脑脊液铜、锌水平与老年期痴呆的关系

目的 探讨脑脊液（CSF）铜，锌与老年期痴呆的关系。方法 对58例老年血管性痴呆（VD）患者和38例老年队尔蒋海默病（AD）患者及32例健康体检者（对照组）的CSF行铜，锌浓度和蛋白检测。结果 与对照相相比，VD组和AD组CSF铜有显著性升高（P＜0．01），铜／锌的异常率达62．1％和60．5％，大于铜（50％，42．1％），蛋白（41．4％，8％）和锌（3．4％，8％）的异常率。AD组CSF锌有显著性降低（P＜0．05），VD组和AD组相比，铜，蛋白和锌都有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 CSF铜，锌与老年性痴呆关系密切，在一定程度上反映了该类疾病与铜，锌参与的免疫和代谢有关，对于该疾病的诊断，铜／锌较其他3项指标更具有价值。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病的关系

目的：探讨载脂蛋白E（apoE)基因多态性与散发性阿尔茨海默病（SAD）遗传易感性的关系。方法：应用限制性片段长度多态分析－聚合酶链反应（RFLP－PCR）方法，测定58例SAD和60例同龄对照者apoE基因型和等位基因，并与59例血管性痴呆（VD）患者进行对比研究。结果：SAD组ε4等位基因频率（19．82％）和3／4型频率（25．86％）均明显高于对照组（5．00％和6．67％；χ2＝13．87，P＜0．01）和VD组（6．70％和10．17％，χ2＝11．5，P＜0．05），VD组ε4频率（6．70％）与对照组比较，差异无显著性（χ2＝11．61，P＞0．05），结论：apoEe4等位基因是SAD的遗传易感基因。     

过敏性哮喘青春期缓解者外周血IL—4、IL—5活性和IgE的变化

目的：阐明过敏性哮喘青春期解者血清IL－4及IL－5活性和IgE的变化，方法采用ELISA法检测IL－4、IL－5活性和IgE，分别对16例青春期缓解者（A组），26例哮喘发作期（B组）及22例哮喘缓解解患者（C组）和20例正常人（D组）进行比较。结果（1）青春期缓解者-5在性未显著升高，明显低于哮喘发作期患者（P＜0．01）和缓解期患者（P＜0．05），与正常人比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。（2）青春期缓解者IL－4较哮喘发作期患者明显降低（P＜0．01），与缓解期患者和正常人比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。（3）IgE浓度比较作期明显降低（P＜0．01），与政党人比较差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但还未明显低于哮喘缓解期患者（P＞0．05）。结论过敏性喘喘期解者外周血IL－4、IL－5活性明显降低，IgE有一定程度下降，提示IL－4、IL－5、IgE在支气管哮喘发病机制上起着重要作用。     

血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石关系的研究

目的：探讨血脂、性激素水平与胆囊结石的关系。方法：选取212例确诊为胆囊结石的患者,测定其血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,HDL-ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch及T、E2、P、E2／P,并与72例正常对照组比较。结果：除HDL－ch外,血脂TC、TG、LDL－ch,LDL-ch/HDL-ch各项指标均值,胆囊结石组均高于健康对照组（P＜0．05－0．001）。血清T结石组与对照组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2、P除育龄期结石组外,绝经期及男性结石组均高于对照组（P＜0．05－0．01）。育龄期结石组血清P高于对照组（P＜0．01）。血清E1虽有升高,但组间比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。E2／P结石组明显低于对照组（P＜0．01－0．001）。结论：脂类供谢及雌性激素代谢紊乱与胆囊结石的发生有明显关系。女性脂类代谢异常更是胆囊结石发生的重要原因之一。     

Alzheimer现与免疫功能变化关系的研究

目的 探讨Alzheimer病（AD）转归与外周免疫功能变化的关系。方法 对32例处于痴呆前阶段的老年人（PD组）和其中发展为AD的11例老年人（PD1组）以及16例正常老年人（对照组）进行5项免疫指标（IgA,IgG,IgM,IL-1β，IL-2）的检测，并进行组间比较。结果 与对照组相比，AD患者IgA,IL-1β，IL－2浓度明显升高（P＜0．05）；AD患者与其处于痴呆前阶段时相比较，IgA,IL-2浓度明显升高（P＜0．05），IL－1β升高但差异不显著（P＞0．05）；在痴呆前阶段的老年人中，与未发展为AD老年人和正常老年人相比较，最终发展为AD老年人的IL－1β浓度明显升高（P＜0．05）。结论 患者免疫功能改变是引发AD病的病因之一，对处于轻度认知障碍的老年人，当其免疫功能改变时（IL－1β明显升高），AD发病率会大大增加。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞疗效相关因素对比研究

对163例尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（AMI）临床疗效、安全性从不同分层角度进行比较，结果显示：总再通率65.6％，出血率11.0％，5周内死亡率9．2％，起病距溶栓6h内再通率明显高于6b以后（P＜0．01），且死亡率低。不同年龄组6h以内再通率无显著差异（P＞0．05），≥70岁组6h后再通率低于其他年龄组，有显著性差异（P＜0．01）。轻度出血率及死亡率各年龄组无显著差异（P＞0．05）。女性组与男性组比较再通率低、死亡率高、有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。尿激酶剂量以150万u左右为宜。     

骨髓增生异常综合征骨髓细胞免疫表型的探讨

用流式细胞术分析45例原发性骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）患者和10例良性血液病病人的骨髓细胞免疫表型。结果：88．9％MDS表现二系或二系以上免疫标志异常，基中CD2、CD71、CD13、CD33、HLA－DR、CD34免疫标志变化最大，明显高于对照组（P＜0．01）。RA组：CD2、CD71（P＜0．05）、HLA－DR（P＜0．01）明显高于对照组；RAEB：除上述标志同RA外，髓系相关标志CD13、CD33（P＜0．01）和干／祖细胞标志CD34明显增高（P＜0．05）；RAEB－t组：髓系相关标志CD13（P＜0．05）、CD33（P＜0．01）和干／祖细胞标志CD34、HLA-DR（P＜0．01）表达率增高。CD15：HLADR与CD15：CD34比值在RAEB－t最低。     

脑脊液Tau蛋白在阿尔茨海默病早期诊断中的评价

目的：探讨脑脊液Tau蛋白在阿尔茨海默病（AD）早期诊断中的临床意义。方法：采用双抗体夹心ELISA技术，对AD18例，非AD性痴呆（NADD）20例，其他神经系统疾病（OND）20例及正常对照组（HCONT）20例的脑脊液（CSF）Tau蛋白含量进行定量检测，结果：AD组CSF－Tau蛋白含量明显增高，与各组间比较差异显著（P＜0．05）；AD组内男女性别间比较，＜65岁与≥65岁间比较，临床不同阶段（第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段）间比较均无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：CSF－Tau蛋白含量测定可作为AD早期诊断的临床参考指标。     

rasP^21、GST—π在胃癌及癌前病变组织表达的研究

目的;观察rasP^21、GST－π在胃癌及癌前病变组织中的表达,探讨复合表达在胃粘膜癌变过程中的意义。方法：应用免疫组化（S－P）法测定40例肠上皮化生（不全结肠型）,76例异型增生（轻度20例,中度34例,重度22例）和42全癌组织中rasP^21、GST－π的表达及复合表达情况,以10例萎缩性胃炎胃粘膜做对照。结果：（1）rasP^21、GST－π在萎缩性胃炎中无阳性表达,在肠上皮化生、异型增生及胃癌中表达率及表达强度逐渐增高（P＜0．05或0．01）;在轻、中重度异型增生中表达率及表达强度逐渐增高（P＜0．05或0．01）;在重度异型增生中表达率有表达强度与胃癌无显著性差异（P均＞0．05）。（2）rasP^21、GST－π在肠上皮化生、异型增生及胃癌中复合表达率逐渐增高（P＜0．01）;在轻、中、重度异型增生中复合表达率逐渐增高（P＜0．05）;在重度异型增生与胃癌的复合表达率无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：rasP^21、GST－π均与胃粘膜癌变过程有关,联合检测对胃癌的早期诊断有重要意义。     

血清脂蛋白（a）与Alizheimer病关系探讨

为探讨血清脂蛋白（a)[Lp(a)与Alzheimer病（AD）的关系。对58例AD患者和160例健康人的血清血脂、载脂蛋白和Lp(a)进行检测。结果：AD患者的Lp(a)水平（中位数０及异常率均明显高于对照组（392．38／156．32,P＜0．01;46．72％／20．04％,P＜0．01）。多元逐步回归分析显示,与甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）相比,LP（a)与AD之间有更显著的回归关系（β＝0．28,P＝0．0001,复相关系数为0．49）。提示高水平的LP（a)是AD的重要危险因素,检测血清Lp(a)对诊断AD有重要参考价值。     

血管性痴呆和Alzheimer病的经颅多普勒超声研究

目的　探讨经颅多普勒超声 ( TCD)对血管性痴呆 ( VD)和 Alzheimer病 ( AD)的诊断价值。　方法　对 2 1例 VD、3 7例 AD老年患者及对照组 3 0例进行 TCD检测 ,并将结果进行分析。　结果　 VD组 TCD异常率为 94 .2 %,AD组为 89.3 %。两组的异常表现相似 ,除 VD组 3例患者外 ,均表现为全脑平均血流速度降低 ,且显著低于对照组 (均为 P<0 .0 1 ) ,VD组与 AD组差异无显著性( P>0 .0 5)。痴呆的严重程度与脑血流速度呈正相关 ( VD组 r=0 .72 ,P<0 .0 1 ;AD组 r=0 .69,P<0 .0 5)。　结论　常规 TCD指标无法鉴别 VD、AD,但对揭示痴呆患者的脑血流动力学改变及判定痴呆的严重程度有一定价值。     

The C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and vascular dementia

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the C677T mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and vascular dementia in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews. DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Nursing homes in Jerusalem, Israel. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred fifty nine Jewish people of Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi origin, older than age 70, who have vascular dementia (VD) (n = 85), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 92), and who are cognitively intact (n = 82) with no clinical evidence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. MEASUREMENTS: The frequencies of the mutant allele (T allele) and homozygotes for the C677T MTHFR mutation (T/T genotype). The total plasma homocysteine (tHCT) level in 75 subjects. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the T/T genotype or T allele among VD, AD, and cognitively intact older people of the same ethnic origin (0.15, 0.19, 0.25 T/T genotype and 0.42, 0.46, 0.47 T allele in Ashkenazi; 0.08, 0.06, 0.10 T/T genotype and 0.28, 0.32, 0.33 T allele in non-Ashkenazi with VD and AD, and in cognitively intact older people, respectively). The relative risk of VD associated with the T/T genotype versus the C/C genotype was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.19-1.19) in Ashkenazi and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.11-3.7) in non-Ashkenazi, respectively. The relative risk of AD associated with the T/T genotype was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.29-2.45) in Ashkenazi and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.1-4.3) in non-Ashkenazi, respectively. The frequencies of mutant homozygotes and allele were significantly higher in Ashkenazi than in non-Ashkenazi Jews (19.9% vs 7.5% T/T genotype, chi2 = 6.2, P = .01, 0.45 vs 0.31 T allele, chi2 = 9.77, P = .002 in Ashkenazi vs non-Ashkenazi, respectively). There were no differences in mean tHCT concentration among VD, AD, and cognitively intact older people. CONCLUSIONS: The MTHFR C677T is not associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease. The frequency of the mutation is significantly higher in Ashkenazi compared with non-Ashkenazi Jews.     

不同类型认知功能障碍患者的脂蛋白结合磷脂酶A2水平

目的评价各种类型认知功能障碍患者脂蛋白结合磷脂酶A2（Lp—PLA2）的表达水平。方法研究共纳入212例疑似认知功能障碍患者,经筛选及评定后分为轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）组46例、阿尔茨海默病（AD）组58例、血管性痴呆（VD）组84例及对照组24例,测定并比较各组患者的血浆Lp—PLA2浓度,通过Cox比例风险模型分析痴呆与Lp—PLA2水平的关系。结果①MCI组的Lp—PLA2水平为（45±4）μg/L、AD组的Lp—PLA2水平为（83±15）μg/L、VD组的Lp—PLA2水平为（112±22）μg/L,均高于对照组的（34±3）μg/L,差异均有统计学意义,P〈0．05。②AD组男性的Lp—PLA2水平为（93±8）μg/L,高于女性（73±13）μg/L;VD组男性的Lp—PLA2水平为（127±21）μg/L,高于女性的（97±10）μg/L,差异均有统计学意义,P〈0．05。③Cox比例风险模型分析显示,高水平Lp—PLA2与认知功能障碍高风险相关,VD的相关性最高,AD次之,MCI相关性最低。结论高水平Lp—PLA2与认知功能障碍具有相关性,Lp—PLA2在AD组及VD组中具有性别差异,检测Lp—PLA2水平有助于认知功能障碍的早期诊断。     

晚期糖基化终产物及其受体在白细胞中表达与老年人精神障碍的关系

目的 探讨血液中晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)及其受体(RAGE)表达水平与老年人精神障碍性疾病的关系. 方法 将观察对象分为健康对照组31例、阿尔茨海默病(AD)组36例、血管性痴呆组20例、脑血管病所致精神障碍组28例.以荧光分光光度法测定各组血清AGEs水平,以逆转录多聚酶链式反应测定RAGE mRNA水平. 结果 血清AGEs水平在AD组、血管性痴呆组和精神障碍组分别为(477.1±36.2)AU/ml、(512.6±33.2)AU/ml和(415.25±32.5)AU/ml,均明显高于健康对照组(357.4±28.2)AU/ml(F=3.77,P<0.05).RAGE mRNA水平(RAGE/b-actin)分别为1.12±0.34、1.27±0.41和1.18±0.42,亦高于健康对照组的0.92±0.37(F=4.07,P<0.01),但各疾病组间差异无统计学意义(F=0.979,P>0.05).白细胞中RAGE mRNA水平与血清AGEs呈正相关关系(r=0.442,P<0.01). 结论 AD、血管性痴呆、脑血管病所致精神障碍患者血中的AGEs及其受体RAGE mRNA水平均较同龄健康老年人明显升高,AGEs与RAGE的相互作用可能直接或间接参与了老年人精神障碍性疾病的病理变化.     

A neuropathological study of dementia in nursing homes in Shimane prefecture, Japan: evaluation of the age and gender effect.

BACKGROUND: Vascular dementia (VD) has been held responsible for the majority of all dementia cases in both epidemiological and neuropathological studies in Japan. The aim of this study was to clarify relative frequencies of dementia neuropathologically in Japanese nursing home residents over a 17-year period and to clarify the gender and age effect on the relative frequencies. METHODS: Three hundred ten aged nursing home residents (146 men and 164 women), including dementia cases in Shimane prefecture, Japan, were evaluated clinically and neuropathologically over a period of 17 years. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two (48 men and 74 women) of the 310 autopsied (39%) had shown signs of dementia during their lives. In classifying dementia type, Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounted for 34% (41); VD 35% (42); mixed dementia 11% (14); and "other" dementia 20% (25) of all samples. As to the gender and age effect, the most characteristic findings were as follows: (a) There were only VD cases in the 57-69-year-old group; (b) the 70-79 male age group lacked any cases with only AD; (c) more AD than VD was found in elderly men; and (d) in women, AD was the major cause of dementia in total. CONCLUSIONS: VD is responsible for the major cause of dementia in the younger women and the men under 90 years of age; AD is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly men and the women over 79 years of age in nursing homes, Shimane prefecture, Japan.     

Hypertension and dementia.

Vascular dementia (VD) is more prevalent than Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Japan, while AD is more common in Western countries. In the Hisayama study, a community-based cohort study of Japan, the prevalence of VD decreased in men during the 7-years (1985-1992) follow-up period, while the prevalence of AD remained unchanged both in men and women. The incidence of dementia increases with age, particularly AD aged 85 or older. Hypertension is a major risk factor for VD. Other risk factors include age, prior stroke, diabetes, alcohol intake, heart disease, and smoking. In contrast, age, a family history of dementia, a low educational level, and low physical activity are risk factors for AD. The role of hypertension in AD remains controversial; there has been positive, negative, or no association existed between blood pressure levels and AD. A recent clinical trial has disclosed the potential preventive effect of antihypertensive treatment on the incidence of dementia, especially of AD. Although the role of vascular factors for the pathogenesis of AD is becoming recognized, the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment on the prevention of AD should be further clarified in the future studies.     

扩瞳试验在Alzheimer病诊断中的意义

目的　探讨扩瞳试验在Alzheimer病 (AD)诊断中的意义。　方法　在滴入 0 0 1%托吡卡胺 7～ 10min后 ,用双侧瞳孔红外线同步记录分析仪自动记录并分析滴药眼的瞳孔直径扩大程度(按对照侧校正 )。共测定AD 5 2例 ,血管性痴呆 (VD) 33例和健康对照 (HC) 5 8例。利用受试者工作特性曲线 (ROC)确定最能明显区别AD与HC的分界线 ,计算敏感度、特异度和Kappa值 ,评估扩瞳试验的诊断价值。　结果　 ,AD患者滴药眼的瞳孔明显扩大 ,与VD或HC差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,其中以第 18min时的差别最为显著。如以瞳孔扩大 15 %作为分界线 ,敏感度均为 0 81,特异度分别为 0 82和 0 79,Kappa值分别为 0 6 7和 0 6 0。　结论　扩瞳试验可以作为筛选早期AD的一个手段 ,也可在鉴别AD与VD时作参考。     

Ethnic Differences in Singapore's Dementia Prevalence: The Stroke,Parkinson's Disease,Epilepsy, and Dementia in Singapore Study

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of dementia in Singapore among Chinese, Malays, and Indians. DESIGN: A two‐phase, cross‐sectional study of randomly selected population from central Singapore with disproportionate race stratification. SETTING: Community‐based study. Subjects screened to have cognitive impairment at phase 1 in their homes were evaluated clinically for dementia at phase 2 in nearby community centers. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen thousand eight hundred seventeen subjects aged 50 and older (67% participation rate). MEASUREMENTS: The locally validated Abbreviated Mental Test was used to screen for cognitive impairment at phase 1. Dementia was diagnosed at phase 2 as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. Possible Alzheimer's disease (AD) and possible vascular dementia (VD) were diagnosed along the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders—Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke—Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neuroscienes criteria, respectively. RESULTS: The overall age‐ and race‐standardized dementia prevalence was 1.26% (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10–1.45). Prevalence (in 5‐year age bands) was 0.08% (50–54), 0.08% (55–59), 0.44% (60–64), 1.16% (65–69), 1.84% (70–74), 3.26% (75–79), 8.35% (80–84), and 16.42% (≥85). From age 50 to 69, 65% of dementia cases were VD; at older ages, 60% were AD. Logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex, education) showed that Malays had twice the risk for AD as Chinese, and Indians had more than twice the risk for AD and VD than Chinese. CONCLUSION: Singapore's dementia prevalence, primarily influenced by its Chinese majority, is lower than seen in the West. The striking interethnic differences suggest a need for a dementia incidence study and further investigation of underlying genetic and cultural differences between the three ethnic groups in relation to dementia risk.     

Neurosteroids: Cerebrospinal fluid levels for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia diagnostics

A neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with significantly higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Because the human brain is known to transform DHEA into DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), 7 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 7 beta-hydroxy-DHEA, and 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, it is possible that DHEA accumulation in the brain results from a decreased production of such metabolites. To test this hypothesis, we have measured and compared CSF levels of DHEA, DHEAS, 7 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 7 beta-hydroxy-DHEA, and 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA in 14 patients with AD, 12 controls, and eight patients with another common dementia, vascular dementia (VD). Results indicated that DHEAS CSF levels were significantly decreased in AD and VD (P < 0.007), whereas other metabolite levels were not significantly changed. Use of steroid level ratios, such as DHEA/(7 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA + 7 beta-hydroxy-DHEA), 7 beta-hydroxy-DHEA/DHEA, and DHEAS/DHEA ratios, resulted in significant differences between diseased and control patients (P < 0.0003, P < 0.002, and P < 0.002, respectively). In addition, the 7 alpha-hydroxy-DHEA/7 beta-hydroxy-DHEA ratio was significantly different between AD and VD (P < 0.0001) and could be used for differentiating AD from VD. These results indicate that, in AD and VD, increased DHEA levels are not neuroprotective and are neither better sulfated nor better hydroxylated at the 7 alpha, 7 beta, and 16 alpha positions than in controls. The results also suggest that, in AD and VD brains, the sulfotransferase and the cytochromes P450 responsible for the 7 alpha-, 7 beta-, and 16 alpha-hydroxylations of DHEA are either present at lower levels or transformed through natural polymorphism into less-efficient enzymes.     

老年期痴呆74例脑CT径线测量与神经心理测评观察

目的观察老年期痴呆患者头颅CT与神经心理测评的特点。方法通过Hackinski缺血指数表区分血管性痴呆（VD）及阿尔茨海默病（AD）,将有关的头颅CT径线和神经心理测评量表进行对比。结果①AD组和VD组头颅CT扫描各径线比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。②AD组和VD组简易智力状态检查表（MMSE）总分比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。AD和VD组与对照组比较,部分MMSE因子分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。③AD组和VD组小脑沟条数差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 AD组大脑萎缩及痴呆程度重于VD组,而小脑萎缩则不尽然。结合CT检查和神经心理测评仍是鉴别VD及AD的有效方法 。