甲型H1N1流感1例报告

1病例报告 患者,男,69岁,因发热15h于2009年5月22日入院。患者于当地时间2009年5月15日乘机从加拿大蒙特利尔离开,经多伦多转机,2009年5月16日下午16时到达北京。5月21日10时许自觉头痛不适,测体温37．9℃,无其他不适,白服板兰根2袋,12时自测体温37．5℃,遂到我院发热门诊就诊。     

危重甲型H1N1流感1例报道

甲型H1N1流感作为一种传染性强、危重病例可能致死的全新的呼吸道传染病,人类对其缺乏了解。总结此类患者临床特点具有十分紧迫的现实意义。为此,特将近期我科收住的一例重症甲型H1N1流感病例汇报如下。     

1例重症甲型H1N1流行性感冒救治体会

病例：患者,女,55岁,因“咳嗽、发热1周,加重伴气促3d”于2009年9月入院。患者入院前8d下午无明显诱因下出现干咳,次日开始发热,体温最高39．5℃,畏寒,咳黄脓痰。入院前4d出现痰中带血,后咳粉红色痰,至外院就诊,胸片检查提示双下肺肺炎（见图1）,住院治疗,予阿奇霉素、阿莫西林．克拉维酸钾抗细菌感染及对症治疗。     

甲型H1N1与季节性H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因比较分析

目的分析泰安市2008～2009年度季节性流感与2009年度甲型H1N1流感病原学检测结果 ,比较季节性H1N1与甲型H1N1血凝素基因变异情况。方法选择国家级流感监测哨点医院以及暴发疫情的疫点,采集流感样病例的鼻咽拭子标本,通过RealtimePCR进行病毒检测,用MDCK细胞进行病毒分离,通过RT-PCR扩增血凝素HA1片段的基因并测序,利用生物信息学进行序列分析。结果 2008～2009年共检测鼻咽拭子标本283份,分离出流感病毒33株,分离阳性率为11.67%,其中季节性H1N1亚型31株。2009年5月1日～12月31日,检测鼻咽拭子标本996份,流感核酸检测阳性417份,阳性率为41.86%,其中甲型H1N1337份,季节性H1N1亚型1份。6株季节性H1N1病毒均在多个氨基酸位点上发生变异,与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)比较,有11个位点发生了突变,其中5个位点位于抗原决定簇上;测序成功的6株甲型H1N1病毒在多个氨基酸位点发生变异,与疫苗株A/California/07/2009(H1N1)比较,有6个位点发生突变,其中1个位点位于抗原决定簇的B区。结论 2008～2009年度季节性H1N1为优势株,甲流暴发后,甲型H1N1成为绝对优势毒株。季节性H1N1分离株有多处氨基酸替换,抗原决定簇B区变异频繁;甲型H1N1病毒分离株的基因有变异,但关键位点第222位仍为D(天冬氨酸),与疫苗株相比抗原决定簇的关键位点变化不大。     

心房扑动1∶1传导酷似心室扑动1例

患者男,72岁。临床诊断:冠心病、原发性高血压。有心房扑动、颤动史10余年。彩色多普勒超声心动描记术示:左心室增大,左心室舒张功能下降。24h动态心电图监测示:心房扑动呈2∶1至9∶1传导,F波频率214次/min(附图上)。于晨间锻炼时出现一系列宽大畸形的正弦样曲线波(附图下),心室率214次/min,较规则,持续4min6s后自行恢复2∶1—3∶1传导的心房扑动。当时患者感心悸、头晕。动态心电图诊断:心房扑动伴二度房室传导阻滞,阵发性室性心动过速,短阵心室扑动?患者因     

α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症1例

患者,女,45岁,已婚,因反复乏力、纳差、尿黄伴胸闷、气促3年,再发2月于2011年9月1日入院.患者3年前无明显诱因出现乏力、纳差、尿黄伴胸闷、气促,在当地医院诊断为不明原因肝硬化、气胸、肺大泡,多次给予护肝、抗感染等综合治疗,病情仍不稳定.入院前2个月患者再度无明显诱因出现乏力、纳差、尿黄,伴腹胀、尿少.同时活动后稍感胸闷、气短,无咯血、胸痛.因症状持续无好转,遂再入院.闭经5年,家族史无特殊.体检:T:36.8℃,巩膜重度黄染,左肺外侧缘叩诊鼓音,呼吸音减弱,右肺呼吸音正常.腹膨隆,肝肋下未及,剑突下2 cm,质硬,缘锐,脾肋下2 cm,移动性浊音阳性,双下肢Ⅰ度凹陷性水肿.实验室检查:白细胞5.89×109/L,中性粒细胞比率0.72,淋巴细胞比率0.183,血小板60×109/L,红细胞3.10×1012/L,血红蛋白105 g/L.白蛋白30.0 g/L,球蛋白21.7 g/L,总胆红素158.1 μmol/L,直接胆红素98.5 μmol/L,间接胆红素59.6 μmol/L,丙氨酸氨基转移酶358 U/L,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶294 U/L,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶669 U/L,碱性磷酸酶948 U/L.甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎标志物阴性.     

胸腺肽a1注射液过敏1例

临床资料病例介绍：患者,女,56岁,甲状腺癌术后1天,一切恢复良好。为了增强机体免疫力,医嘱予胸腺肽a注射液（1.6 mg）每日1次每次1支皮下注射。第4天注射过10分钟,患者突然出现胸闷、气喘,烦躁不安,患者喉头无水肿,无呼吸困难。立即给予盐酸异丙嗪25 mg肌肉注射、地塞米松10 mg静脉推注,并给予平卧位。10分钟后,患者诉胸闷气喘明显好转。该患者反映,从未有过药物过敏史。     

1例小儿甲型H1N1流感患者的护理

2009年6月23日，我院收治1例（吉林省首例）小儿甲型H1N1流感患者，经精心救护及有效防护，患儿治愈出院，且医护人员无感染。现将护理体会报告如下。     

强强联手1＋1≠2

1＋1什么时候不等于2？标准答案是“算错的时候!”在一笑之余，你可曾留意到，其实在生活中到处都存在着“1＋1≠2”的现象。     

UGT1A1 gene polymorphism: Impact on toxicity and efficacy of irinotecan-based regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer

AIM: To investigate the correlation between uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 ( UGT1A1) gene polymorphisms and irinotecan-associated side effects and parameters of drug efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) receiving a lowdose weekly irinotecan chemotherapeutic regimen.METHODS: Genotypes were retrospectively evaluated by gene scan analysis on the ABI 310 sequencer of the TATAA box in the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene in blood samples from 105 patients who had received 1st line irinotecan-based chemotherapy for mCRC.RESULTS: The distribution of the genotypes was as follows: wild type genotype (WT) ( 6/6) 39.0%,heterozygous genotype ( 6/7) 49.5%, and homozygous genotype ( 7/7) 9.5%. The overall response rate (OR) was similar between patients carrying the ( 6/7, 7/7) or the WT genotype ( 6/6) (44.3% vs 43.2%, P = 0.75).Neither time to progression [(TTP) 8.1 vs 8.2 mo, P = 0.97] nor overall survival [(OS) 21.2 vs 18.9 mo, P = 0.73] differed significantly in patients who carried the ( 6/6) when compared to the ( 6/7, 7/7) genotype. No significant differences in toxicity were observed: Grade 3 and 4 delayed diarrhoea [( 6/7, 7/7) vs ( 6/6); 13.0% vs 6.2%, P =0.08], treatment delays [( 6/7, 7/7) vs ( 6/6); 25.1% vs 19.3%, P = 0.24] or dose reductions [( 6/7, 7/7) vs ( 6/6); 21.5% vs 27.2%, P = 0.07].CONCLUSION: This analysis demonstrates the nonsignificant influence of the UGT1A1 gene polymorphism on efficacy and rate of irinotecan-associated toxicity in mCRC patients receiving low-dose irinotecan based chemotherapy.     

UGT1A1 predicts outcome in colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan and fluorouracil

AIM: To evaluate effects of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A1 (UGT1A1) and thymidylate synthetase (TS) gene polymorphisms on irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).METHODS: Two irinotecan- and fluorouracil-based regimens, FOLFIRI and IFL, were selected as second-line therapy for 138 Chinese mCRC patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples before treatment. UGT1A1 and TS gene polymorphisms were determined by direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively. Gene polymorphisms of UGT1A1*28, UGT1A1*6 and promoter enhancer region of TS were analyzed. The relationship between genetic polymorphisms and clinical outcome, that is, response, toxicity and survival were assessed. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed in a subgroup patients based on different UGT1A1 genotypes. Plasma concentration of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 and inactive metabolite SN-38G were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Differences in irinotecan and its metabolites between UGT1A1 gene variants were compared.RESULTS: One hundred and eight patients received the FOLFIRI regimen, 29 the IFL regimen, and one irinotecan monotherapy. One hundred and thirty patients were eligible for toxicity and 111 for efficacy evaluation. One hundred and thirty-six patients were tested for UGT1A1*28 and *6 genotypes and 125 for promoter enhancer region of TS. Patients showed a higher frequency of wild-type UGT1A1*28 (TA6/6) compared with a Caucasian population (69.9% vs 45.2%). No significant difference was found between response rates and UGT1A1 genotype, although wild-type showed lower response rates compared with other variants (17.9% vs 24.2% for UGT1A1*28, 15.7% vs 26.8% for UGT1A1*6). When TS was considered, the subgroup with homozygous UGT1A1*28 (TA7/7) and non-3RG genotypes showed the highest response rate (33.3%), while wild-type UGT1A1*28 (TA6/6) with non-3RG only had a 13.6% response rate, but no significant difference was found. Logistic regression showed treatment duration was closely linked to clinical response. In toxicity comparison, UGT1A1*28 TA6/6 was associated with lower incidence of grade 2-4 diarrhea (27.8% vs 100%), and significantly reduced the risk of grade 4 neutropenia compared with TA7/7 (7.8% vs 37.5%). Wild-type UGT1A1*6 (G/G) tended to have a lower incidence of grade 3/4 diarrhea vs homozygous mutant (A/A) genotype (13.0% vs 40.0%). Taking UGT1A1 and TS genotypes together, lower incidence of grade 2-4 diarrhea was found in patients with non-3RG TS genotypes, when TA6/6 was compared with TA7/7 (35.3% vs 100.0%). No significant association with time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) was observed with either UGT1A1 or TS gene polymorphisms, although slightly longer TTP and OS were found with UGT1A1*28 (TA6/6). Irinotecan PK was investigated in 34 patients, which showed high area under concentration curve (AUC) of irinotecan and SN-38, but low AUC ratio (SN-38G / SN-38) in those patients with UGT1A1*28 TA7/7.CONCLUSION: A distinct distribution pattern of UGT1A1 genotypes in Chinese patients might contribute to relatively low toxicity associated with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil in mCRC patients.     

伊立替康化学治疗的不良反应与UGT1A1＊28基因多态性的关系

目的：研究应用伊立替康化学治疗（化疗）的进展期消化道肿瘤患者不良反应的发生率及严重程度与UGT1A1基因启动子区多态性的关系。方法：选择66例汉族进展期消化道肿瘤患者,使用含伊立替康的方案化疗,观察并记录患者化疗中出现的不良反应、化疗前总胆红素水平和化疗后至Ⅲ度以上严重毒性时间（周）;外周血中抽提基因组DNA,测定UGT1A1基因启动子区TATA盒胸腺嘧啶-腺嘌呤（TA）序列重复次数,统计分析基因型与不良反应的关系,比较不同基因型患者化疗前总胆红素水平和至严重毒性时间的差异。结果：55例患者（83.3%）UGT1A1基因启动子区TA序列6次重复,为纯合野生型（TA）6/（TA）6（UGT1A1＊1/＊1）;11例患者（16.7%）基因型为TA序列6次和7次重复的杂合（TA）6/（TA）7（UGT1A1＊28/＊1）,未发现TA序列7次重复UGT1A1＊28/＊28的纯合突变。以上2组患者发生Ⅲ度以上白细胞或中性粒细胞减少者分别为26例和5例（47.3%比45.5%,P=1.000）,发生Ⅲ度以上腹泻者分别为5例和4例（9.1%比36.4%,P=0.036）。2组治疗前总胆红素水平分别为（15.1±1.1）μmol/L和（20.8±5.1）μmol/L（P=0.09）,至严重毒性时间2组分别为9周和3周（P=0.186）。结论：在应用伊立替康化疗的汉族患者中,UGT1A1启动子区TATA盒基因多态性（TA）6/（TA）7杂合状态可以增加患者发生Ⅲ度以上腹泻的风险,但不会增加患者发生Ⅲ度以上白细胞或中性粒细胞减少的风险。     

Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism is associated with choledocholithiasis in Taiwanese patients

Background and aims:  The gene product of the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is crucial to bilirubin metabolism. Mutations in this gene subsequently result in disease presented with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. A previous study showed that a TA-repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of this gene might play a role in the metabolism of bilirubin. Whether this polymorphism might predispose choledocholithiasis is unclear.
Methods:  We recruited 32 patients who were diagnosed with pigment choledocholithiasis (common bile duct stones) by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) morphology and 107 population controls. The TA-repeat in the UGT1A1 promoter was genotyped.
Results:  We found that among the 32 patients, 15 (46.9%) were wild type (A[TA]₆TAA homozygous); 15 (46.9%) were a heterozygous variation (A[TA[₆TAA/A[TA]₇TAA) and 2 (6.2%) were a homozygous variation (A[TA]₇TAA). Among the controls, 81 (75.7%) were wild type, 23 (21.5%) were a heterozygous variation and 3 (2.8%) were a homozygous variation. The genotype distribution was significantly different between patients and controls.
Conclusions:  The results suggest that the UGT1A1 promoter TA-repeat polymorphism is associated with choledocholithiasis in Taiwanese patients.     

Effects of variant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and thalassemia on cholelithiasis

AIM: To test the hypothesis that the variant UDPglucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and thalassemia influence bilirubin metabolism and play a role in the development of cholelithiasis. METHODS: A total of 372 Taiwan Chinese with cholelithiasis who had undergone cholecystectomy and 293 healthy individuals were divided into case and control groups, respectively. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to analyze the promoter area and nucleotides 211, 686, 1 091, and 1 456 of the UGT1A1 gene for all subjects and the gene variants for thalassemia and G6PD deficiency. RESULTS: Variation frequencies for the cholelithiasis patients were 16.1%, 25.8%, 5.4%, and 4.3% for A(TA)_6 TAA/A(TA)_7 TAA (6/7), heterozygosity within the coding region, compound heterozygosity, and homozygosity of the UGT1A1 gene, respectively. Comparing the case and control groups, a statistically significant difference in frequency was demonstrated for the homozygous variation of the UGT1A1 gene (P=0.012, x~2 test), but not for the other variations. Further, no difference was demonstrated in a between-group comparison of the incidence of G6PD deficiency and thalassemia (2.7% vs 2.4% and 5.1% vs 5.1%, respectively). The bilirubin levels for the cholelithiasis patients with the homozygous variant-UGT1A1 gene were significantly different from the control analog (18.0±6.5 and 12.7±2.9μmol/L, respectively; P<0.001, Student's ttest). CONCLUSION: Our results show that the homozygous variation in the UGT1A1 gene is a risk factor for the development of cholelithiasis in Taiwan Chinese.     

Severe irinotecan-induced toxicity in a patient with UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 polymorphisms

Many studies have demonstrated the impact of UGT1A1 on toxicity of irinotecan. In particular, patients bear-ing UGT1A1*28 (TA 7/7) have a higher risk of severe neutropenia and diarrhea. Based on this, prescribers of irinotecan are advised that patients with UGT1A1*28 (TA 7/7) should start with a reduced dose of irinotecan, although a particular dose is not specified. Research in Asian countries has shown a lower incidence of UG-T1A1*28 (TA 7/7), while UGT1A1*6 (A/A) is more often found and is associated with severe irinotecan-related neutropenia. We report here a case of a metastatic colorectal cancer patient who is heterozygous for the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism (TA 6/7) as well as the UG-T1A1*6 polymorphism (G/A). The patient was treated with FOLFIRI for 9 cycles and underwent two irinote-can dose reductions according to pharmacokinetic data regarding exposure to the active metabolite, SN-38. Simultaneous heterozygous UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 polymorphisms may produce higher exposure to SN-38 and a higher risk of adverse effects related to irinote-can. Additional studies will be necessary to determine the optimal starting dose of irinotecan for patients with both UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 polymorphisms.     

Cetuximab plus FOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI in metastatic colorectal cancer: CECOG trial

AIM: To investigate efficacy and safety of cetuximab combined with two chemotherapy regimens in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS: Randomized patients received cetuximab with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), folinic acid (FA) and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) 6 (arm A, n = 74) or 5-FU, FA and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) (arm B, n = 77). KRAS mutation status was determined retrospectively in a subset of tumors (n = 117). RESULTS: No significant difference was found between treatment arms A and B ...     

UGT1A1 promoter polymorphisms and the development of hyperbilirubinemia and gallbladder disease in children with sickle cell anemia

Genetic modifiers contribute to phenotypic variability in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). The influence of the bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 (TA)(n)TAA promoter polymorphism on bilirubin levels and gallbladder disease in SCA was examined using prospectively collected data from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. A total of 324 children with HbSS (median age 6.9 years) had UGT1A1 genotyping; 243 (75%) had common (TA)(6) or (TA)(7) alleles, whereas 81 (25.0%) had variant (TA)(5) or (TA)(8) alleles. The UGT1A1 genotype significantly influenced average bilirubin levels for the common alleles: 6/6 genotype = 2.36 +/- 1.13 mg/dL, 6/7 genotype = 2.90 +/- 1.54 mg/dL, and 7/7 genotype = 4.24 +/- 2.11 mg/dL (P < 0.0001). Thirty-nine percent of children with the 7/7 genotype had documented gallbladder disease, compared with 18.2% with the 6/7 genotype and only 9.9% with the wildtype 6/6 UGT1A1 genotype (P = 0.001). To analyze the (TA)(5) and (TA)(8) variant alleles, three groups were generated, showing increasing bilirubin levels with increasing TA repeats and age. Group 3 (genotypes 6/8, 7/7, and 7/8) had a significantly greater rate of bilirubin change than Groups 1 (genotypes 5/6, 5/7, and 6/6) or 2 (genotype 6/7). These results validate previous smaller studies and confirm that the UGT1A1 promoter polymorphism exerts a powerful influence on bilirubin levels and the development of gallbladder disease in children with SCA. UGT1A1 genotyping should be considered as a screening tool for predicting children most likely to develop gallbladder disease at a young age.     

Predictive effects of bilirubin on response of colorectal cancer to irinotecan-based chemotherapy

AIM: To examine the predictive effects of baseline serum bilirubin levels and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(UGT) 1A1*28 polymorphism on response of colorectal cancer to irinotecan-based chemotherapy.METHODS: The present study was based on a prospective multicenter longitudinal trial of Chinese metastatic colorectal cancer(m CRC) patients treated with irinotecan-based chemotherapy(NCT01282658). Baseline serum bilirubin levels, including total bilirubin(TBil) and unconjugated bilirubin(UBil), were measured,and genotyping of UGT1A1*28 polymorphism was performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) analysis was used to determine cutoff values of TBil and UBil. The TBil values were categorized into 13.0 or ≤ 13.0 groups; the UBil values were categorized into 4.1 or ≤ 4.1 groups. Combining the cutoff values of TBil and UBil, which was recorded as Co Bil, patients were classified into three groups. The classifier's performance of UGT1A1*28 and Co Bil for predicting treatment response was evaluated by ROC analysis. Associations between response and Co Bil or UGT1A1*28 polymorphism were estimated using simple and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among the 120 m CRC patients, the serum bilirubin level was significantly different between the UGT1A1*28 wild-type and mutant genotypes. Patients with the mutant genotype had an increased likelihood of a higher TBil(P = 0.018) and a higher UBil(P = 0.014) level compared with the wild-type genotype. Patients were stratified into three groups based on Co Bil. Group 1 was patients with TBil 13.0 and UBil 4.1; Group 2 was patients with TBil ≤ 13.0 and UBil 4.1; and Group 3 was patients with TBil ≤ 13.0 and UBil ≤ 4.1. Patients in Group 3 had more than a 10-fold higher likelihood of having a response in the simple(OR = 11.250; 95%CI: 2.286-55.367; P = 0.003) and multiple(OR = 16.001; 95%CI: 2.802-91.371; P = 0.002) analyses compared with the Group 1 individuals. Patients carrying the UGT1A1*28(TA)7 allele were 4-fold less likely to present with a response compared with the individuals harboring a homozygous(TA)6 genotype in the simple(OR = 0.267; 95%CI: 0.100-0.709; P = 0.008) and multiple(OR = 0.244; 95%CI: 0.088-0.678; P = 0.007) analyses. Classifier's performance of Co Bil and UGT1A1*28 were comparable.CONCLUSION: Co Bil and UGT1A1*28 are both independent biomarkers for predicting the treatment response of m CRC patients to irinotecan-based chemotherapy. After validation, Co Bil, an easily determinable index in the clinic, might be helpful in facilitating stratification of m CRC patients for individualized treatment options.     

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7 genetic polymorphisms are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk and onset age

OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A7*3 allele is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in German and Japanese populations. In this study, therefore, we evaluated the association between UGT1A7 genetic polymorphisms and HCC risk in southern Taiwan, where hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are endemic. METHODS: The 217 HCC patients and 291 controls enrolled in this case-control study were genotyped for UGT1A7 polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that presence of UGT1A7*2 and *3 alleles was associated with HCC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04 approximately 2.16 and OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19 approximately 2.52, respectively]. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that significant independent risk factors for HCC were male gender (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.42 approximately 4.52), HBV infection (OR = 13.73, 95% CI: 8.04 approximately 23.46), HCV infection (OR = 83.93, 95% CI: 37.01 approximately 190.32), and low-activity UGT1A7 genotype [high/low (H/L) genotype: OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.12 approximately 3.32; low/low (L/L) genotype: OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.50 approximately 6.24]. For male HCC patients, significantly earlier onset age was observed for those bearing the UGT1A7 low-activity genotype as opposed to those with the high-activity analogue (median age: 50 vs 59 yr; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse dose-response relationship was demonstrated between the detoxifying activity of the UGT1A7 genotypes and HCC. Of the male HCC patients, median onset age for those carrying an UGT1A7 low-activity genotype was 9 yr lower than those bearing the high-activity variant.