附壁血栓形成的危险因素。ROC曲线显示,血浆BNP ROC曲线下面积为0.801(95%CI 0.731～0.871,P0.01),最佳临界值为307.5pg/mL。结论血浆BNP水平是老年非瓣膜性房颤病人左房附壁血栓形成的风险因素,并且BNP可以作为老年非瓣膜性房颤病人发生左房附壁血栓预测指标。     

房颤患者的抗凝治疗

1　房颤的流行病学特征及与脑卒中的关系心房颤动 (房颤 )是最常见的心律失常之一 ,它几乎见于所有的器质性心脏病 ,在非器质性心脏病也可发生。房颤不但发生率高 ,持续时间长 ,也可引起并发症 ,如心力衰竭和动脉栓塞。房颤发生率随年龄的增长而增加 ,约在 4 0岁房颤的发生率开始增加 ,6 1岁以上增加更明显[1] 。非瓣膜性房颤患者脑卒中的原因除左房血栓外 ,还包括动脉硬化、高血压、颅内出血和其它病因引起的心源性栓塞 (如主动脉碎屑、左室血栓等 )。非瓣膜性房颤的存在增加脑卒中的危险 5～ 6倍 ,年发病率约为 4 5 % [2 ] ,并且随年龄的…     

华法令对非瓣膜性心房颤动发生血栓栓塞的影响

心房颤动 (房颤 )是心律失常的常见病 ,是缺血性脑卒中的一个重要的独立危险因素。房颤的发生与年龄增加有关 ,随着年龄增高 ,房颤患者引起缺血性脑卒中也随之增加 ,抗凝药物治疗可以预防。国内应用华法令预防房颤血栓的临床报道少见 ,本文作了这方面探讨 ,现报告如下。1　对象与方法1 .1 　 对象选择非瓣膜性房颤患者 30例 ,其中男 2 2例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 5 0～ 74(平均 64)岁 ,房颤病史 2～ 6年 ,其中孤立性房颤 1 5例 ,并发高血压性心脏病 8例 ,并发冠心病 7例 ,所有患者经体检、超声心动图证实无心脏瓣膜病 ,高血压患者血压控制在 <1 40 /…     

急性缺血性脑卒中取栓术后发生颅内出血性转化的危险因素

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)取栓术后发生颅内出血性转化(HT)的危险因素。方法选取在本院接受机械取栓术治疗的AIS患者173例,通过查阅病历和问卷调查采集患者年龄、性别、既往病史(高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和冠心病病史、用药史及美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)等基本信息。在术后即刻及连续2天头颅CT平扫评估是否发生取栓术后颅内HT以及脑梗死,采用Logistic回归模型揭示颅内HT的危险因素。结果术后发生HT30例(17. 34%)。HT组患者糖尿病、脑卒中/TIA、冠心病患病率及入院NIHSS评分均高于无颅内HT组(均P 0. 05)。颅内HT组患者高血压患病率低于无颅内HT组(χ2=5. 82,P 0. 05)。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病(OR=2. 27,95%CI=1. 86～3. 11,P 0. 01)、脑卒中/TIA(OR=2. 54,95%CI=2. 01～3. 46,P 0. 01)、冠心病(OR=1. 87,95%CI=1. 23～3. 57,P 0. 01)和NIHSS评分(OR=1. 18,95%CI=1. 05～1. 47,P 0. 01)是AIS患者颅内HT的独立危险因素。高血压(OR=0. 51,95%CI=0. 28～0. 83,P 0. 01)是AIS患者颅内HT的保护因素。结论糖尿病、脑卒中/TIA和冠心病以及高入院NIHSS评分可增加AIS患者取栓术后发生颅内HT的危险。血压控制的高血压患者可降低AIS患者取栓术后发生颅内HT的危险。     

阵发性心房颤动进展为永久性心房颤动的临床观察

通过对阵发性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )患者的长期观察 ,分析阵发性房颤进展为永久性房颤的影响因素。 35 8例阵发性房颤患者 ,男 178例、女 180例 ,年龄 6 6 .86± 12 .2 7岁。当患者经心电图和动态心电图均未再记录到窦性心律 ,时间持续 6个月以上时判定转归为永久性房颤。结果 :随访 4 .9± 2 .7年 ,共有 6 4例阵发性房颤进展为永久性房颤 (17.9% ) ,永久性房颤组与阵发性房颤组比较 ,瓣膜性心脏病 (2 9.3%vs 16 .4 % ,P =0 .0 4 3)和心力衰竭明显增多 (P =0 .0 0 1) ,孤立性房颤较少。在合并用药中 ,永久性房颤组应用地高辛明显多于阵发性房颤组(P <0 .0 0 1)。超声心动图结果显示永久性房颤组左房内径≥ 4 0mm明显多于阵发性房颤组 (P =0 .0 2 4 )。多因素回归分析 :左房扩大 (OR 2 .0 73,95 %CI 1.80 1～ 3.4 94 ,P =0 .0 4 7)和服用地高辛 (OR 4 .15 3,95 %CI 2 .0 13～ 8.5 71,P =0 .0 0 1)为阵发性房颤进展为永久性房颤的独立危险因素。结论 :左房扩大和应用地高辛可能是预测阵发性房颤进展的危险因素。     

经食管超声左心耳参数与心房颤动患者左心耳血栓和/或自发显影的关系

目的探讨经食管超声左心耳(LAA)参数与心房颤动(简称房颤)患者LAA血栓和/或自发显影(SEC)是否存在相关性。方法选取在本院心血管内科收治并接受经食管超声心动图(TEE)检查发现LAA血栓和/或SEC的房颤患者34例为SEC组;同时,同期以1∶2的比例随机选取接受TEE检查但并未发现LAA血栓和/或SEC的房颤患者68例为非SEC组。收集患者既往病史资料,并测定其左房前后径(LAD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)和左心耳开口宽度(LAAW)、左心耳长度(LAAL)、左心耳血流排空速度(LFEV)、左心耳血流充盈速度(LFFV)、左心耳射血分数(LAAEF)等指标。多因素Logistic回归分析房颤患者LAA血栓和/或SEC的独立危险因素。结果两组之间年龄、房颤类型(持续性房颤比例)、脑卒中/短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)病史、CHA_2DS_2-VASc评分、LAD、LAAW、LAAL、LVEF、LFEV、LFFV、LAAEF差异有统计学意义。调整其他危险因素,通过多因素Logistic回归分析发现,既往脑卒中/TIA(OR 22.894;95%CI 1.883~278.418;P=0.014),更大的LAAW(OR 1.205;95%CI 1.008~1.441;P=0.040)、LAAL(OR 1.203;95%CI 1.039~1.394;P=0.014)及更低的LAAEF(OR 0.964;95%CI 0.929~0.999;P=0.047)是房颤患者LAA血栓和/或SEC的独立危险因素。结论房颤患者LAA结构增大及较低的LAAEF提示LAA血栓和/或SEC的可能性增大。     

北京地区非瓣膜病心房颤动患者缺血性脑卒中发生率及影响因素的随访研究

目的　调查分析北京地区心房颤动 (房颤 )患者缺血性脑卒中的发生率及其影响因素。方法　对单一中心的 5 2 0例非瓣膜病房颤患者进行随访调查 ,男 346例 ,女 174例 ,入选年龄 4 0～ 10 2(71 2± 12 2 )岁 ,平均随访 (6 75± 4 0 3)年 ,累计随访 32 2 7人年。结果　该组房颤患者脑卒中的年发生率平均为 5 3%。房颤患者各年龄段的脑卒中发生率 :<6 0岁为 1 2 % (95 %可信区间 0 6 7%～1 73% ,合并危险因素者 1 6 % ,不合并危险因素者 1 0 % ) ;6 0～ 70岁为 4 0 % (95 %可信区间 3 38%～4 6 2 % ,合并危险因素者 5 1% ,不合并危险因素者 3 1% ) ;71～ 80岁为 6 7% (95 %可信区间5 96 %～ 7 4 4 % ,合并危险因素者 8 8% ,不合并危险因素者 4 0 % ) ;>80岁为 7 8% (95 %可信区间6 75 %～ 8 85 % ,合并危险因素者 7 7% ,不合并危险因素者 7 9% )。房颤患者脑卒中的发生率与高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中史等危险因素呈正相关 (P值均小于 0 0 5 )。结论　北京地区非瓣膜病房颤患者非抗凝状态下年缺血性脑卒中发生率为 5 3% ;高龄及合并高血压、糖尿病或缺血性脑卒中史为其发生缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者并发脑卒中危险因素分析

目的探讨非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者缺血性脑卒中的发生率及其危险因素。方法连续收集2013年1月至2014年12月在浙江普陀医院住院的非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者共426例。回顾NVAF患者脑卒中发生情况及临床资料(一般资料、心房颤动类型、基础疾病、辅助检查以及抗凝抗栓用药情况),比较NVAF并发脑卒中患者和NVAF无脑卒中患者的临床特点,筛选NVAF患者发生缺血性脑卒中的有关危险因素。结果 1NVAF患者缺血性脑卒中的发生率为16.43%(70/426),脑卒中发生率随年龄增加而上升;2单因素分析显示:NVAF患者缺血性脑卒中的危险因素为年龄≥75岁、持续性/永久性心房颤动、高血压、冠心病、CHADS2评分≥4分、左房直径≥40mm和未行华法林抗凝治疗;多因素Logistic回归分析显示NVAF患者发生脑卒中的独立危险因素是年龄≥75岁(OR=2.68,95%CI 1.22~4.37)、高血压(OR=1.77,95%CI 1.43~1.88)及持续性/永久性心房颤动(OR=2.16,95%CI 1.82~2.48)。结论年龄≥75岁、高血压及持续性/永久性心房颤动是NVAF患者发生脑脑卒中的高危因素。     

信阳农村高血压人群外周动脉病发生率及影响因素

目的探讨高血压患者中外周动脉病的发生率和影响因素。方法在信阳农村7个社区对年龄40～75岁人口进行横断面调查,共筛查出高血压患者4716名,调查高血压人群中外周动脉病(踝臂指数≤0.9)的发生率及相关危险因素。结果在高血压患者中,外周动脉病的发生率为8.7%。与无外周动脉病者相比,外周动脉病患者年龄更大,传统心血管病危险因素更多,包括收缩压增高[(170.1±22.6)比(166.6±22.7)mm Hg,P<0.01)]、脉压增大,血糖增高[(5.8±2.2)比(5.6±1.7)mmol/L,P<0.05],总胆固醇增高[(5.7±1.3)比(5.5±1.1)mmol/L,P<0.05],血尿酸增高。多元Logistic回归调整了年龄、性别及其他心血管病危险因素后,与外周动脉病相关的因素为:吸烟史(OR=1.65,95%CI1.18～2.29),脑卒中病史(OR=1.50,95%CI1.12～2.00),高尿酸血症(OR=1.54,95%CI1.10～2.15),总胆固醇(OR=1.12,95%CI1.02～1.23)、体质量指数(OR=0.95,95%CI0.93～0.98)。结论信阳农村高血压患者外周动...     

社区缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状及再发脑卒中相关危险因素的调查

目的了解北京市部分社区缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状及再发脑卒中的相关危险因素。方法选择北京市四个社区卫生服务中心,纳入既往确诊为缺血性脑卒中患者326例。收集患者性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、心房颤动(房颤)病史、脑卒中病史、以及抗栓治疗情况,以及患者身高、体重、血压、血糖、总胆固醇等指标。分析缺血性脑卒中患者危险因素的暴露和控制情况以及对再发脑卒中的影响。结果 326例患者中男性199例(61.0%),女性127例(39.0%)。高血压、糖尿病、房颤患病率分别为79.8%、20.6%、17.8%。吸烟率、饮酒率、总胆固醇异常率分别为30.2%、22.4%和21.5%。高血压患者血压控制率为15.4%,糖尿病患者血糖控制率为40.2%,阿司匹林服用率为74.2%。再发脑卒中,再发率为15.6%。在调整性别、年龄、超重肥胖、吸烟、抗栓治疗等因素后,血压控制不达标的高血压患者(OR=3.867,95%CI:1.288~11.609)、血糖控制不达标的糖尿病患者(OR=3.288,95%CI:1.458~7.415)、总胆固醇异常者(OR=2.659,95%CI:1.341~5.273)及心房颤动患者(OR=2.181,95%CI:1.063~4.477)再发脑卒中的危险明显增加(P均0.05)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者中高血压和糖尿病控制率较低,吸烟、饮酒和总胆固醇异常发生率较高,血压、血糖控制不达标以及总胆固醇异常和房颤病史与再发脑卒中显著相关。     

Reduced Peak Atrial Systolic Mitral Annular Velocity Predicts the Development of Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

We investigated whether the echocardiographic parameters of the left atrium (LA) can predict the development of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Among 14,062 patients ( > 20 years old) who underwent an echocardiographic examination were evaluated, 2,606 patients who underwent follow-up ECG with an interval of > 6 months were investigated. Newly developed AF was noted in 42 (1.6%) patients with follow-up duration of 31.8 ± 8.9 months. Cox regression analysis revealed that a higher left atrial volume index (hazard ratio [HR ]= 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.09, P < 0.001), relative wall thickness (RWT) of ≥ 0.407 (HR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.39–5.41, P = 0.004), a reduced peak atrial systolic mitral annular velocity (HR = 0.845, 95% CI 0.72–0.99, P = 0.037), and an advanced age (HR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.07, P = 0.009) were independently related to the development of nonvalvular AF. Therefore, reduced A ' , which is parameter of LA contractile function, might be an important predictor for the development of nonvalvular AF.     

Anticoagulant use for atrial fibrillation in the elderly

OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of advanced age on anticoagulant use in subjects with atrial fibrillation and to explore the extent to which risk factors for stroke and contraindications to anticoagulant therapy predict subsequent use. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2,217 subjects with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. MEASUREMENTS: Administrative databases were use to identify subject's age, anticoagulant use, and the presence of a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or gastrointestinal or cerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS: Unadjusted analysis showed no difference in warfarin use between those aged 75 and older and younger subjects regardless of the presence (33.9% vs 35.7%, P=.37) or absence (33.4% vs 34.7%, P=.58) of contraindications to anticoagulant therapy. Multivariate modeling demonstrated a 14% reduction (95% confidence interval (CI)=4-22%) in anticoagulant use with each advancing decade of life. Intracranial hemorrhage was a significant deterrent (odds ratio (OR)=0.27 95% CI=0.06-0.85). History of hypertension (OR=2.90, 95% CI=2.15-3.89), congestive heart failure (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.41-2.04), and cerebrovascular accident (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.25-1.89) were significant independent predictors for anticoagulant use. CONCLUSION: Despite consensus guidelines to treat all atrial fibrillation patients aged 75 and older with anticoagulants, advancing age was found to be a deterrent to warfarin use. Better estimates of the risk:benefit ratio for oral anticoagulant therapy in older patients with atrial fibrillation are needed to optimize decision-making.     

Atrial fibrillation and stroke: clinical presentation of cardioembolic versus atherothrombotic infarction

The aim of the study was to compare demographic characteristics, anamnestic findings, cerebrovascular risk factors, and clinical and neuroimaging data of cardioembolic stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation and of atherothrombotic stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation. Predictors of early diagnosis of cardioembolic vs. atherothrombotic stroke infarction in atrial fibrillation patients were also determined. Data of cardioembolic stroke patients with (n=266) and without (n=81) atrial fibrillation and of atherothrombotic stroke patients with (n=75) and without (n=377) were obtained from 2000 consecutive patients included in the prospective Sagrat Cor-Alianza Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry. Risk factors, clinical characteristics and neuroimaging features in these subgroups were compared. The independent predictive value of each variable on early diagnosis of stroke subtype was assessed with a logistic regression analysis. In-hospital mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation was significantly higher than in non-atrial fibrillation patients both in cardioembolic (32.6% vs. 14.8%, P<0. 005) and atherothrombotic stroke (29.3% vs. 18.8%, P<0.04). Valvular heart disease (odds ratio (OR) 4.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.19-17.68) and sudden onset (OR 1.8; 95% CI 0.97-3.63) were predictors of cardioembolic stroke, and subacute onset (OR 8; 95% CI 1.29-49.42), COPD (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.91-14.21), hypertension (OR 3. 63; 95% CI 1.92-6.85), hypercholesterolemia (OR 2.67; 95% CI 1.13-6. 28), transient ischaemic attack (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.05-5.90), ischaemic heart disease (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.15-4.60) and diabetes (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.14-4.47) of atherothrombotic stroke. In conclusion, some clinical features at stroke onset may help clinicians to differentiate cerebral infarction subtypes in patients with atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is associated with a higher in-hospital mortality both in cardioembolic and atherothrombotic stroke patients.     

Factor V Leiden and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study

Background: Atrial fibrillation is a major cause of cardioembolic stroke. Since atrial and venous pressures are similar, genetic variants that promote venous thromboembolism may increase the risk of atrial thrombi and subsequent stroke in atrial fibrillation. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of the association between the presence of factor V Leiden polymorphism and incident ischemic stroke within a prospective cohort of 13,559 adult patients with diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation between July 1, 1996 and December 31, 1997. Incident cases with ischemic strokes were identified through August 31, 1999 and matching stroke-free controls were enrolled. Results: One hundred thirty-seven case patients with incident stroke and 214 controls were enrolled. Cases were older, more likely to be women, and more likely to have a prior stroke, heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary disease. The factor V Leiden polymorphism was present in 5.8% of cases and 3.7% of controls (P = 0.36). Among non-anticoagulated patients, 7/96 (7.3%) case patients and 3/81 (3.6%) control subjects were heterozygous for factor V Leiden (Odds Ratio 2.1 [95% CI: 0.5–8.4]). Adjustment for known stroke risk factors did not significantly change the observed association in non-anticoagulated patients (adjusted OR 1.9 [0.5–8.0]). Conclusions: Within a large nested case-control sample of patients with atrial fibrillation, factor V Leiden was not significantly associated with risk of stroke. However, given the suggestive nature of our findings, further study in even larger numbers of patients is needed to clarify the impact of factor V Leiden on stroke risk in atrial fibrillation.     

心房颤动患者复发性缺血性卒中的危险因素

目的 探讨心房颤动患者复发性缺血性卒中的危险因素.方法 回顾性纳入合并心房颤动的缺血性卒中患者,收集其人口统计学和临床资料,对首发卒中组与复发性卒中组的卒中相关危险因素进行比较,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定心房颤动患者复发性缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.结果 共纳入504例合并心房颤动的缺血性卒中患者,其中男性245例(48.6%),女性259例(51.4%),平均年龄(76.67±8.26)岁;首发卒中组314例(62.3%),复发性卒中组190例(37.7%).复发卒中组高血压(78.9%对69.4%;χ2=5.446,P=0.020)、糖尿病(38.9%对26.8%;χ2=8.181,P=0.004)和年龄>75岁(68.9%对60.2%;χ2=3.915,P=0.048)的患者比例以及基线收缩压[(153.30±26.02)mmHg对(148.13±26.40)mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa;t=-2.141,P=0.033]均显著高于首发卒中组.多变量logistic回归分析表明,高血压[优势比(odds ratio, OR)1.734,95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)1.121~2.682;P=0.013]、糖尿病(OR 1.757,95% CI 1.188~2.597;P=0.005)、年龄>75岁(OR 1.680,95% CI 1.132~2.494;P=0.010)是心房颤动患者复发性缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.结论 高血压、糖尿病和年龄>75岁是心房颤动患者复发缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.     

铜川市老年非瓣膜病心房颤动患者脑栓塞的危险因素

目的:调查铜川市老年非瓣膜病心房颤动(nonvalvular atrial fibrillation,NVAF)患者脑栓塞(cerebral embolism,CE)的危险因素。方法: 铜川地区非瓣膜病心房纤颤发生脑卒中确诊病例309例,进行1∶1配对进行病例对照研究,获得环境暴露等资料,采用EPI-info（6.04）和SPSS（15.0）统计软件进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,计算各因素的调整比值比（OR）和95%可信限（CI）。结果: 单因素分析发现,老年NVAF患者并发高血压病、糖尿病、心力衰竭、短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）、肥胖、吸烟、酗酒、高同型半胱氨酸血症等与CE成正相关,而抗凝治疗能降低患CE的危险。多因素分析结果显示,高血压病、糖尿病、TIA、高同型半胱氨酸血症是CE的独立危险因素。结论: 铜川市NVAF患者发生CE的独立危险因素是高血压病、糖尿病、TIA和高同型半胱氨酸血症,抗凝治疗是其保护因素。     

缺血性卒中患者的牛津郡社区卒中项目分型与危险因素的关系

目的探讨缺血性卒中患者牛津郡社区卒中项目（OCSP）的分型及各亚型与卒中危险因素的关系。方法前瞻性连续登记发病到入院〈2周的缺血性卒中患者932例。根据OCSP分型标准,将其分为完全前循环梗死（TACI）、部分前循环梗死（PACI）、腔隙性梗死（LACI）及后循环梗死（POCI）4组。记录患者的性别、年龄、民族以及高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟、饮酒史情况。分析不同危险因素对各卒中亚型发生风险的影响。结果@932例中,LACI组为463例（49．7％）、PACI组为326例（35．0％）、POCI组为78例（8．4％）、TACI组为65例（7．0％）。②年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、脑出血、吸烟史在各亚型组间的差异无统计学意义。POCI组中,男性比例最高（75．6％）;TACI组中,回族（21．5％）、缺血性卒中（36．9％）、心房颤动（20．0％）及短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者（21．5％）的比例最高（21．5％）;LACI组中,饮酒者比例最高（50．3％）。③糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、吸烟、饮酒、缺血性卒中、TIA、脑出血、心房颤动史对POCI发生的相对危险性差异均无统计学意义;糖尿病、高血压、高脂血症、吸烟史对各型卒中发生的相对危险性差异也均无统计学意义。饮酒史和TIA史增加了LACI的风险（OR=1．488,95％CI：1．148～1．928;OR=1．686,95％C1：1．155—2．462）;缺血性卒中史增加了PACI和TACI的风险（OR=1．466,95％CI：1．058～2．032;OR=2．472,95％CI：1．453—4．205）;脑出血史和心房颤动增加了TACI（OR=2．570,95％CI：1．036—6．379）;OR：4．266,95％CI：2．174—8．368）的风险。结论OCSP各亚型中,LACI亚型的发生率最高;不同的危险因素可能增加OCSP不同亚型的发生风险。     

The preoperative glomerular filtration rate predicts new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who undergo isolated septal myectomy

BackgroundFew studies have focused on new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who have undergone septal myectomy. Therefore, we investigated the incidence and prognosis effects of postoperative atrial fibrillation following septal myectomy in patients with hypertensive obstructive cardiomyopathy. Additionally, we investigated the relationship of estimated glomerular filtration rate and postoperative atrial fibrillation.MethodsData from 300 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who underwent isolated surgical septal myectomy were collected from January 2012 to March 2018.ResultsThe overall incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation during hospitalization was 22.67% (68 of 300 patients). Patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation were older (P<0.001), had lower preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.001), and a larger preoperative left atrial diameter (P=0.038) compared to patients without. The preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate predicted postoperative atrial fibrillation with sensitivity and specificity of 0.824 and 0.578 (P<0.001), respectively. Multivariate regression analyses showed that age [odds ratio (OR) =1.090, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.034–1.110], an New York Heart Association functional class ≥ III (OR =2.985, 95% CI: 1.349–6.604), hypertension (OR =2.212, 95% CI: 1.062–4.608), a history of syncope (OR =3.890, 95% CI: 1.741–8.692), and the preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR =0.981, 95% CI: 0.965–0.996) were independent risk factors associated in the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Survival analysis showed that the incidence of long-term cardiovascular events was higher in the patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation than that in the patients without the condition (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was a moderate predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation after septal myectomy. Postoperative atrial fibrillation affected the early recovery and the long-term prognoses of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy who underwent septal myectomy.     

Transesophageal Echocardiographic Correlates of Clinical Risk of Thromboembolism in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Objectives. This study explored the mechanisms linking clinical and precordial echocardiographic predictors to thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation (AF) by assessing transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) correlations.

Background. Clinical predictors of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular AF have been identified, but their mechanistic links remain unclear. TEE provides imaging of the left atrium, its appendage and the proximal thoracic aorta, potentially clarifying stroke mechanisms in patients with AF.

Methods. Cross-sectional analysis of TEE features correlated with low, moderate and high thromboembolic risk during aspirin therapy among 786 participants undergoing TEE on entry into the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III trial.

Results. TEE features independently associated with increased thromboembolic risk were appendage thrombi (relative risk [RR] 2.5, p = 0.04), dense spontaneous echo contrast (RR 3.7, p < 0.001), left atrial appendage peak flow velocities ≤20 cm/s (RR 1.7, p = 0.008) and complex aortic plaque (RR 2.1, p < 0.001). Patients with AF with a history of hypertension (conferring moderate risk) more frequently had atrial appendage thrombi (RR 2.6, p < 0.001) and reduced flow velocity (RR 1.8, p = 0.003) than low risk patients. Among low risk patients, those with intermittent AF had similar TEE features to those with constant AF.

Conclusions. TEE findings indicative of atrial stasis or thrombosis and of aortic atheroma were independently associated with high thromboembolic risk in patients with AF. The increased stroke risk associated with a history of hypertension in AF appears to be mediated primarily through left atrial stasis and thrombi. The presence of complex aortic plaque distinguished patients with AF at high risk from those at moderate risk of thromboembolism.     

Epidemiologic features of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

We performed unenhanced computed tomographic scans on 141 asymptomatic patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Thirty-six patients (26%) had hypodense areas consistent with cerebral infarction. The majority of these were small deep infarcts, seen in 29 patients (21%), but 13 patients (9%) had cortical or large deep infarctions. Twelve patients had more than one infarct on computed tomographic scan. Increasing age and increased left atrial diameter were the only clinical features associated with asymptomatic infarction. Patients older than 65 years with a left atrial diameter greater than 5.0 cm (n = 23) had a 52% prevalence of asymptomatic infarction. Patients younger than 65 years with a left atrial diameter less than 5.0 cm (n = 38) had an 11% prevalence of silent infarction. Patients with only one of these risk factors (n = 72) had a 24% prevalence of silent infarction. Infarction was more common in those with chronic (34%) as opposed to intermittent (22%) nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, but this difference was not significant. Hypertension, diabetes, duration of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction were not associated with asymptomatic infarction. A history of hypertension was present in only 35% of our patients with small-deep asymptomatic infarction, similar to the percentage in patients without stroke. Asymptomatic cerebral infarction is common in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The association with enlarged left atria and the lack of correlation with major cerebrovascular risk factors suggests a cardioembolic mechanism. Further study is needed to determine the functional and prognostic significance of these strokes.