支气管舒张试验药物剂量与间隔时间的临床研究

目的 评价吸入沙丁胺醇的剂量及吸入后不同时间测定FEV1不同的阳性判断标准对支气管舒张试验结果的影响.方法 选择支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)患者30例,COPD患者29例,健康对照组30名,吸入200 μg或400μg沙丁胺醇,吸入后分别于15、20、30 min重复测定FEV1,计算舒张试验阳性率;次日吸入另一剂量的沙丁胺醇再进行支气管舒张试验.统计学处理用SPSS 10.0软件.不同剂量支气管舒张剂及不同时间后舒张试验阳性率比较采用卡方检验.结果 以FEV1改善率≥12%,且FEV1增加绝对值＞200 ml为舒张试验阳性标准,哮喘组吸入200 μg沙丁胺醇后15、20、30 min时的舒张试验阳性者均为28例(28/30,93.3%),哮喘组3个时点间比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.00,P＞0.05);吸入400 μg沙丁胺醇后15、20、30 min时的舒张试验阳性者分别为28例(28/30,93.3%)、29例(29/30,96.7%)、27例(27/30,90.0%),哮喘组3个时点间比较差异无统计学意义(x2=1.07,P＞0.05);比较吸入200 μg与400 μg沙丁胺醇后的舒张试验阳性者,在3个时点比较差异均无统计学意义(x2值均为0.00,P均＞0.05).COPD组和健康对照组舒张试验阳性率与吸入沙丁胺醇的剂量和观察时间亦无关系.吸入200 μg沙丁胺醇15 min后重复测定FEV1(以FEV1改善率≥12%,且FEV1增加绝对值＞200 ml为舒张试验阳性标准),诊断哮喘的灵敏度可达93.3%,特异性可达98.3%.结论 吸入200 μg沙丁胺醇15 min后重复测定FEV1,既可保证舒张试验的效能,又可减少药物用量及其不良反应,是一种理想的选择;以FEV1改善率≥12%,且FEV1增加绝对值＞200 ml为舒张试验阳性标准,诊断哮喘的效能优于其他舒张试验阳性标准.     

支气管哮喘患者支气管舒张试验指标与疗效关系的研究

目的:研究支气管哮喘患者支气管舒张试验指标与疗效的关系。方法:支气管哮喘患者经支气管舒张试验检查结果阳性者42例,通过对比支气管舒张试验指标与峰流速变异率及哮喘控制测试(ACT),探讨其与治疗效果的关系。结果:①肺功能舒张试验第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)改善率、舒张后FEV1值、PEF改善率与治疗前ACT相关(Р<0.05);FEV1改善绝对值、舒张前FEV1值、治疗前峰流速PEF改善率与治疗前ACT无相关性(Р>0.05)。②以治疗前后ACT改善值为判断指标,治疗前PEF改善率与其显著相关(Р<0.01);FEV1改善率、FEV1改善绝对值、舒张后FEV1值与其有相关性(Р<0.05);而舒张前FEV1值、治疗前峰流速PEF改善率与其无相关性(Р>0.05)。③以治疗后峰流速仪测定PEF变异率为判断标准,治疗前肺功能PEF改善率、峰流速仪PEF改善率、舒张试验FEV1改善绝对值与其显著相关(Р<0.01);舒张试验FEV1改善率与其有相关性(Р<0.05);而舒张试验中吸入沙丁胺醇前后FEV1值与其无相关性(Р>0.05)。④以治疗前后ACT改善值及治疗后峰流速仪测定PEF变异率同时作为判断标准,治疗前PEF改善率与其显著相关(Р<0.01);FEV1改善率、FEV1改善绝对值与其相关(Р<0.05)。结论:治疗前支气管舒张试验中PEF改善率、FEV1改善率、FEV1改善绝对值是可以对治疗效果有较好的判断。     

支气管哮喘患者支气管舒张试验指标与临床疗效的关系研究

目的探讨支气管哮喘患者支气管舒张试验指标与临床疗效的关系。方法选取2013年6月—2014年10月深圳市龙华新区人民医院收治的88例支气管哮喘患者。根据支气管舒张试验结果,将其分为对照组(阴性)和试验组(阳性)各44例。所有患者采用西医对症治疗,记录并分析两组患者治疗前后的支气管舒张试验指标和临床疗效。结果治疗前试验组患者第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)增加绝对值、FEV1增加率、呼吸峰流速(PEF)增加绝对值高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后试验组患者FEV1增加绝对值、FEV1增加率、PEF增加绝对值均低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后两组患者FEV1增加绝对值、FEV1增加率、PEF增加绝对值均低于治疗前(P0.05)。试验组患者临床疗效优于对照组(P0.05)。结论常规解痉治疗可以改善支气管哮喘患者的支气管舒张试验指标,且支气管舒张阳性患者的临床疗效优于阴性患者。     

不同程度的慢性阻塞性肺疾病对支气管舒张试验的反应性差异

目的 探讨不同严重程度的慢性阻塞性肺疾病( COPD)患者对支气管舒张试验的反应性差异.方法 入选Ⅰ～Ⅳ级COPD稳定期患者共411例,采用支气管舒张试验比较支气管舒张前后第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和深吸气量(IC)的改变值和改变率.结果 支气管舒张试验后,COPD患者的FEV1、FVC和IC均有增加,比试验前差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).随着COPD严重程度的增加,FEV1的改变值逐渐减少,而FVC和IC改变值却逐渐增加.结论 随着COPD的严重程度加重,吸入支气管舒张剂后,FVC和IC改变值越大,FVC和IC是重度COPD患者对支气管舒张剂反应性的指标.     

老年中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道可逆性比较

目的:探讨老年中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者气道阻塞的可逆性,并进行比较。方法:入选46例老年中度COPD稳定期患者和42例老年重度COPD稳定期患者,测定其吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇前后肺通气功能,观察各通气指标改善情况,计算改善率并进行比较。结果:中度COPD组和重度COPD组患者吸药后的肺功能均有一定改善,但重度COPD患者的呼气峰流速(PEF)、一秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流量(MEF25-75)等指标的改变率显著小于中度COPD组(P<0.05);重度COPD患者中有4.76%支气管舒张试验阳性,而中度COPD患者中36.96%支气管舒张试验阳性。结论:部分COPD患者气道阻塞具有一定可逆性,但老年重度COPD患者的气道可逆程度明显低于老年中度COPD患者。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病支气管舒张试验47例临床分析

目的探讨支气管舒张试验不同结果的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床特点。方法对2007年4月至2008年1月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院呼吸内科住院的47例COPD患者进行肺功能及支气管舒张试验的检查,并收集患者相关临床资料,对于不同的支气管舒张试验结果进行比较分析。结果舒张试验阳性组的COPD患者吸烟史明显少于阴性组(P<0.05),而血清IgE则明显高于阴性组(P<0.05)。阳性组用力肺活量(FVC)改善率、第一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)改善率、功能残气量(FRC)、75%肺活量时的最大呼气流量(MEF75%)改善率、50%肺活量时的最大呼气流量(MEF50%)改善率均高于阴性组(P<0.05),其中尤以FEV1改善率、MEF75%改善率、MEF50%改善率明显(P<0.01)。不同分级的COPD患者舒张试验的结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吸烟是影响COPD患者支气管舒张试验结果的一个因素。支气管舒张试验阳性的COPD患者具有更高的血清IgE水平,可能存在气道高反应性。舒张试验阳性的COPD患者气流受限的小气道的改善不明显,可能是以大中气道的改善为主。轻-中度的COPD患者更具有的气流受限的可逆性。     

50例咳嗽变异型哮喘肺功能临床分析

对比分析典型哮喘患者40例与正常组健康人40例和咳嗽变异型哮喘患者50例的第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量FEV1占FVC比值(FEV1/FVC)、最高呼气流速(PEF)、残气量(RV)及残气量/肺总量(RV/TLC)指标。结果 FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC及PEF等肺通气功能指标:正常组最高,咳嗽变异型哮喘次之,而典型哮喘最低,(P0.05),在激发试验前后咳嗽变异型哮喘患者肺功能存在明显可逆性改变。结论咳嗽变异型哮喘存在可逆性气流受限,确诊需要完善肺功能及支气管激发试验(BPT)或支气管舒张试验(BDT)试验。(当患者FEV1≥70%预计值时,可进一步作支气管激发试验;FEV170%预计值提示有气道阻塞时,宜作支气管舒张试验)~([1])     

脉冲振荡法在支气管舒张试验中的应用价值

为探讨脉冲振荡法在支气管舒张试验中的应用价值 ,采用脉冲振荡法测定了 2 1例哮喘发作期患者吸入支气管舒张剂前后呼吸阻抗的变化及改善率 ,同时测定肺通气功能变化及改善率 ,并对两种方法所测结果进行对比及相关性分析。结果显示 ,吸入沙丁胺醇后 5 Hz和 2 0 Hz振荡频率时粘性阻力 ( R5、R2 0 )、5 Hz振荡频率时电抗( X5)及共振频率 ( Fres)与用药前比较均明显改善 ( P<0 .0 1) ,其中以 Fres改善最明显 ;一秒钟用力呼气容积( FEV1 )、最大峰流速 ( PEF)、5 0 %和 2 5 %肺活量最大呼气流速 ( V50 、V2 5)均明显改善 ( P<0 .0 1) ;呼吸阻抗改善率显著高于肺通气功能改善率 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ;吸药后 FEV1 增加与 Fres、R5和 X5变化相关密切 ,相关系数分别为0 .69、0 .4 8和 - 0 .4 2。认为 ,脉冲振荡法用于支气管舒张试验是诊断、鉴别诊断支气管哮喘及观察药物疗效的有用工具 ,值得临床推广使用     

不同指标对老年严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者吸入支气管舒张剂疗效的评价

目的 对评价严重慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者吸入支气管舒张剂疗效的3种指标进行比较. 方法 吸人复方异丙托溴胺溶液前后对18例稳定期严重COPD患者行肺通气功能和肺容量测定,并采用呼气负压技术同步检测呼气流速受限(EFL). 结果 与安慰剂比较,吸入支气管舒张剂后COPD患者第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值(FEV1)百分比、用力肺活量占预计值(FVC)百分比、深吸气量占预计值(IC)百分比显著改善,残气量占预计值(RV)百分比和功能残气量占预计值(FRC)百分比显著降低,肺总量占预计值(TLC)百分比无显著改变;Borg呼吸困难评分显著降低;5分法EFL评分无显著改变,呼吸方式无显著改变.IC、FEV,和5分法EFL评分的平均改善率分别是(20.42±15.02)%、(10.98±7.28)%和(5.15±11.24).△IC与ABorg呈负相关(r=0.732,P<0.05),AFEVl与ABorg相关关系无统计学意义(r=0.343,P>0.05).应用受试者工作特征曲线方法分析3种不同指标诊断呼吸困难的价值,结果表明,IC、FEV1和5分法EFL评分的曲线下面积分别为0.868、0.681和0.557. 结论 与FEV1相比,IC评价严莺COPD患者支气管舒张剂疗效更为灵敏和准确,5分法EFL评分不宜作为评价严重COPD患者吸人支气管舒张剂疗效的指标.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者对短效支气管扩张剂的急性舒张反应

目的探讨中度至极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者对短效支气管扩张剂沙丁胺醇的急性舒张反应。方法收集2009年1月至2011年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院呼吸内科中、重度COPD稳定期患者156例,其中男性123例,女性33例,年龄50～76岁,平均年龄（58±6）岁。停用支气管扩张剂48h后,先测定基线肺通气功能,吸入沙丁胺醇400μg30min后再测定肺通气功能,比较吸入沙丁胺醇前及吸入30min后1S用力呼气容积（FEV3）的改善情况。结果与基线肺通气功能比较,全部156例中重度COPD患者FEV．平均增加150ml。FEV。％pred平均增加9．1％,其中36例（23．1％）吸入支气管舒张剂后FEV,较吸入前改善≥12％,同时增加200ml。支气管舒张试验阳性组吸入前FEV。％pred为36．3±7．9,阴性组吸入前FEV1％pred为42．6±10．2。支气管舒张试验阳性组FEV,改善程度明显好于阴性组,阳性组舒张前、后FEV．％pred之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。阴性组吸入支气管舒张剂前的平均基线FEV,％pred高于阳性组,两者差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论部分COPD患者对短效支气管扩张剂显示较好的舒张反应,支气管舒张试验可呈阳性。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.