AIDS合并结核病50例分析

目的提高对AIDS合并结核病的认识.方法对1995-2002年在本院就诊的50例AIDS合并结核病进行回顾性分析.结果①分型:原发性肺结核2例,血行播散性肺结核6例,继发性肺结核20例,结核性胸膜炎12例,其他肺外结核10例(其中淋巴结结核8例);②T细胞亚群:50例结核病发病时CD4 细胞计数为5～370/μl,平均CD4 为107±106/μl,其中22例原发性肺结核和继发性肺结核,平均CD4 155±127/μl.28例血行播散性肺结核、结核性胸膜炎和肺外结核平均CD4 为64±60/μl,与单纯的原发性肺结核和继发性肺结核相比,差异具有显著性(P=0.013);③治疗:22例同时接受联合抗病毒治疗和抗痨治疗,胸片完全吸收为3～9个月,时间为4.5±3.5个月.CD4 T淋巴细胞由基线水平上升到200/μl约需要4～26个月,时间为12.5±8.6个月.结论AIDS合并结核病以肺外结核和血行播散性肺结核多见,CD4 T淋巴细胞越低,结核病临床表现越不典型.联合抗病毒治疗和抗结核病治疗能显著改善患者的预后,但需多联合,长疗程.     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的 探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年ll例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径：输血感染者8例，其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例，其中继发性肺结核3例，原发性肺结核1例，血行播散性肺结核2例；合并肺外结核5例，其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例，胸腔积液1例；合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1：2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗：7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗，临床表现明显改善；3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡；1例未经任何治疗，6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样，血行播散性肺结核多，肺外结核多，多重感染多见，抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

艾滋病合并结核病的临床分析

目的　探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点。方法 对1998年至2002年11例艾滋病合并结核病进行临床分析。结果 (1)艾滋病感染途径:输血感染者8例,其他途径各1例。(2)合并肺结核病6例,其中继发性肺结核3例,原发性肺结核1例,血行播散性肺结核2例;合并肺外结核5例,其中结核性心包积液、结核性脑膜炎各2例,胸腔积液1例;合并多重感染者5例。(3)11例1:2000PPD试验均为阴性。(4)治疗:7例抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗,临床表现明显改善;3例仅抗结核治疗者中1例有效、2例死亡;1例未经任何治疗,6月死亡。结论 艾滋病合并结核病临床表现多样,血行播散性肺结核多,肺外结核多,多重感染多见,抗病毒与抗结核联合治疗有效。     

艾滋病并发血行播散性肺结核的临床及CT表现分析

目的分析艾滋病并发血行播散性肺结核的临床及CT表现特点。方法采用回顾性分析,选取2014年1月至2017年12月经本院确诊的83例艾滋病并发血行播散性肺结核患者为研究组,同期94例艾滋病病毒阴性血行播散性肺结核患者为对照组。分析其临床症状、实验室检查及CT表现特点。结果研究组痰菌阳性、结核菌素试验阳性、发热、咳嗽、乏力、盗汗的发生率低于对照组(P均0.05);CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/μL、纳差、体重下降、合并其他感染的发生率高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组粟粒结节的大小、密度及分布表现为均匀一致者低于对照组(P均0.05);斑片影、磨玻璃影、小叶间隔增厚、胸腔积液、心包积液、淋巴结肿大及肺外结核的发生率高于对照组(P均0.05)。结论艾滋病并发血行播散性肺结核临床表现不典型,粟粒结节多呈"三不均匀"分布,常伴纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸腔积液。     

艾滋病合并淋巴结结核病10例临床分析

目的 探讨艾滋病患者合并淋巴结结核病的临床治疗方法。方法 将10例艾滋病合并淋巴结结核病患者分为抗痨治疗组(5例)和抗痨治疗 抗逆转录病毒治疗(HARRT)组(5例)，并比较治疗前后CD4^ 细胞数的变化。结果抗痨治疗 HAART组CD4^ 细胞数明显上升，与抗痨治疗组比较，差异有显著性(P＜0．05)。结论 (1)CD4^ 细胞下降可能是艾滋病并发淋巴结结核病的主要原因；(2)艾滋病合并淋巴结结核病的患者合并症多，临床表现复杂多样，联合高效抗逆转录病毒治疗能缩短病程；(3)结核菌素试验对诊断无帮助。     

艾滋病合并结核病50例分析

目的：提高对艾滋病合并结核病的认识，方法：对1995～2002年在本院就诊的50例艾滋病合并结核病进行回顾性分析，结果：(1)分型：原发性肺结核2例，血行播散性肺结核6例，继发性肺结核20例，结核性胸膜炎12例，其它肺外结核10例(其中淋巴结结核8例)。(2)T细胞亚群：     

23例艾滋病合并结核病患者的临床特点

目的探讨艾滋病合并结核病的临床特点、治疗及预后.方法对1997年～2004年7月间我院收治的23例艾滋病合并结核病的患者进行临床分析.结果 23例患者多为青壮年(94.3%),半年内病死11例(47.8%).人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染途径以性乱史(15例,占65.2%)为主.持续1个月以上的临床表现有发热、体重下降5～15 kg 者23例(100%),咳嗽15例(65.2%).多并发多种机会性感染.23例患者中以单纯肺结核14例(60.9%)及淋巴结结核8例(34.8%)为主;12例浸润型肺结核患者X线表现为病灶多位于双肺,多为较均匀一致的片絮状阴影,无一例出现空洞.蛋白纯化衍生物(PPD)试验弱阳性2例(8.7%),痰涂片、痰培养查抗酸杆菌仅1例阳性(4.4%).23例患者治疗前CD+4明显低于其他未合并结核病的艾滋病患者(P<0.05);而23例中,病死患者治疗前CD+4也较存活患者明显降低(P<0.05).23例患者的HIV RNA定量值明显高于未合并结核病的艾滋病患者(P<0.05).23例患者中,同时采用抗结核及抗HIV病毒药物治疗的患者,病死率较两种药物均未采用或单用抗结核药物治疗的患者明显降低(P<0.05).结论艾滋病合并结核病患者PPD试验阳性率低,肺结核X线表现不典型,淋巴结结核较多见,病死率高;治疗前CD+4明显降低,且与病死率相关;结核分枝杆菌感染可促进HIV病毒的复制;临床应尽可能同时进行抗结核与抗HIV病毒治疗.     

艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的临床特点及诊断方法

目的　探讨艾滋病合并卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)的临床特点和诊断方法。方法　对1 999～ 2 0 0 1年经痰聚合酶链反应 (PCR)确诊的 1 2例艾滋病合并PCP进行分析。结果　 (1 )合并结核病 4例 ,细菌性肺炎 1例。 (2 )痰PCR阳性 1 2例 ,其中血PCR阳性 9例 ,姬姆萨染色阳性 6例 ,六胺银染色阳性 5例。 (3) 1 2例CD+ 4(5～ 1 55)× 1 0 6 /L ,平均CD+ 4(51± 48)× 1 0 6 /L ;其中CD+ 4<(1 0 0× 1 0 6 ) /L1 0例 (83 % ) ,CD+ 4<(50× 1 0 6 ) /L 9例 (75 % ) ;CD+ 4/CD+ 8:0 .0 1～ 0 .2 9。结论　 (1 )PCP是艾滋病晚期常见的合并症 ,常常合并其它机会性感染如结核等。 (2 )痰PCR阳性 +典型的临床表现可以确诊PCP。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染/艾滋病合并分枝杆菌肺病133例临床分析

目的 探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染/艾滋病(AIDS)合并分枝杆菌病的临床特点、诊断和治疗方法.方法 对2006年10月～2007年9月住院的HIV,/AIDS合并分枝杆菌病患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 人类免疫缺陷病毒感染/艾滋病合并分枝杆菌肺病以发热和咳嗽为主要表现,结核病约占2/3,非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)病约占1/3,其中肺结核78例,淋巴结结核26例,同时伴有两个部位以上结核者30例.CD 4T淋巴细胞平均值为55×106/L,胸片异常93例,痰抗酸杆菌涂片阳性17例,培养阳性57例,经治疗后总死亡率为9.8%.结论 HIV/.AIDS合并分枝杆菌感染率高,诊断困难.患者免疫功能差,合并症多,经过抗结核、抗病毒等治疗后大部分患者有明显好转.     

27例血行播散型结核病临床分析

目的 通过对27例血行播散型结核病临床资料的分析,提高对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1961～2000年我院收治的尸检证实的27例血行播散型结核病的临床资料。结果 本组患者临床表现多不典型,呼吸道症状隐匿,以发热为主要表现,部分患者可有肝、脾肿大,皮疹,血三系减低。胸部影像学以浸润性改变为主,空洞少见,粟粒性结节影出现较晚。结核菌素试验多阴性。病原学检测阳性率低。尸检证实,急性血行播散型结核病22例(包括无反应性结核3例),慢性血行播散型结核病5例。均合并活动性肺结核,肺外病变主要累及肝、脾、肾、淋巴结等部位。生前误诊12例,误诊率为44．4％。12例中有11例(92％)因伴发或疑为结缔组织病、血液系统疾病或肿瘤而误诊。27例患者中17例(63％)长期应用激素或反复化疗导致结核病播散。结论 临床医师应加强对结核病的警惕性,特别是有结核病史、免疫缺陷(包括长期使用激素或化疗)病史或合并营养不良的患者。出现长期发热和(或)有多系统损害、原发病经正规治疗无缓解时,应警惕耐多药结核的可能。应严格掌握糖皮质激素使用的适应证,未确诊前不能盲目应用糖皮质激素,以免诱发结核复发或血行播散。     

Natural history of advanced HIV disease in patients treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the natural history of advanced HIV disease in patients treated with zidovudine. DESIGN: Longitudinal, observational study. SETTING: Twelve academic and community-based sites. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred and sixty-three patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) with a CD4+ lymphocyte count less than 250 x 10(6)/l, who first received zidovudine between 15 April 1987 and 14 April 1988. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Survival, progression to AIDS and first development of specific opportunistic illness. RESULTS: Median survival after initiation of zidovudine therapy ranged from greater than 900 days in patients with a baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count greater than or equal to 150 x 10(6)/l to 560 days in patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count less than 50 x 10(6)/1. Other factors associated significantly with poorer survival were diagnosis of AIDS (versus ARC), baseline age greater than or equal to 40 years, hematocrit less than 35%, and diminished functional status. In patients with ARC at enrollment, median time of progression to AIDS ranged from 810 days in patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count greater than or equal to 150 x 10(6)/l to 310 days in patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count less than 50 x 10(6)/l. Rates of development of specific opportunistic infections or neoplasms and HIV encephalopathy were determined for different baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count ranges. Myelosuppression was significantly more common in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts greater than or equal to 100 x 10(6)/l. Sixty-five per cent of patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count greater than or equal to 100 x 10(6)/l and 51% with a CD4+ lymphocyte count less than 100 x 10(6)/l continued to receive zidovudine 2 years after starting therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We describe the natural history of a cohort of patients treated with zidovudine for advanced HIV disease. These CD4+ lymphocyte count-stratified estimates of disease progression should provide prognostic information useful in the clinical management of advanced disease and the design of future studies.     

AIDS-defining illnesses: a comparison between before and after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Attempts to address the significant impact of HAART on medical variables on the Malaysian HIV/AIDS population have yet to be evaluated. This study aims to analyze the proportions of AIDS-defining illnesses (ADIs) before and after HAART. A retrospective study was carried out on 128 new cases of HIV infected patients who first commenced HAART in 2004 at the national HIV reference center. Before commencement of HAART, 76 clinical episodes of ADIs were recorded in 52 patients. Most common being pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (28.9%), PCP (27.6%) and disseminated and extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (11.8%). During HAART, 8 clinical episodes of ADIs were documented in 7 patients with a median time of onset of 10 weeks after initiation of HAART (range, 4-36 weeks). The median CD4 count at the time of the commencement of HAART for these patients was 11 cells/mm(3). ADIs reported include PCP (2 episodes), disseminated and extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2 episodes), extrapulmonary cryptococcosis (1 episode), esophageal candidiasis (1 episode), recurrent pneumonia (1 episode) and disseminated or extrapulmonary histoplasmosis (1 episode). Three (37.5%) of these occurred despite a reduction of viral load by at least 2 log(10) and an increased in the CD4 cell count. In conclusion, ADIs can still present after the initiation of successful HAART especially in those with CD4 counts below 100 cells/mm(3). In Malaysia, ADIs are the major causes of HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality, thus increased awareness on the management of these illnesses is warranted especially in the months following HAART.     

33例老年急性血行播散性肺结核临床分析

目的 探讨老年急性血行播散性肺结核临床特点。 方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院2007年1月至2013年3月间收治的33例老年急性血行播散性肺结核患者的临床资料。 结果 33例患者以发热及咳嗽、咯痰、倦怠乏力、纳差为主要临床表现;涂阳患者7例,痰结核分枝杆菌罗氏培养阳性患者4例;影像学检查表现为双肺大小、密度、分布“三均匀”的粟粒结节影32例;营养风险评估≥3分32例,30例合并低蛋白血症,29例患者全血总淋巴细胞计数≤1.2×10⁹/L;32例患者合并高危或慢性基础疾病,并发结核性脑膜炎8例,骨关节结核6例;有16例患者出现误诊;30例患者接受个体化抗结核治疗,25例患者病情好转。 结论 老年急性血行播散性肺结核患者多病情危重,合并症多,临床表现不典型,误诊率高,营养不良多见,但经积极个体化治疗后,大多数患者病情可以好转。     

艾滋病抗病毒治疗后机会感染的变化和分布状况

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)抗病毒治疗后机会感染疾病谱的变化及分布状况。方法采用回顾性分析的方法,对2006年9月-2008年12月期间,在郑州市第六人民医院接受门诊及住院治疗的128例HIV/AIDS病人,抗病毒治疗前后机会感染发生情况进行总结分析。结果 (1)128例HIV/AIDS病人中,高效抗反转录病毒疗法(HAART)治疗3-12月期间共发生100例次机会感染,主要为呼吸系统(46.09%)和消化系统(11.72%)感染,其中前4位机会感染是细菌性肺炎(29.69%)、肺结核(9.38%)、口腔念珠菌感染(7.81%)、带状疱疹(3.91%);与HAART治疗前相比,治疗后机会感染中细菌性肺炎、肺结核占绝大多数(86.46%),存在一定比例的口腔念珠菌感染和带状疱疹,AIDS晚期常见的机会感染如肺孢子菌肺炎、感染性腹泻及消耗综合征、中枢神经系统病变发病明显减少。(2)128例HIV/AIDS病人HAART治疗前机会感染发病率为80.47%,治疗后3-6月时下降至28.13%,治疗6-12月时为25.89%,3组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。HAART治疗后同时合并多种机会感染的病例减少。结论 HAART治疗后的机会感染发病率明显下降,机会感染疾病谱较治疗前有所不同,同时合并多种机会感染的几率减少。     

Laboratory diagnosis of HIV/AIDS patients complicated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Pneumocystis jirovecii was detected in sputum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from HIV/AIDS patients complicated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia by Giemsa staining. CD4+ T lymphocytes of 500 patients were counted by flow cytometer. P. jirovecii positive rate in sputum samples (46.8%, 845/1 806) significantly lower than that of BALF (55.8%, 10(6)/190) (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients developing clinical symptoms in P. jirovecii positive cases (96.6%, 816/845) was higher than that of P. jirovecii negative cases (64.0%, 615/961) (P < 0.05). P. jirovecii positive rate increased with the decrease of CD4+ T lymphocyte number. P. jirovecii positive rates in cases with CD4+ > 200 x 10(6)/L, CDC 200 x 10(6)/L-100 x 10(6)n/L, and CD4+ < 100x10(6)/12.0% (6/50), 39.0%( 39/100), 54.6% (191/350), respectively (P < 0.05). Giemsa staining is an efficient, simple and feasible method for P. jirovecii detection, relying on the experience and skill of the operator.     

152例艾滋病死亡病例的临床分析

目的总结分析新疆艾滋病(HIV/AIDS)病人死亡的主要原因。方法对新疆维吾尔自治区传染病医院2008年1月至2010年12月间,住院死亡的152例HIV/AIDS病人的病例资料进行回顾性总结,采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析。结果 152例HIV/AIDS病人中,男117例,女35例;平均死亡年龄37.17岁。吸毒感染者96例,性途径感染者49例,有偿献血感染者3例,不明原因感染者3例,母婴传播感染者1例。无业人员130例;中小学以下文化水平144例。122例查CD4细胞计数,其中CD4细胞>350个/μL 4例,≥200～350个/mL18例,<200个/μL 100例。抗病毒治疗(HAART)24例,最长服药时间为6个月。合并1种机会性感染者17例,合并2种机会性感染者54例,合并3种以上机会性感染者81例;主要合并结核病、肺炎、丙型肝炎(丙肝)、肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)等。96例吸毒感染者中,11例曾行美沙酮替代治疗,79例在吸。结论 152例病人以吸毒人员为主,青壮年居多,HAART治疗覆盖面低,主要死于结核病、重症肺炎、丙肝肝硬化等。远离毒品,遏制艾滋,减少相关感染性疾病的传播,应加大宣传及干预力度。     

艾滋病合并肠系膜淋巴结结核11例临床分析

目的 探讨艾滋病合并肠系膜淋巴结结核的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析深圳市第三人民医院1999年9月至2008年12月收治的158例艾滋病合并结核病患者,其中诊断为艾滋病合并肠系膜淋巴结结核11例(男7例,女4例);除1例8岁儿童外,其余10例年龄22～55岁.结果 艾滋病合并肠系膜淋巴结结核患者约占艾滋病合并结核病患者的7%,其中8例CD_4~+＜50×10~6/L,3例CD_4~+为(50～100)×10~6/L;临床表现以发热(11/11)、腹痛(11/11)、腹胀(11/11)、盗汗(7/11)、消瘦(10/11)、腹泻(7/11)、贫血(5/11)、腹部包块(3/11)和腹腔积液(1/11)为特点;腹部B型超声扫描示多个肠系膜淋巴结肿大,腹部CT增强扫描示典型环状强化;2例行肠系膜淋巴结组织活检,病理结果均可见结核结节、干酪样坏死物和朗汉斯巨细胞,抗酸染色均为抗酸杆菌阳性.11例均给予抗结核治疗6个月及抗病毒治疗5个月,病灶吸收和消失.结论 艾滋病合并肠系膜淋巴结结核的临床表现无特异性,CD_4~+＜50×10~6/L、腹部CT增强扫描出现典型环状强化为其特征性表现.     

Survival in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected tuberculosis patients in New York City. Implications for the expansion of the AIDS case definition.

BACKGROUND. The occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons is believed to represent a less severe stage of HIV-related disease with a more favorable prognosis than other acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining conditions; therefore, it has been excluded from the AIDS definition established by the Centers for Disease Control (Atlanta, Ga) criteria. METHODS. To determine the prognosis of patients with HIV-related tuberculosis, we assessed the clinical, immunologic, and HIV infection status of a cohort of male subjects aged 20 to 44 years who were hospitalized with tuberculosis but without AIDS in New York City hospitals from 1985 through 1986, and we determined their mortality through May 1991. RESULTS. The 58 patients who agreed to participate were largely (90%) nonwhite and had a high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (90%) and HIV infection (53%). Patients who were HIV seropositive had significantly lower CD4 cell counts (median, 0.136 x 10(9)/L; range, 0.013 x 10(9) to 2.314 x 10(9)/L vs median, 0.765 x 10(9)/L; range, 0.284 x 10(9) to 2.333 x 10(9)/L), and, during the follow-up period, an 83% mortality rate that was 7.5 times higher than the 11% rate in seronegative subjects. Survival analyses revealed that for all HIV-seropositive subjects the probability of death at 30 months was 72% and the median survival was 21 months (95% confidence interval, 15.5 to 26.5 months), while for HIV-seropositive subjects with CD4 cell counts of 0.2 x 10(9)/L or less, the probability of death at 30 months was 92% and the median survival was 15.75 months (95% confidence interval, 14.0 to 17.6 months). CONCLUSION. The prognosis for patients with HIV-related pulmonary tuberculosis is poor, and those with CD4 cell counts of 0.2 x 10(9)/L or less have survival patterns similar to that of patients with AIDS. We believe that these data support the expansion of the AIDS case definition to include persons with both pulmonary tuberculosis and severe HIV-related immunosuppression.