武汉市黄陂区娱乐场所安全套需求情况调查分析

正确使用安全套既能避孕 ,又能控制艾滋病(AIDS) /性传播疾病 (STD )的传播。为了控制AIDS/STD的快速增长态势 ,为制定AIDS/STD预防策略提供依据 ,卫生部和世界卫生组织 (WHO)在武汉市黄陂区开展了“中国武汉 /WHO 10 0 %安全套使用项目”的试点工作。娱乐场所是高危人群相对集中的地方 ,了解安全套的需求状况显得尤为重要。 2 0 0 2年 5月对有关娱乐场所服务小姐的安全套需求状况进行了调查 ,现将结果报告如下。1　调查对象和方法　确定 19家娱乐场所的服务小姐为调查对象。娱乐场所在城关地区和某度假旅游区中选取 ,包括音乐茶…     

云南省某矿区嫖客人群中STD/AIDS知识行为及感染状况调查

目的了解云南省某地矿区嫖客人群性病/艾滋病(STD/AIDS)相关知识、行为及感染状况,分析可能的危险因素。方法采用标准化问卷匿名收集研究对象的人口统计学、STD/AIDS知识、性行为等信息,并对4种STD和艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染状况进行检测。结果该矿区嫖客STD/AIDS知识不足,安全套使用率低,AIDS相关知识全部回答正确率为4.3%。HIV阳性率为1.5%(95%CI:0.2%~2.8%),梅毒阳性率为2.4%(95%CI:0.8%~4.0%),2型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)抗体阳性率为14.9%(95%CI:11.1%~18.7%),淋球菌阳性率2.1%(95%CI:0.6%~3.6%),沙眼衣原体阳性率为6.9%(95%CI:4.2%~9.6%),STD总感染率为23.2%(95%CI:18.7%~27.7%)。STD感染与吸毒(调整OR=6.4,95%CI:1.4~28.8)、镇上居住时间(调整OR=2.7,95%CI:1.5~4.9)及首次性行为年龄(调整OR=2.2,95%CI:1.0~5.0)的联系有统计学意义。结论该矿区嫖客性病艾滋病感染率较高,STD/AIDS知识缺乏,安全套使用率低,自我保护意识差,应作为今后干预的重要目标人群。     

绍兴市公共娱乐场所性服务小姐AIDS知识和行为学调查

目的了解绍兴市娱乐场所性服务小姐AIDS知识和相关危险行为,为AIDS行为干预提供依据。方法用随机抽样方法抽取市区20家娱乐场所性服务小姐314名,采用一对一匿名的问卷式调查。结果性服务小姐AIDS知识缺乏,AIDS传播途径全对率5.21%,预防知识全对率12.05%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.11,P<0.005)。安全套使用率低,最近一次与客人发生性关系时只有37.39%的性服务小姐使用安全套,性服务小姐中有一部分吸毒者,即具有双重身份。结论有针对性的加强对高危人群的健康教育,使其改变高危行为或采取安全性行为,以控制AIDS的蔓延。     

依托性病门诊开展AIDS/STD综合干预效果探讨

目的探讨以性病（STD）门诊为依托,STD门诊医生参与艾滋病（AIDS）/STD的综合干预模式,为开展目标人群干预措施提供依据。方法组织STD门诊医生对娱乐场所人群进行行为干预服务和门诊诊疗服务,通过对目标人群的问卷调查和组织医生座谈,评价干预措施的有效性和可行性。结果共调查4类娱乐场所1 564人,经过干预服务后,目标人群对AIDS/STD知识的总知晓率由60.4%提高到83.8%,对安全套使用知识的知晓率由70.9%提高到89.6%,正确就医行为由73.2%提高到88.5%。96.4%的人表示医生提供的咨询意见更专业、更可信。93.2%的目标人群表示更愿意接受STD门诊医生提供的AIDS/STD干预服务,门诊医生表示参与干预服务,使其更了解AIDS/STD防控政策,提高沟通技巧,增强服务意识和责任感,愿意继续参与干预工作。结论以STD门诊为依托,STD门诊医生参与的AIDS/STD干预服务和诊疗服务相结合的综合干预模式是有效和可行的。     

某市接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗感染者安全套使用现况及影响因素研究

目的了解某市正在接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗(ART)的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人安全套使用情况及其影响因素。方法通过面对面问卷调查,对正在接受ART且发生性行为者进行描述性分析。采用χ~2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行单因素分析,采用非条件二分类多因素Logistic回归模型分析安全套使用的影响因素。结果共调查正在接受ART者243人,自确诊感染发生性行为的占59.3%(144人),其中70.8%(102人)自报坚持每次使用安全套,12.5%(18人)发生商业性性行为,56.9%(82人)有2个及以上的性伴,59.7%(86人)未告知全部性伴自己的感染状况。非条件二分类Logistic回归模型多因素分析显示,性伴数量2～3个[比值比(OR)=3.971,95%可信区间(CI):1.568～10.054与≥4个、OR=5.045,95%CI:1.374～18.522]、认为自身已感染HIV无需使用安全套(OR=22.109,95%CI:2.388～204.686)、对随访服务总体满意度(OR=0.349,95%CI:0.135～0.899)、安全套价格偏高(OR=0.016,95%CI:0.001～0.268)为不能坚持每次使用安全套的影响因素。结论接受ART后部分HIV感染者发生无保护性行为,在病毒未得到成功抑制前仍存在继发二代传播的可能,应坚持使用安全套。     

性病患者安全套使用情况及自我效能的研究

目的　了解性传播疾病 (STD)患者安全套自我效能及影响安全套使用的因素 ,为AIDS高危人群干预措施提供依据。方法　采用时间 /空间定位抽样法 ,在济南市两所性病诊所确诊的STD患者中抽取 4 0 0名作为研究对象 ,用专门设计的调查表调查人口学特征、性病史、性行为史、安全套的使用情况以及自我效能 ,进行统计学分析。采用检验 再检验法评估调查资料的可靠性。结果　STD患者安全套使用频率较低 ,过去 30天内的性生活中 ,>80 %的肛交和 >90 %的口交从未使用过安全套 ,38 1%的STD患者在与其男 /女朋友阴道性交时从未使用过安全套 ,>6 0 %的STD患者在与其配偶或其他人阴道性交时从未用过安全套。个人责任感、与性伴侣交流技能以及安全套的获取 ,是影响安全套使用的主要因素 ;而正确使用安全套的能力、性伴侣的反应和使用安全套的自我感觉则影响不大。结论　在对AIDS高危人群的干预中 ,重点应是提高人们对于社会、家庭和个人的责任意识 ,传授给他 /她们与性伴侣交流、沟通、协商的技能 ,克服购买、免费索取安全套时的羞辱感     

将AIDS/STD预防服务纳入城市社区卫生服务中的有效性及可行性探讨

目的 探讨在城市社区卫生服务中心诊疗工作中,纳入艾滋病/性传播疾病(AIDS/STD)预防服务的有效性及可行性.方法 在北京市海淀区的4家社区卫生服务中心,由经过培训的社区医生面向就诊的娱乐场所女服务员开展AIDS/STD预防服务.通过对社区医生访谈和目标人群问卷调查的.结果 ,评价其有效性及可行性.结果 2007年4月30日至7月30日,共调查歌厅、发廊等女性服务人员296人.通过预防服务活动,目标人群性病知识总知晓率由18.6%提高到60.9%(χ2＝107.38,P＜0.01);艾滋病知识总知晓率由17.6%提高到57.6%(χ2＝92.28,P＜0.01);85.9%的目标人群表示愿意接受医生给予的AIDS/STD知识.参与活动的社区医生,AIDS/STD知识有了系统的提高,对目标人群有了更好的了解,表示愿意将这项工作进行下去.结论 将AIDS/STD预防服务融入社区卫生服务诊疗工作中,能有效地提高目标人群的AIDS/STD知识,得到了目标人群和社区医生的认可,具有一定的推广意义.     

贵阳市两城区男男性行为人群AIDS/STD HBV HCV感染状况及高危行为调查分析

目的 了解贵阳市男男性行为(MSM)人群艾滋病/性病(AIDS/STD)感染状况,和有关AIDS/STD知识、态度及行为(KAP)特征,为今后针对该人群开展有效的干预工作提供经验和依据.方法 对贵阳市两城区406名MSM进行匿名问卷调查,检查生殖器和肛门,并采集血样本和尿道分泌物进行检测.结果 406名MSM的平均年龄24岁,文化程度较高.艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性率为5.9%,乙型肝炎(乙肝)病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性率为3.2%,丙型肝炎(丙肝)病毒抗体(抗-HCV)和梅毒阳性率均为2.0%,急性淋病、尖锐湿疣和生殖器疱疹发病率分别为1.5%、2.5%和0.7%,存在HIV、乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒及STD的合并感染.调查对象AIDS/STD知晓率较高,但有较高的高危行为,近6个月与男性发生肛交性行为时每次使用安全套的仅占27.4%,平均性伴数为2人.结论 贵阳市MSM人群AIDS/STD感染(发病)率较高,高危行为较普遍,必须采取有效的干预措施,同时应加强对青少年的性健康教育.     

江门市低档女性性服务人群艾滋病知识知晓情况及安全套使用现状分析

目的了解江门市低档女性性服务人群(FSW)艾滋病相关知识、安全套使用情况及其影响因素,为控制艾滋病的蔓延提供科学依据。方法利用2010-2013年国家级暗娼监测哨点的数据资料进行分析。结果调查的1272名FSW中,艾滋病相关知识知晓率为72.25%(919人);最近一个月与客人发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的比例为55.42%。经多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,最近一年曾患过性病[比值比(OR)=0.717,95%可信区间(CI):0.509~0.940]、接受过干预服务(OR=0.0668,95%CI:0.473~0.944)、艾滋病检测服务(OR=0.608,95%CI:0.417~0.887)及同伴教育(OR=0.612,95%CI:0.404~0.928)是安全套使用的促进因素,而文化程度低(OR=1.362,95%CI:1.109~1.594)、艾滋病相关知识知晓率低(OR=2.076,95%CI:1.559~1.765)是安全套使用的阻碍因素。结论江门市低档FSW的安全套使用比例逐年增加,但坚持每次使用安全套的比例仍较低,提高该人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率可促进安全套的使用。     

202名暗娼STD/AIDS危险行为和安全套使用情况分析

暗娼作为传播性传播疾病伎滋病(STD/AIDS)的危险人群,其危险行为的改变是预防STD/AIDS的重要措施.为掌握怀柔区娱乐场所暗娼传播STD/AIDS的危险行为特征和安全套使用情况,于2006年和2007年7～9月,在怀柔区开展了对暗娼的行为学监测及安全套使用情况调查.现将结果分析如下.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.