成都地区中老年高血压人群糖代谢异常流行状况及其影响因素

目的 探讨成都地区中老年高血压人群糖代谢异常流行状况及影响因素.方法 于2008年采用分层整群抽样的方法,调查成都城乡地区40～79岁中老年人口4685例,进行血压、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)等检测,已确诊糖尿病患者只测空腹血糖,开展问卷调查.比较高血压及非高血压人群糖代谢异常患病率,获取中老年高血压人群单纯性糖耐量异常及单纯性负荷后高血糖情况,分析中老年高血压人群糖代谢异常的影响因素.结果 成都地区中老年高血压人群糖代谢异常患病率(53.4%)显著高于非高血压人群(25.1%);若不行OGTT,仅依靠检测空腹血糖,将漏诊中老年高血压人群中72.9%的糖尿病前期患者和54.4%的新诊断糖尿病患者;年龄、一级亲属糖尿病史、超重或肥胖为成都地区中老年男性高血压人群发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素,体育锻炼、文化程度高为保护因素;年龄、一级亲属糖尿病史、腹型肥胖、高TG血症为成都地区中老年女性高血压人群发生糖代谢异常的独立危险因素.结论 成都地区中老年高血压人群超过半数合并糖代谢异常,需要通过OGTT及时发现这些合并糖代谢异常的患者.适当运动,了解糖尿病相关的保健知识以采取合理的生活方式,干预超重或肥胖、腹型肥胖及高TG血症等代谢性因素,对于减少中老年高血压人群糖代谢异常的发生有着较为重要的作用.     

失眠容易“引爆”心脏危机

3月21日是世界睡眠日,今年我国的主题是"关注睡眠、关爱心脏".近日,家庭医生在线进行了一项《2013世界睡眠日调查》,结果显示,参与网友40％均经常熬夜,26.67％被调查者经常失眠,73.33％都是"晚睡早起"一族. "失眠的定义为无法入睡、无法保持睡眠状态或处于非恢复性睡眠状态.近期人群研究显示,失眠可能导致糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、心力衰竭和脑卒中发生风险明显升高,全因死亡风险也明显升高;死亡与睡眠时间呈U形曲线关系,最理想的睡眠时间是7～8小时,这个时间段的死亡风险最低.机制可能与失眠导致糖代谢异常、内分泌异常、交感神经活性升高和机体的炎症状态有关."北京安贞医院心内科主任马长生表示.     

2017年ACC/AHA高血压指南对贵阳城区40~79岁不同糖代谢状态人群高血压患病情况的可能影响

目的探讨2017年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)指南提出的新的高血压诊断标准下贵阳城区40~79岁不同糖代谢状态人群的高血压患病情况,为高血压的诊断标准及高血压的治疗策略提供线索。方法回顾性分析了中国2型糖尿病患者肿瘤发生风险的流行病学(REACTION)研究贵阳分中心的10140名40~79岁居民,根据糖尿病病史及口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果分为血糖正常组、空腹血糖受损(IFG)组、糖耐量受损(IGT)组、IFG+IGT组、既往诊断糖尿病组及新诊断糖尿病组,计算在美国预防、检测、评估与治疗高血压全国联合委员会第七次报告(JNC 7)及2017年ACC/AHA的高血压指南标准下不同糖代谢状态人群的高血压患病情况。结果在JNC 7标准下,贵阳城区40~79岁血糖正常人群、糖尿病前期人群、糖尿病人群的高血压标准化患病率分别为8.19%、9.57%、8.19%。在2017年ACC/AHA标准下,高血压的标准化患病率分别为20.27%、16.35%、11.59%。相比之下,以血糖正常及IGT人群的高血压患病率增加最为显著。新增的高血压患者共1739例,其中25.8%需应用降压药物治疗。根据2010年第六次人口普查贵州省人口数据,估计贵阳市40~79岁糖尿病前期人群中新增的高血压患者约12.3万人,新增需治疗人数约2.0万人;糖尿病人群中新增高血压患者约6.8万人,新增需治疗人数约2.1万余人。结论2017年ACC/AHA高血压指南会使贵阳市城区40~79岁不同糖代谢状态人群的高血压患病率明显增加,糖尿病及糖尿病前期的高血压人群的需治疗比例也会相当高,社会医疗负担加重。     

高血压与糖代谢异常

<正>原发性高血压与糖尿病均为老年人常见疾病且两者常并存,糖尿病患者中有60%～70%伴有高血压,而许多高血压患者同样存在糖代谢异常。2005年,高江琴等通过对190例高血压患者的分析发现,糖代谢异常的发生率约61.8%;2006年,Garcia-Puig等对420例西班牙高血压患者研究发现,其中合并糖代谢异常者高达68.5%,且呈逐年增高的趋势;香港的一项心血管疾病危险因素现况调查显     

冠心病和高血压住院患者糖代谢异常分析

目的:了解冠心病、高血压住院患者糖代谢异常的状况.方法:对符合冠心病、高血压诊断标准的心内科住院患者连续入选,共497例进行葡萄糖耐量试验.结果:总的糖代谢异常率60.6%.糖尿病患病率为24.4%,糖调节受损患病率为36.2%.糖调节受损中绝大多数(96.1%)为单纯糖耐量受损.冠心病伴高血压时,糖代谢异常发生率明显高于单纯高血压、单纯冠心病.结论:冠心病、高血压住院患者半数以上并发糖代谢异常,两病并存时糖代谢异常明显升高.     

潍坊地区城乡居民糖代谢异常的流行病学调查

目的:调查潍坊地区20岁以上城乡居民糖代谢异常情况及其相关危险因素.方法:采用分层整群抽样方法,对在潍坊居住3年,且20岁-80岁的常住居民进行流行病学调查.采用1997年ADA建议的诊断标准,使用SPSS13.0进行统计分析.结果:年龄标化的空腹血糖受损患病率为9.1%,总糖尿病患病率为8.7%.乡村居民糖尿病的患病率低于城镇居民.45岁以下人群中,男性糖尿病患病率高于女性.随着年龄的增加,糖尿病的患病率逐渐增加.多因素Logistic回归显示,年龄、糖尿病家族史、既往高血压病史、脂代谢异常、超重或肥胖是糖代谢异常的相关危险因素.结论:潍坊地区城乡居民糖代谢异常患病率处于全国的中等水平,但随着地区城市化及人口老龄化趋势的进一步增加,预计潍坊地区糖代谢异常的患病率将会有更大幅度的升高,应对糖代谢异常的相关危险因素进行综合评估,并有针对性的及早的进行干预,这对减少糖代谢异常患病率有重要的意义.     

心血管疾病与糖代谢异常

近年来,我国心血管疾病与糖尿病的发生率均呈上升趋势,两者之间的关系愈来愈受到人们的关注。欧洲心脏调查和中国心脏调查均证实,冠心病与糖尿病及高血糖状态关系密切。有报道,冠心病、高血压住院患者糖代谢异常率高达60．6％。根据大量的循证医学研究,EASD和ESC联合发布了《糖代谢异常和心血管疾病诊治的欧洲指南》。因此,心血管科医师应当高度关注心血管疾病患者糖代谢异常的病态。     

心内科医生应关注糖代谢

流行病学证据表明心血管疾病患者伴糖代谢异常十分常见,伴糖代谢异常显著增加心血管疾病患者死亡和临床事件风险.关注心血管疾病患者糖代谢异常的筛查和管理,已成为心血管疾病综合管理的重要组成部分. 一、糖代谢异常合并心血管疾病的现状 中国每年近一千万死亡人数中80％由非传染性疾病导致.未来20年内,40岁以上中国人患至少一种非传染性疾病的数量将翻1～2倍,2005-2015年,仅心血管疾病、卒中和糖尿病三种疾病将在中国导致5500亿美元损失,如不能有效遏制,将会给我国带来沉重的经济和社会负担.     

高血压合并糖代谢异常患者的降压选择:是否所有血管紧张素受体拮抗剂都疗效等同

我国目前约有2亿高血压患者,其绝大部分除血压升高外,还合并其他危险因素.在这些危险因素中,糖代谢异常最受关注,一项涉及我国7个地区、22个省市(自治区)46家医院高血压患者5206例的中国高血压患者合并多重心血管危险因素现状调查研究结果显示,2009年全国门诊高血压患者合并糖代谢异常的比例达51.4%.     

重视老年高血压患者早期的糖代谢异常

欧洲心脏调查结果表明,高达三分之二的冠心病患者合并高血糖.中国心脏调查显示冠心病合并高血糖的比例已高达80%,而在冠心病患者中60%患有高血压,年龄≥60岁的达70%.高血压合并糖代谢异常者据统计已＞60%,而老年人所占比例更高,这些患者具有较高的心脑血管事件发生比例.2007年全球成年人糖尿病的患病人数已达2.46亿,而葡萄糖耐量异常(IGT)的患病人数则高达3.08亿.有研究表明,我国的IGT人数已超过6000万,位居世界首位.流行病学研究结果显示,从正常糖代谢到糖调节异常(IGR)再到糖尿病,心血管疾病的风险逐渐加强.     

中国及各省份人群不同肥胖指标心血管疾病负担比较

探讨我国不同地区由肥胖引起的心血管疾病负担的差异。方法 基于中国高血压调查,随机选取30036名35岁以上研究对象进行随访。使用来自CHS的数据计算全国和省的不同肥胖指标的加权患病率,采用Cox回归分析计算不同肥胖指标全国及分省的心血管疾病校正风险比（Hazard ratio, HR）并估算人群归因百分比（Population attributable fractions, PAFs）。结果：研究纳入325552名CHS参与人群和22793名队列研究人群（平均4.56年的随访,其中1109名参与者发生了至少一次心血管事件）。在全国层面,与正常体重（BMI＜24 Kg/m2）相比,在调整了年龄、教育水平、吸烟、饮酒等多种危险因素后,所有肥胖指标均与CVD风险增加有统计学差异。其中,超重和肥胖的HR分别为正常体重指数的1.18倍（95% CI 1.03~1.34）和1.53倍（95% CI 1.29~1.81）,超重人群心血管疾病的PAFs为6.20%（95% CI 6.16%~6.24%）,肥胖7.08%（95% CI 6.99%~7.17%）;腹型肥胖的HR为1.44 （95% CI 1.27-1.62）,PAFs为13.30%（95% CI 13.21%~13.37%）;体脂率的HR为1.25（95% CI 1.10~1.41）,PAFs为8.99%（95% CI 8.94%~9.04%）;内脏脂肪指数的HR为1.43（95% CI 1.23~1.65）,PAFs为5.14%（95% CI 5.07%~5.21%）。对于各省而言,肥胖的PAFs分布北部和西部省份最高,南部和沿海省份最低。体重指数肥胖的PAFs天津最高为13.31%,海南最低为2.37%;腹型肥胖的PAFs天津最高20.78%,海南最低5.38%。结论：我国心血管疾病很大比例可归因于肥胖。腰围指标较其他肥胖指标心血管疾病PAFs更高,我国北方和经济社会地位较低的省份心血管疾病PAFs显著偏高。     

Elevated depressive symptoms and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among adults with and without diabetes: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

AimsTo examine the association of elevated depressive symptoms with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and determine whether these associations differ for those with and without diabetes.MethodsWe included 22,807 black and white men and women aged 45–98 years at baseline (2003–2007) from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Elevated depressive symptoms were defined as a score ≥ 4 on the 4-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale. Participants were classified as having diabetes, prediabetes, or no prediabetes/diabetes based on glucose levels and diabetes medication use. All-cause mortality events were available through 2018 and adjudicated CVD mortality events were available through 2015.ResultsDuring follow-up, there were 5383 all-cause deaths, of which 1585 were adjudicated CVD deaths. The mean survival time was lower for participants with elevated depressive symptoms than those without elevated depressive symptoms for those with diabetes, prediabetes, and no prediabetes/diabetes. In multivariable adjusted models, elevated depressive symptoms increased the risk of all-cause mortality for those with diabetes (HR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.00–1.32), prediabetes (HR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.28–1.91), and neither prediabetes/diabetes (HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.19–1.50) (p for interaction = 0.0342). Findings were similar for CVD mortality.ConclusionElevated depressive symptoms increased the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals with and without diabetes, with a stronger magnitude of association observed among those with prediabetes. This underscores the need for assessing depressive symptoms across the glycemic spectrum, including those with prediabetes.     

Relationship between the exocrine and endocrine pancreas after acute pancreatitis

AIM:To determine the prevalence and time course of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes mellitus after acute pancreatitis.METHODS:Relevant literature cited in three major biomedical journal databases(EMBASE,MEDLINE,and Scopus)was reviewed independently by two authors.There were no language constraints but the search was limited to human studies.Studies included were cohort studies of adult patients who were discharged after an attack of acute pancreatitis.Patients were excluded if they were under 18 years of age or had a previous diagnosis of prediabetes or diabetes mellitus,pancreatic exocrine insufficiency,or chronic pancreatitis.The main outcome measure was the prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in patients who were diagnosed with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus after an attack of acute pancreatitis.Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients who were diagnosed with prediabetes only and those who were diagnosed withdiabetes mellitus only.Subgroup analysis looking at the time course of concomitant pancreatic exocrine and endocrine insufficiency was also conducted.Pooled prevalence and corresponding 95%confidence intervals were calculated for all outcome measures and P-values<0.05 were deemed statistically significant.RESULTS:Eight clinical studies comprising of 234patients met all eligibility criteria.The pooled prevalence of newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes in individuals after acute pancreatitis was 43%(95%CI:30%-56%).The pooled prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals after acute pancreatitis was 29%(95%CI:19%-39%).The prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes was 40%(95%CI:25%-55%).The prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency among individuals with prediabetes alone and diabetes mellitus alone was 41%(95%CI:12%-75%)and 39%(95%CI:28%-51%),respectively.Further analysis showed that the prevalence of concomitant pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in individuals with prediabetes or diabetes decreases over time after an attack of acute pancreatitis.CONCLUSION:Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency occurs in 40%of individuals with newly diagnosed prediabetes or diabetes mellitus after acute pancreatitis.Further studies are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetes in this setting.     

Demographic and Regional Trends of Infective Endocarditis-Related Mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2019

We sought to identify temporal, geographic, age and sex-based mortality trends of IE in the US over the past 2 decades. This population-based study utilized the CDC WONDER database to identify IE-related deaths occurring within the US between 1999 and 2019. IE-related crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (CMRs and AAMRs, respectively) were determined. Joinpoint regression was used to determine trends in CMR/AAMR using annual percent change (APC) in the overall sample in addition to demographic (sex, race/ethnicity, age) and geographic (rural/urban, statewide) subgroups. Between 1999 and 2019, a total of 279,154 deaths related to IE were reported. The overall AAMR declined from 54.2/1,000,000 in 1999 to 51.4 in 2019. However, AAMRs increased among several sub-groups over the past decade including men [2009-2019 APC = 0.4%, 95%CI, 0.1%-0.6%], non-Hispanic (NH) whites [APC of 0.8% from 2009 to 2019 (95%CI 0.5%-1.1%)], NH American Indians or Alaskan Natives [APC of 1.4% during the study period (95%CI, 0.7%-2.0%)], and those in rural areas [APC of 1.0% from 2009 to 2019 (95%CI 0.5%-1.5%)]. The CMRs increased among subjects 40-64 years old [APC of 2.8% from 2010 to 2019 (95%CI 2.2%-3.5%)] and 15-39 years old [APC of 16.4% from 2010 to 2017 (95%CI 13.5%-19.4%)]. IE-related CMR/AAMR increased among men, NH whites, NH American Indian or Alaskan Natives, those <65-year-old, and those from rural areas. Discerning the reasons for the increase in IE-related mortality among these groups and examining the impact of the social determinants of health may represent important opportunities to enhance care.     

Interplay of Coronary Artery Calcium and Risk Factors for Predicting CVD/CHD Mortality: The CAC Consortium

ObjectivesThis study sought to evaluate the association and burden of coronary artery calcium (CAC) with long-term, cause-specific mortality across the spectrum of baseline risk.BackgroundAlthough CAC is a known predictor of short-term, all-cause mortality, data on long-term and cause-specific mortality are inadequate.MethodsThe CAC Consortium cohort is a multicenter cohort of 66,636 participants without coronary heart disease (CHD) who underwent CAC testing. The following risk factors (RFs) were considered: 1) current cigarette smoking; 2) dyslipidemia; 3) diabetes mellitus; 4) hypertension; and 5) family history of CHD.ResultsDuring the 12.5-years median follow-up, 3,158 (4.7%) deaths occurred; 32% were cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. Participants with CAC scores ≥400 had a significantly increased risk for CHD and CVD mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.88 to 7.62; and HR: 4.15; 95% CI: 3.29 to 5.22, respectively) compared with CAC of 0. Participants with ≥3 RFs had a smaller increased risk for CHD and CVD mortality (HR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.52 to 2.85; and HR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.46 to 2.31, respectively) compared with those without RFs. Across RF strata, CAC added prognostic information. For example, participants without RFs but with CAC ≥400 had significantly higher all-cause, non-CVD, CVD, and CHD mortality rates compared with participants with ≥3 RFs and CAC of 0.ConclusionsAcross the spectrum of RF burden, a higher CAC score was strongly associated with long-term, all-cause mortality and a greater proportion of deaths due to CVD and CHD. Absence of CAC identified people with a low risk over 12 years of follow-up, with most deaths being non-CVD in nature, regardless of RF burden.     

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular risk in patients with prediabetes: A secondary analysis of the D2d study

AimsLow blood 25(OH)D level is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Additionally, individuals with prediabetes are at higher risk for CVD than individuals with normoglycemia. We investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on CVD outcomes in the vitamin D and type 2 diabetes (D2d) study, a large trial among adults with prediabetes.Methods2423 participants were randomized to 4000 IU/day of vitamin D₃ or placebo and followed for median 3.0 years for new-onset diabetes. In pre-specified secondary analyses, we examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on composite Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE); expanded MACE (MACE + revascularization); atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score; and individual CVD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein). Cox models compared hazard ratios (HR) between the two groups on MACE and expanded MACE.ResultsMean age was 60 years, 45 % were women, 13 % had history of CVD. Twenty-one participants assigned to vitamin D and 12 participants assigned to placebo met the MACE outcome (HR 1.81, 95%CI 0.89 to 3.69). There were 27 expanded MACE outcomes in each group (HR 1.02, 95%CI, 0.59 to 1.76). There were no significant differences between vitamin D and placebo in individual CVD risk factors, but change in ASCVD risk score favored the vitamin D group (?0.45 %, 95%CI -0.75 to ?0.15).ConclusionsIn people with prediabetes not selected for vitamin D insufficiency and with intermediate CVD risk, vitamin D supplementation did not decrease MACE but had a small favorable effect on ASCVD risk score.Trial registration: D2d ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01942694, prospectively registered September 16, 2013.     

Prediabetes and structural brain abnormalities: Evidence from observational studies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been linked to structural brain abnormalities, but evidence of the association among prediabetes and structural brain abnormalities has not been systematically evaluated. Comprehensive searching strategies and relevant studies were systematically retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Medline and web of science. Twelve articles were included overall. Stratified analyses and regression analyses were performed. A total of 104 468 individuals were included. The risk of infarct was associated with continuous glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.19 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05‐1.34)], or prediabetes [adjusted OR 1.13 (95% CI: 1.00‐1.27)]. The corresponding ORs associated with white matter hyperintensities were 1.08 (95%CI: 1.04‐1.13) for prediabetes, and 1.10 (95%CI: 1.08‐1.12) for HbA_1c. The association was significant between the decreased risk of brain volume with continuous HbA_1c (the combined OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87‐0.98). Grey matter volume and white matter volume were inversely associated with prediabetes [weighted mean deviation (WMD), ?9.65 (95%CI: ?15.25 to ?4.04) vs WMD, ?9.25 (95%CI: ?15.03 to ?3.47)]. There were no significant association among cerebral microbleeds, hippocampal volume, continuous total brain volume, and prediabetes. Our findings demonstrated that (a) both prediabetes and continuous HbA_1c were significantly associated with increasing risk of infarct or white matter hyperintensities; (b) continuous HbA_1c was associated with a decreased risk of brain volume; (c) prediabetes was inversely associated with grey matter volume and white matter volume. To confirm these findings, further studies on early diabetes onset and structural brain abnormalities are needed.     

Diabetes mellitus and mortality from all-causes,cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease: Evidence from the Health Survey for England and Scottish Health Survey cohorts

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is associated with differing rates of all-cause and cause-specific mortality compared with the general population; although the strength of these associations requires further investigation. The effects of confounding factors, such as overweight and obesity and the presence of co-morbid cardiovascular disease (CVD), upon such associations also remain unclear. There is thus a need for studies which utilise data from nationally-representative samples to explore these associations further.MethodsA cohort study of 204,533 participants aged 16 + years (7,199 with diabetes) from the Health Survey for England (HSE) (1994–2008) and Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) (1995, 1998 and 2003) linked with UK mortality records. Odds ratios (ORs) of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic and multinomial logistic regression.ResultsThere were 20,051 deaths (1,814 among those with diabetes). Adjusted (age, sex, and smoking status) ORs for all-cause mortality among those with diabetes was 1.68 (95%CI 1.57–1.79). Cause-specific mortality ORs were: cancer 1.26 (1.13–1.42), respiratory diseases 1.25 (1.08–1.46), CVD 1.96 (1.80–2.14) and ‘other’ causes 2.06 (1.84–2.30). These were not attenuated significantly after adjustment for generalised and/or central adiposity and other confounding factors. The odds of mortality differed between those with and without comorbid CVD at baseline; the ORs for the latter group were substantially increased.ConclusionsIn addition to the excess in CVD and all-cause mortality among those with diabetes, there is also increased mortality from cancer, respiratory diseases, and ‘other’ causes. This increase in mortality is independent of obesity and a range of other confounding factors. With falling CVD incidence and mortality, the raised risks of respiratory and cancer deaths in people with diabetes will become more important and require increased health care provision.     

Coffee consumption and cardiovascular diseases and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies

AimsTo evaluate the long-term consequences of coffee drinking in patients with type 2 diabetes.Data synthesisPubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences were searched to November 2020 for prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of coffee drinking with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Two reviewers extracted data and rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE approach. Random-effects models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Dose–response associations were modeled by a one-stage mixed-effects meta-analysis. Ten prospective cohort studies with 82,270 cases were included. Compared to those with no coffee consumption, the HRs for consumption of 4 cups/d were 0.79 (95%CI: 0.72, 0.87; n = 10 studies) for all-cause mortality, 0.60 (95%CI: 0.46, 0.79; n = 4) for CVD mortality, 0.68 (95%CI: 0.51, 0.91; n = 3) for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, 0.72 (95%CI: 0.54, 0.98; n = 2) for CHD, and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.61, 0.98; n = 2) for total CVD events. There was no significant association for cancer mortality and stroke. There was an inverse monotonic association between coffee drinking and all-cause and CVD mortality, and inverse linear association for CHD and total CVD events. The certainty of evidence was graded moderate for all-cause mortality, and low or very low for other outcomes.ConclusionsDrinking coffee may be inversely associated with the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, more research is needed considering type of coffee, sugar and cream added to coffee, and history of CVD to present more confident results.Registry and registry numberThe protocol of this systematic review was registered at Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/8uaf3, registered form: osf.io/xur76, registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/8UAF3).     

Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Management in Pre-Diabetes

Prediabetes, covering individuals with impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or high-risk HbA_1c levels, is associated with a ～20 % increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with normoglycemic individuals. It is well-known that lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions can prevent diabetes in prediabetic people; however, the evidence is less clear regarding prevention of CVD. Most diabetes prevention trials have failed to show beneficial effects on CVD morbidity and mortality despite significant improvements of CVD risk factors in individuals with prediabetes. Another challenge is how to estimate CVD risk in prediabetic people. In general, prediction models for CVD do not take glucose levels or prediabetes status into account, thereby underestimating CVD risk in these high-risk individuals. More evidence within risk stratification and management of CVD risk in prediabetes is needed in order to recommend useful and effective strategies for early prevention of CVD.