原发性胆汁性胆管炎-自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征诊治进展

目的 原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)是一种慢性自身免疫性肝内胆汁淤积性疾病,自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种自身免疫反应介导的肝脏实质性炎症。该两种疾病共存于同一患者,称之为“原发性胆汁性胆管炎-自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征(PBC-AIH OS)”。PBC-AIH OS患病率低,较单纯PBC进展快、预后差。目前,其诊断标准的临床应用及治疗方案的选择仍有挑战性。本文对PBC-AIH OS的定义、流行病学、临床特征、诊断、治疗和预后的最新研究进展进行了综述,以期获得更深入的认识,为疾病的精准诊疗提供依据。     

自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性胆管炎及其重叠综合征患者临床特征比较*

目的 比较自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)和AIH/PBC重叠综合征(AIH/PBC OS)患者临床特征的异同。方法 2017年12月～2019年2月南通市第三人民医院收治的92例自身免疫性肝病患者中包括AIH 35例、PBC 30例和AIH/PBC OS 27例,记录临床表现和血液化验资料并比较三组的异同。结果 AIH、PBC和AIH/PBC OS患者年龄、性别、体质指数和病程比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05);三组乏力、腹胀、纳差、发热和皮肤瘙痒发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05);PBC和AIH/PBC OS患者黄疸更深,血清ALP和GGT水平更高,而AIH患者血清ALT和AST水平更高 (P<0.05);AIH患者凝血功能指标TT显著长于其他两组(P<0.05);AIH患者外周血Hb水平显著低于其他两组(P<0.05);AIH患者血清ASMA阳性率为14.3%,显著高于其他两组的0.0%和0.0%(P<0.05),PBC和AIH/PBC OS患者血清AMA/AMA-M2阳性率分别为93.3%和92.6%,而AIH患者为0.0%(P<0.05);三组血清免疫球蛋白水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),三组合并甲状腺功能亢进、系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征、类风湿性关节炎、2型糖尿病和慢性肾小球肾炎方面差异,也无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 AIH、PBC和AIH/PBC OS患者具有相似的临床症状和体征,但血生化指标、自身抗体表现各有特征,了解这些特征对临床提高诊断和治疗水平将有很大的帮助。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化和自身免疫性肝炎 重叠综合征诊断标准的研究

临床医师在诊断自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）和原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的重叠综合征时，认为各自独立的诊断指标不足以描述疾病进展过程中的临床、实验室、病理等方面的混合特点。典型的AIH定义中没有提到线粒体抗体、高水平的血清碱性磷酸酶或者胆道受阻出现的病理特点。同样地，PBC的诊断标准由于出现血清转氨酶和IgG水平明显升高、病理显示中重度界面性肝炎而受到质疑。对于超出诊断范围的病例尚无明确定义，特别是肝炎性PBC与胆汁郁积性AIH重叠的病例更未搞清。Chazouilleres及其合作者正在研究这一未知的边缘问题。     

自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征的临床病理研究

目的 探讨自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化（AIH-PBC）重叠综合征的临床病理特征及治疗应答。方法 对具有肝穿刺标本的16例PBC—AIH重叠综合征、26例Ⅰ型AIH和25例PBC（Scheuer分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期）患者进行比较，重点分析AIH—PBC重叠综合征的临床、病理特点及治疗应答。结果 3组患者的性别、年龄、病程、症状无显著性差异；AIH—PBC重叠综合征患者血清碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、免疫球蛋白IgM以及抗线粒体抗体（AMA）、AMA—M2阳性率明显高于AIH组（P〈0．05）；而丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、7-球蛋白、免疫球蛋白IgG以及抗核抗体或抗平滑肌抗体阳性率明显高于PBC（P〈0．05）。AIH—PBC重叠综合征患者肝组织学示界面炎／碎屑样坏死、小叶内炎症及胆管病变；重叠综合征患者接受熊去氧胆酸治疗可使肝功能改善。结论 AIH—PBC重叠综合征临床、血清学及组织病理学表现出AIH和PBC双重特征，UDCA治疗有助于血生化学指标的改善。     

自身免疫性肝炎和原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征15例临床特点分析

自身免疫性肝病是一组具有自身免疫基础的炎症性肝病,包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)等,临床上确有一部分患者可同时具有上述几种疾病的临床特点,即重叠综合症.对80例自身免疫性肝病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,发现AIH/PBC重叠综合征15例,本文对其临床特点进行分析,报道如下.     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化-自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征5例

自身免疫性肝病主要包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC).在临床诊治过程中,我们有时会发现2种或3种自身免疫性肝病在同一患者身上会有重叠的表现,在诊断和治疗过程中可能发生困难.为此,将在临床上所见的5例加以介绍,引起注意.     

自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性胆管炎重叠综合征患者临床和肝组织病理学特征分析

目的 分析自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性胆管炎重叠综合征(AIH-PBC OS)患者临床和肝组织病理学特征。方法 2018年3月～2022年3月我院诊治的AIH-PBC OS患者42例,接受肝穿刺检查后,给予熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)联合或不联合甲泼尼松龙治疗半年。采用间接免疫荧光法或免疫印迹法等测定抗核抗体(ANA)、抗线粒体抗体(AMA)、抗线粒体抗体Ⅱ型(AMA-M2)、抗核膜糖蛋白210抗体(gp210)和抗可溶性酸性磷酸化核蛋白(sp100)。结果 在42例AIH-PBC OS患者中,女性占85.7%,发病年龄为(53.9±10.6)岁;血清TBIL、Alb和ALP异常率分别为57.1%、60.0%和75.7%;ALT、AST和GGT异常率均超过83.0%,其中GGT异常升高达95.2%,在治疗半年后,血生化指标均大幅下降;血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM和IgA异常率分别为69.0%、52.3%和33.3%;血清ANA、AMA、AMA2、gp210和sp100阳性率分别为90.5%、73.5%、72.7%、47.1%和36.7%;常见ANA荧光模型为胞浆颗粒型23例、着丝点型13例和...     

中晚期自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征的临床病理研究

目的探讨中晚期自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化（AIH-PBC）重叠综合征的临床病理特征及治疗直答。方法对具有肝穿刺标本的11例PBC-AIH重叠综合征和13例PBC（Seheuer分期3、4期）患者进行比较，重点分析AIH-PBC重叠综合征的临床、病理特点及治疗应答。结果两组患者的性别、年龄、病程、症状无显著差异；AIH-PBC重叠综合征患者的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、γ-球蛋白、免疫球蛋白IgG以及抗核抗体或抗平滑肌抗体阳性率明显高于PBC（P〈0．05）。肝组织学见汇管区与肝腺泡内以单个核细胞为主的较多炎细胞浸润，其中易见浆细胞的聚积性浸润。可见不同时期小胆管损伤或毛细胆管反应性增生并侵蚀肝界板；重叠综合征患者经熊去氧胆酸治疗可使肝功能改善，与PBC患者无明显差异。结论中晚期AIH-PBC重叠综合征临床、血清学及组织病理学表现出AIH和PBC双重特征，UDCA治疗有助于血生化指标的改善。     

原发性胆汁性肝硬化／自身免疫性肝炎重叠综合征患者的临床和病理学研究

目的分析原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）、自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）和PBC／AIH重叠综合征患者的临床和病理学特点。方法对105例自身免疫性肝病患者的临床资料进行分析,比较PBC／AIH重叠综合征和单纯PBC或AIH患者的临床表现和肝组织病理学变化。结果在105例患者中,包括11例PBC／AIH重叠综合征、60例PBC、33例AIH和1例原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）。PBC／AIH重叠综合征与PBC或AIH患者的性别、年龄、症状和并发症无明显差异（P〉0．05）,其实验室检查具有AIH的特点,如血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、免疫球蛋白IgG的明显升高,同时具有PBC的特点,如GGT、ALP、免疫球蛋白IgM的显著增高,但与PBC或AIH相比,无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;自身抗体检测可见抗核抗体、抗线粒体M2抗体和抗核心蛋白gP210抗体阳性,后两项抗体检出率明显高于AIH患者（P〈0．01）;肝组织病理学检查结果显示,PBC／AIH重叠综合征兼有PBC和AIH的特点,如界面炎和碎屑样坏死,汇管区浆细胞浸润,胆管不同程度的病变等。结论PBC／AIH重叠综合征的临床表现和肝组织病理学具有PBC和AIH的双重特征,应对此病充分认识,并探索有效的治疗方案。     

Clinical utility of two-dimensional shear-wave elastography in monitoring disease course in autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome

BACKGROUNDAutoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cholangitis (AIH-PBC) overlap syndrome has a worse prognosis than AIH or PBC alone. Therefore, accurately staging liver fibrosis and dynamically monitoring disease progression are essential.AIMTo investigate the performance of two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE) for noninvasively staging liver fibrosis and assessing the clinical utility of repeated 2D-SWE for monitoring treatment response in AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.METHODSA total of 148 patients diagnosed with AIH-PBC overlap syndrome were retrospectively enrolled. Among them, 82 patients had a 2D-SWE follow-up time of more than 1 year. The Scheuer scoring system was used to evaluate stages of hepatic inflammation and liver fibrosis. The performance of 2D-SWE for staging liver fibrosis was evaluated with the liver biopsy. Changes in liver stiffness (LS) measured by 2D-SWE in patients with or without complete biochemical remission were evaluated. RESULTSLS value was strongly correlated with liver fibrosis stage (Spearman r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of LS for diagnosing significant fibrosis (≥ S2), severe fibrosis (≥ S3), and cirrhosis (S4) were 0.91, 0.97, and 0.96, respectively. Patients with complete biochemical remission had a considerable decrease in LS values (P < 0.0001). More importantly, the declined LS in patients with S0-S2 was significantly lower than that in patients with S3-S4 (P = 0.0002). In contrast, patients who failed to achieve biochemical remission had a slight but not significant decrease in LS (P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONLS measured by 2D-SWE is an accurate and reliable method in assessing liver fibrosis, especially for diagnosing severe fibrosis (≥ 3) and monitoring treatment response in patients with AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.     

Autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis concurrent with biliary stricture after liver transplantation

Although the development of de novo autoimmune liver disease after liver transplantation(LT)has been described in both children and adults,autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)-primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)overlap syndrome has rarely been seen in liver transplant recipients.Here,we report a 50-year-old man who underwent LT for decompensated liver disease secondary to alcoholic steatohepatitis.His liver function tests became markedly abnormal 8 years after LT.Standard autoimmune serological tests were positive for anti-nuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies,and a marked biochemical response was observed to a regimen consisting of prednisone and ursodeoxycholic acid added to maintain immunosuppressant tacrolimus.Liver biopsy showed moderate bile duct lesions and periportal lymphocytes infiltrating along with light fibrosis,which confirmed the diagnosis of AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.We believe that this may be a case of post-LT de novo AIH-PBC overlap syndrome;a novel type of autoimmune overlap syndrome.     

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC), formerly referred toas primary biliary cirrhosis, is an infrequent progressive intrahepatic cholestatic autoimmune illness that can evolve into hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and, in some cases, hepatocellular carcinoma. The disease itself is characterized by T-lymphocytemediated chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis and elevated serum levels of extremely specific antimitochondrial autoantibodies(AMAs). In this article, we will not only review epidemiology, risk factors, natural history, predictive scores, radiologic approaches(e.g., acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, vibration controlled transient elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography), clinical features, serological characteristics covering biochemical markers, immunoglobulins, infections markers, biomarkers, predictive fibrosis marker, specific antibodies(including AMAs such as AMA-M2), anti-nuclear autoantibodies [such as anti-multiple nuclear dot autoantibodies(anti-sp100, PML, NDP52, anti-sp140), anti-rim-like/membranous anti-nuclear autoantibodies(anti-gp210, anti-p62), anti-centromere autoantibodies, and some of the novel autoantibodies], histopathological characteristics of PBC, diagnostic advances, and antidiastole of PBC. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the recent advances in research of PBC in terms of therapies, including ursodeoxycholic acid, budesonide, methotrexate, obeticholic acid, cyclosporine A, fibrates such as bezafibrate and fenofibrate, rituximab, mesenchymal stem cells transplant, and hepatic transplant. Currently, hepatic transplant remains the only optimal choice with acknowledged treatment efficiency for end-stage PBC patients.     

107例自身免疫性肝炎及其重叠综合征患者的临床分析

目的 分析自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)77例及其重叠综合征患者30例的临床表现、免疫学及生物化学特点及其治疗方案.方法 164例自身免疫性肝病患者中,AIH患者77例和AIH胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)重叠综合征患者30例,分析患者的临床特点、生物化学及组织学变化和治疗应答反应等. 结果 AIH患者的发病年龄高峰在50岁左右,肝功能生物化学检查结果显示为肝炎样异常,丙种球蛋白和免疫球蛋白G均明显高于正常.74%的患者抗核抗体阳性,32%的患者抗平滑肌抗体阳性,52%的患者伴发了肝外自身免疫性疾病.肝组织病理变化以界面性肝炎为主(65%),在中、重度患者则出现小叶性肝炎、玫瑰花结样改变、桥接样坏死等.AIH-PBC重叠综合征患者血清ALT、AST、γ谷氨酰转移酶、碱性磷酸酶和抗核抗体、抗线粒体抗体(AMA)/AMA-M2阳性率较高,组织学检查往往还伴有胆管的病变.60例AIH患者接受免疫抑制剂强的松龙联合硫唑嘌呤治疗第1年时,AIH治疗患者达完全缓解者42例(70%),其中26例持续缓解,16例复发(激素减量至≤10 mg/d或停药后),10例部分缓解,8例无应答.持续缓解者的AST、ALT、免疫球蛋白G、丙种球蛋白及血总胆红素水平均显著低于非持续缓解者(34例,JD值均＜0.05),此类患者撤除了硫唑嘌呤,单用激素的剂量均可维持在5～10 mg/d.AIH-PBC重叠综合征组经联合熊去氧胆酸治疗后除碱性磷酸酶和γ谷氨酰转移酶外,其余肝功能指标(ALT、AST、总胆红素)亦明显改善(P值均＜0.01).结论 AIH及AIH-PBC重叠综合征在临床上并不少见,诊断需综合临床、生物化学、免疫学和病理学等检测结果.AIH患者联合应用糖皮质激素、硫唑嘌呤达持续缓解者,可改为单用小剂量激素治疗.AIH-PBC患者加用熊去氧胆酸治疗,亦可获得较好的疗效.     

Evidence for an overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis

Background/Aims: Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis are chronic liver diseases with probable autoimmune background. Overlapping features have been described for primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. In contrast, there have been only a few case reports on an overlap of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.Methods: We describe three male patients with clinical and histological overlapping features of primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis.Results: All initially asymptomatic patients had elevated levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and IgG. Anti-nuclear antibodies and/or smooth muscle antibodies were positive and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were detected in all patients. Retrograde endoscopic cholangiography showed bile-duct strictures characteristic for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Histopathology showed necro-inflammatory activity of portal tracts with bridging necrosis in all patients at the time of first diagnosis. Aminotransferase levels and the necro-inflammatory activity responded well to immuno-suppressive treatment. Predominant periductular fibrosis as a typical histopathological feature of primary sclerosing cirrhosis was seen to develop in all patients. Cholestatic serum parameters remained elevated and periductular fibrosis as endoscopic bile duct changes progressed despite immunosuppression.Conclusions: We suggest that these patients present an overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis as they fulfill the diagnostic criteria for both conditions.     

Living-donor liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome

Aim: Recurrent autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) following liver transplantation has been reported in 20–30% of cases, mainly of Western populations. The aim of this study was to review our experience of living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in Japanese patients with AIH. Methods: Among 375 adult (age ≥18 years) LDLT performed at our center between 1996 and 2010, 16 (4.2%) were for patients with AIH (n = 12) or AIH–primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome (n = 4). The patient and donor characteristics and post‐transplantation course were reviewed. Results: All recipients were female with a median age of 48 years (range, 21–58). Low‐dose methylprednisolone and calcineurin inhibitors were continued in all patients. Acute cellular rejection occurred in 10 (63%), which was more frequent than in our overall series of 28.5% (107/375 cases). Overall survival rate was 81.2% at 5 years. At the end of the follow up (median, 6.0 years [range, 0.1–9.6]), 13 patients were alive with normal liver function tests (aspartate transaminase, 18 ± 5 IU/mL; alanine transaminase, 16 ± 8 IU/mL). None of the survivors exhibited liver function test results suspicious for recurrent AIH, which might indicate liver biopsy. Conclusion: Survival after LDLT for AIH and overlap syndrome was excellent and there was no evidence of clinical recurrence. The recurrence rate of AIH after liver transplantation may differ among countries, and requires further investigation.