胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察胰岛素短期强化治疗对初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的改善作用及降糖效果。方法对 2 4例初诊 2型糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵进行 2周的胰岛素强化治疗 ,治疗第 15天时对比治疗前后静脉葡萄糖耐量试验所诱发的胰岛素第 1时相的分泌、胰岛素曲线下面积及由 Homa模型计算胰岛素分泌指数 (Homa B)、胰岛素抵抗指数 (Homa A) ,同时观察空腹血糖、餐后 2小时血糖变化 ;3个月时对比糖化血红蛋白变化。结果　患者空腹血糖及餐后 2小时血糖分别在治疗 (3.7± 1.8)天、 (5 .5± 1.7)天达到控制标准 ,胰岛 β细胞功能显著改善 ,静脉葡萄糖耐量试验各时点的胰岛素分泌及 Homa B值较治疗前明显升高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,Hom a A指数下降(P<0 .0 5 )。随访 3个月 ,13例患者单纯控制饮食即可维持血糖控制标准 ,糖化血红蛋白由治疗前的 (9.8± 1.2 ) %降至 (6 .3± 0 .7) %。结论　胰岛素短期强化治疗可明显改善及恢复初诊 2型糖尿病患者胰岛素第 1时相分泌 ,不同程度的缓解病情     

短期持续胰岛素输注治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的　观察短期持续性皮下胰岛素输注 (CSII)治疗对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者的降糖效果和胰岛 β细胞功能的影响。 　方法　对空腹血糖 >11.1mmol/L的 36例初诊 2型糖尿病患者进行为期 2周的CSII强化治疗 ,分析比较其治疗前后空腹及餐后 2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白A1C、静脉葡萄糖耐量 (IVGTT)试验时胰岛素分泌第一时相和胰岛素及C肽曲线下面积、空腹血浆胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ、HomaIR等。血浆胰岛素、C肽、胰岛素原浓度均用放免法测定。　结果　 2周的CSII治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果。其中 35例患者的空腹、餐后 2h血糖分别于治疗后 ( 2 .7± 1.9)d、( 8.5± 3.5 )d达到良好控制 ,且未见明显低血糖。胰岛 β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善 :静脉注射葡萄糖后 10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素、C肽分泌相 ,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰 ,胰岛素、C肽曲线下面积和由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高 ,而胰岛素原、胰岛素原与胰岛素比值则较治疗前明显下降。反映胰岛素抵抗的HomaIR也较治疗前明显降低。　结论　对伴明显高血糖的初诊 2型糖尿病患者 ,短期CSII强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用。     

胰岛素泵强化治疗新诊断的2型糖尿病临床观察

采用自身前后对照,观察28例新诊断2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖≥10.0mmol/L,接受2周短期胰岛素泵治疗.结果2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果.其中27例患者的空腹、餐后2h血糖分别于治疗后(3.1±1.8)d、(8.9±3.6)d达到良好控制,且未见明显低血糖.胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得显著改善静脉注射葡萄糖后10min内出现了明显增加的胰岛素分泌相,更有部分患者可以见到典型的胰岛素第一时相分泌尖峰,由Homa模型计算的Homaβ值均较治疗前明显提高,而反映胰岛素抵抗的Homa IR也较治疗前明显降低.结论对伴明显高血糖的初诊2型糖尿病患者,短期胰岛素泵强化治疗具有快速稳定控制血糖和显著改善胰岛β细胞功能的作用.     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照,观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗,结果治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果,其中28例空腹血糖,餐后2h血糖均良好控制,未见明显低血糖,胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善,静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相.部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰.结论短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌,使患者血糖良好控制.     

高血糖状态对2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞分泌功能的影响

目的　了解葡萄糖毒性对胰岛 β细胞分泌功能的影响。 　方法　观察 118例 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者在不同血糖状态下 ,胰岛 β细胞分泌对口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)和胰高血糖素刺激试验 (GST)的反应能力。　结果　胰岛 β细胞的分泌功能在OGTT随空腹血糖的升高而下降(P <0 0 1) ;在GST随血糖升高而增强 ,达 9mmol/L以上时维持在高水平。OGTT胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛素抵抗指数 (HOMA IR)呈负相关 (P <0 0 1) ,GST胰岛素释放倍数与胰岛 β细胞功能指数(HOMA β)呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。 　结论　葡萄糖毒性干扰胰岛 β细胞功能的判断 ,血糖过高抑制OGTT时的胰岛素释放 ,GST受此影响小 ,能较客观反映胰岛 β细胞功能状态。     

短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能及血脂代谢的影响

观察短期胰岛素泵强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者的胰岛β细胞功能及血脂代谢的影响。方法新诊断的2型糖尿病患者57例,给予为期2周的胰岛素泵强化治疗,治疗前后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、胰岛素释放试验(OGIRT)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)检测;对糖脂控制情况、空腹胰岛素浓度(FIns)、胰岛素曲线下面积(AUC)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、早时相胰岛素分泌指数(I30/G30)进行比较。结果经2周胰岛素泵强化治疗后,患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、HOMA-IR、血清总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、甘油三酯(TG)均较治疗前明显降低,空腹胰岛素浓度、胰岛素曲线下面积、I30/G30、HOMA-β、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)明显升高。结论初诊2型糖尿病短期应用胰岛素泵治疗能早期解除糖脂毒性,显著改善糖脂代谢及胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

高血压病患者胰岛β细胞功能变化及雷米普利的影响

目的探讨高血压病患者胰岛 β细胞功能变化及雷米普利对胰岛 β细胞功能和胰岛素敏感性的影响。 方法　用酶联免疫吸附法检测 2 4例健康人及 44例高血压病患者血浆胰岛素原 (PI)、真胰岛素 (TI) ,用放免法测定免疫反应性胰岛素水平 (IRI) ;并利用上述指标计算胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (PI/IRI)和胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,观察 2 1例高血压病患者给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利治疗前后上述指标的变化。结果　 (1)高血压病组患者与对照组比较胰岛素原 (17.2± 8.2vs7.9± 2 .8pmol/L)和免疫反应性胰岛素浓度 (2 1.0± 12 .4vs 14± 7.8μU/ml)有显著性差异 (P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ,胰岛β细胞功能指数 (0 81± 0 32vs 0 5 6± 0 17)亦有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而真胰岛素水平 (8.4± 4.0vs 7.4± 2 .4μU/ml)无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(2 ) 2 1例高血压病患者用雷米普利治疗后免疫反应性胰岛素 (2 1.9± 5 .1vs 14.9± 4.1μU/ml )和胰岛素原水平 (19.3± 8.0vs 12 .5± 8.2 pmol/L)有显著性下降(P分别为 <0 0 1、<0 0 5 ) ;胰岛 β细胞功能指数 (0 78± 0 31vs 0 5 4± 0 16 )显著性下降 (P <0 0 1) ,胰岛素敏感性指数 (- 4.4± 0 6vs - 3.5± 0 2 )显著性提高 (P <0     

短期胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病长期血糖控制观察

采用患者自身前后对照，观察30例新诊断2型糖尿病患者接受二周短期胰岛素强化治疗，结果：治疗2周后显示快速稳定降糖效果，其中28例空腹血糖，餐后2h血糖均良好控制，未见明显低血糖，胰岛β细胞功能在治疗后获得明显改善，静脉注射葡萄糖后10分钟内出现明显的胰岛素、C肽分泌相。部分患者可见到胰岛素第一时相分泌高峰。结论：短期胰岛素强化治疗可以显著恢复代表胰岛β细胞功能的血糖刺激的胰岛素第一时相分泌，使患者血糖良好控制。     

长期服用福辛普利对高血压患者肥胖度和胰岛素敏感性及代谢的影响

目的 :研究长期服用福辛普利对高血压患者肥胖度、胰岛素敏感性、β细胞胰岛素分泌功能、血脂和血糖等的影响。方法 :4 4例轻中度原发性高血压 (EH)患者口服福辛普利 14个月 ,以根据Cederholm公式计算胰岛素敏感指数 (ISI)为胰岛素敏感性指标 ,口服葡萄糖耐量试验开始 30min后胰岛素和血糖变化的比值 (△I3 0 /△G3 0 )为 β细胞胰岛素分泌功能指标 ,观察血压、体质指数 (BMI)、腰围 /臀围比 (WHR)、血糖、血脂等的变化。 结果 :EH患者治疗后血压显著下降 ,BMI(治疗前后分别为 2 7.4± 2 .8和 2 6 .8± 3.0 ,P <0 .0 1)显著下降 ,WHR稍下降 (治疗前后分别为 0 .932± 0 .0 72和 0 .92 8± 0 .0 72 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,ISI(治疗前后分别为 5 2 .2± 15 .8和 5 8.7±18.6 ,P <0 .0 1)和△I3 0 /△G3 0 (治疗前后分别为 2 0 .0± 17.9和 2 6 .6± 2 6 .5 ,P <0 .0 5 )显著提高 ,血糖和血脂显著下降。结论 :长期服用福辛普利能降低EH患者肥胖度 ,延缓脂肪分布的衰老性变化 ,改善胰岛素敏感性和 β细胞胰岛素分泌功能 ,改善糖代谢和血脂代谢。     

口服胰岛素预防昆明株小鼠免疫性糖尿病的机理

目的　探讨口服胰岛素预防链尿菌素 (STZ)引起的胰岛炎及糖尿病的机理。　方法　正常昆明株小鼠 2 0只随机分为 2组 ,实验组 ,口服猪胰岛素 1mg,2次 /周 ;对照组 :口服等量的蒸馏水。 10周后 2组小鼠均腹腔注射STZ 4 0mg·kg-1·d-1× 5d。以血糖≥ 16 .7mmol/L诊断为糖尿病。监测 2组小鼠的血糖 6周。 6周后处死 2组小鼠 ,观察胰岛与脾内T细胞亚群及Fas/FasL的表达。　结果　 6周后实验组发病率为 0 % ;对照组为 90 % (P <0 .0 1) ,胰岛炎的评分实验组为 0 .0 6± 0 .19,对照组为 2 .5 4±0 .2 9(P <0 .0 1)。对照组胰岛内浸润的T细胞以CD8+为主 ( 5 9% ) ;而实验组以CD4+为主 ( 73% )。组织学检查示 :对照组胰岛 β细胞数显著减少 ,且 β细胞上出现Fas表达 ;而实验组胰岛 β细胞数显著多于对照组 ,实验组 90 %小鼠显示正常胰岛结构 ,β细胞上未见Fas表达 ;而两组胰岛内浸润T细胞均有FasL表达。　结论　口服胰岛素可抑制CD8+T细胞在胰岛局部的聚集及 β细胞表达Fas,避免FasL( + )T细胞引起的 β细胞凋亡 ,从而预防了糖尿病的发生。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.