急性与慢性冠状动脉综合征患者电子束CT冠状动脉钙化的比较

目的：比较急性与慢性冠状动脉综合征患电子束CT（EBCT）冠状动脉钙化（CAC）的不同模式。方法：264例患（包括67例SAP、94例UAP和103例AMI）行选择性冠状动脉造影以检测粥样硬化狭窄的程度，行EBCT检查以计算CAC积分，分析各组患CAC积分的差异及其与狭窄程度的关系。结果：（1）SAP组CAC检测阳性率为100％，显高于UAP组的87．23％和AMI组的86．41％（P＜0．05）。（2）SAP组严重钙化的病人和动脉比例显高于UAP组和AMI组（P＜0．05），钙化积分自然对数转换值（In[CS 1])的均数SAP组显高于UAP组和AMI组（P＜0．001）。（3）不同CAC程度在不同狭窄冠状动脉上的分布在SAP组与UAP组有明显差异。（4）AMI组梗死相关动脉多数无钙化或仅有轻度钙化，钙化积分显低于非梗死相关动脉。结论：应用电子束CT研究显示，急性与慢性冠状动脉综合征患存在不同的冠状动脉钙化模式，此点有助于理解这两类冠心病之间在临床和病理方面的差异。     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化

为探讨冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化的特点及其临床和病理意义 ,将 2 7例经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊的冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者行电子束CT检查以计算钙化积分 ,并与 2 7例年龄和性别匹配的冠状动脉造影正常者进行比较。结果发现 ,冠状动脉瘤样扩张组钙化阳性率、钙化积分中位数及钙化积分的自然对数转换值均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 0 1)。冠状动脉瘤样扩张组中 2 1例粥样硬化性瘤样扩张患者钙化阳性率为 81.0 % ;弥漫性扩张动脉的钙化积分对数转换值显著低于局限性扩张动脉 (1.2 2± 1.79比 2 .86± 1.85 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,粥样硬化性冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者多数存在较为广泛的冠状动脉钙化 ,且钙化程度与病变类型有关。     

电子束CT检测冠状动脉钙化对诊断老年冠心病的价值

目的　探讨电子束CT检测冠状动脉钙化 (CAC)对诊断老年人冠心病的价值。方法　 2 2 9例老年患者行电子束CT检测CAC并计算每例的CAC总积分 ,行选择性冠状动脉造影以确定冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄的有无及其程度。结果　 (1) 2 2 9例患者中 ,CAC检测阳性 2 2 0例 ,总阳性率 96 .0 7% ;造影显示有 2 13例存在不同程度的冠状动脉狭窄 ,其中 16 8例确诊为冠心病。 (2 )全组CAC诊断老年人冠心病的总体敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为 99%、13%、76 %和 89% ,诊断老年人冠状动脉粥样硬化的相应指标则分别为 97%、19%、94%和 33%。(3)老年男性组CAC诊断冠心病的敏感性较高特异性较低 ;老年女性则特异性较高而敏感性较低。综合考虑敏感性及特异性 ,对于老年男性 ,以CAC积分为 2 0 0作为诊断冠心病的分值较好 ,而对于老年女性则以 5 0作为诊断分值较佳。结论　电子束CT检测冠状动脉钙化对诊断老年人冠心病具有一定价值 ,但应结合性别和钙化分值进行综合分析。     

电子束CT冠状动脉钙化与影像学斑块负荷的量化关系

探讨经电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化积分与影像学斑块负荷的量化关系。 32 0例临床疑诊为冠心病而行选择性冠状动脉造影的患者行电子束CT检查 ,并计算冠状动脉钙化积分 ,分析钙化积分与冠状动脉粥样斑块负荷之间的关系。结果发现 ,全组冠状动脉钙化积分为 0～ 3 346 ,中位数 45 ,钙化积分的自然对数转换值平均为 3 .64± 2 .1 8。钙化积分的自然对数转换值与狭窄程度呈轻度正相关 (r=0 .385 ,P <0 .0 0 1 ) ,与斑块负荷总分呈高度正相关 (r=0 .768,P <0 .0 0 1 )。结果提示 ,电子束CT检测的冠状动脉钙化积分与斑块负荷之间有良好的相关性 ,而与狭窄程度的相关性较差。     

电子束CT对判断2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变的意义

目的应用电子束CT(EBT)心脏扫描,评价EBT在判断2型糖尿病冠状动脉病变中的应用价值。方法94例受试者行心脏EBT扫描,计算冠状动脉钙化(CAC)率、钙化积分、冠状动脉狭窄支数和软斑数,同时收集血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂等相关临床信息。结果血糖异常组(包括糖耐量减低者、糖尿病者)、冠心病组CAC发生率较血糖正常组明显升高(93.33%,96.43%,90.91%∶56.00%,P<0.01),钙化积分有明显升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义,冠状动脉狭窄支数和软斑数有明显增加(2.200±2.024,2.964±1.915,2.273±1.679∶0.520±1.295,P<0.01和2.467±2.360,2.893±1.771,2.372±1.819∶0.511±1.197,P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析,发现钙化积分与年龄有明显相关(r=0.423,P<0.01),冠状动脉狭窄数与年龄(r=0.215,P<0.05)、餐后血糖(r=0.224,P<0.05)、胆固醇(r=0.275,P<0.01)密切相关。结论2型糖尿病患者有明显的冠状动脉病变,EBT钙化需与EBT增强扫描、三维血管重建结合,来共同判断糖尿病患者的冠状动脉病变状态。     

冠状动脉钙化在肥厚型心肌病诊断中的临床意义

评价冠状动脉钙化在肥厚型心肌病鉴别诊断中的临床价值。连续调查了 99例 30岁以上临床确诊肥厚型心肌病患者资料 ,分析其年龄、性别分布和冠状动脉钙化特点 ,并与同期同年龄段冠心病患者资料进行对比。结果发现 ,99例肥厚型心肌病患者的冠状动脉钙化积分与钙化阳性率随年龄增加而增加 ,存在性别差异 ,钙化总积分和钙化阳性率分别是 2 1.1± 4 .9和 32 .3% ,均显著低于冠心病组 (2 0 3.2± 34.9和 6 6 .7% ;P <0 .0 1) ;但仍在国人正常的钙化积分切点范围内。调整性别、年龄因素后 ,肥厚型心肌病患者的冠状动脉钙化积分和钙化阳性率仍显著低于冠心病组 (P <0 .0 1)。结果提示 ,电子束CT检测冠状动脉钙化有助于疑似或合并冠心病的肥厚型心肌病患者的鉴别诊断 ,具有重要的临床价值。     

血清脂联素水平与冠状动脉病变程度的关系

目的 :研究血清脂联素与冠状动脉 (冠脉 )病变狭窄程度的相关性以及对血管病变稳定性的预测价值。方法 :入选 10 5例男性患者 ,分为 3组 ,急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)患者 5 1例 ,稳定型心绞痛 (SAP)患者 2 9例 ,非冠心病对照组 2 5例 ,进行血清脂联素测定 ,采用Gensini积分系统评定冠脉血管病变狭窄程度。结果 :ACS组血清脂联素水平的对数值 [(0 .6 4± 0 .18)mg/L]明显低于SAP组和对照组 [(0 .81± 0 .2 1)、(0 .81± 0 .2 8)mg/L],均P <0 .0 1。而SAP组和对照组之间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。脂联素与冠脉病变程度Gensini积分呈负相关 (r =- 0 .38,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :脂联素与冠脉狭窄程度以及稳定性显著相关 ,有助于临床评价冠心病病变程度及其进展。     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与冠心病患者电子束CT冠状动脉钙化的比较研究

目的　比较粥样硬化性冠状动脉瘤样扩张 (CAE)与冠心病 (CHD)患者电子束CT(EBCT)冠状动脉钙化的差异。方法　经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊的 2 4例CAE与 2 4例年龄、性别和病变程度匹配的无瘤样扩张CHD患者行EBCT检查以计算钙化积分 ,分析CAE与CHD患者冠状动脉钙化程度的差异。结果　 (1)两组患者的临床基线资料、狭窄病变程度及病变部位差异均无显著性。 (2 )CAE组钙化积分显著低于CHD组 ,其自然对数转换值 (LN[CS 1])的均数分别为 3 4 1±2 4 4和 4 88± 2 4 8(P <0 0 5 )。 (3)瘤样扩张冠状动脉的钙化程度与病变类型有关 ,弥漫性扩张血管LN[CS 1]显著低于局限性扩张动脉 (1 2 6± 1 85比 2 6 7± 1 93,P <0 0 5 )。 (4)单纯瘤样扩张动脉及瘤样扩张并狭窄血管的钙化阳性率和LN[CS 1]均显著低于单纯狭窄病变动脉 (P <0 0 1或0 0 5 )。结论　粥样硬化性冠状动脉瘤样扩张患者的冠状动脉钙化轻于无瘤样扩张的冠心病患者 ,且钙化程度与病变类型有关 ,提示斑块钙化程度可能与瘤样扩张形成和血管重塑有一定关系。     

X综合征女性患者电子束CT测定冠状动脉钙化的临床特点

为探讨X综合征女性患者冠状动脉钙化及临床情况 ,利用电子束CT对 2 6例X综合征女性患者和 2 2例冠状动脉造影及运动试验均正常的女性胸痛者冠状动脉进行检测 ,同时对其冠心病危险因子进行评估 ,测定血脂和血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白水平 ,对比不同病例的冠状动脉钙化积分及病变血管支数。结果发现 ,有 19例(73% )X综合征女性患者存在冠状动脉钙化 ,而正常组中仅 4例 (18% )存在冠状动脉钙化 ;有冠状动脉钙化的X综合征女性患者冠心病危险因子明显高于正常组 (1.8± 1.3比 1.1± 0 .9,P <0 .0 5 ) ,前者的血浆氧化型低密度脂蛋白浓度也明显高于后者 (5 2 .38± 6 .89比 39.92± 7.87,P <0 .0 5 ) ;其中 13例为绝经期患者。绝经后X综合征患者冠状动脉钙化积分和有冠状动脉钙化的血管支数与非绝经期者相比无明显差异 ,但这两组均较正常组明显增高 (P<0 .0 5 )。结果提示 ,有相当数量的X综合征女性患者存在冠状动脉钙化 ,这种钙化似乎与绝经与否无关 ,有必要对这类患者的临床资料进行评估并作相应治疗     

超高速CT心脏扫描37例临床分析

应用Imatron C-150超高速CT(UFCT)对37例门诊和住院病人进行心脏扫描检查,其中9例作了冠状动脉造影(CAG).初步探讨UFCT在心血管显像技术中的应用意义.病人分为3组:①冠心病组;②除冠心病外的其它心血管病组;③无症状或其它疾病组.对比分析3组冠状动脉钙化(CAC)发生率和钙化总积分.结果表明,冠心病组CAC发生率和钙化总积分显著高于其它两组(P<0.05或P<0.01).冠心病组5例冠状动脉造影,其中4例显示冠状动脉2支或2支以上狭窄,其UFCT的CAC积分亦明显增高.提示UFCT通过CAC检测为冠状动脉粥样硬化及冠心病诊断提供简便有效的方法.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.     

Dénervation rénale pour HTA réfractaire sans anesthésie générale : intérêt d’un protocole MEOPA Morphine. Expérience préliminaire

Renal denervation using the technique of radiofrequency is used only recently for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Normally, it is done under general anesthesia because the ablation point technique is painful. We suggest an alternative to general anesthesia comprising an association of morphin 0.1 mg/kg IV to MEOPA (gas combining oxygen and azot protoxyd) delivered through an oxygen mask. Our series includes 12 consecutive patients treated between October 2011 and June 2013, the first five patients (group 1) have received only an hydroxizin and morphin sedation. Every five have felt the ablation painful, in two cases bearable pain (EVA < 5), in three cases intense (EVA > 5) pain leading to increasing doses of morphin, (total dose of 0.25 mg/kg in two cases, 0.17 mg in one case). For the seven following patients, a protocol including hydroxyzin, morphin and MEOPA given through a mask has been set up. Only one patient has felt a mild pain (EVA 5) leading to an increasing dose of morphin (total dose 0.17 mg/kg). None of the six other patients has felt any pain during the procedure. The average dose of morphin is 0.17 mg/kg in group 1, 0.11 mg/kg in group 2. This is a preliminary study; if confirmed, it will allow a lot of hospitals without on-site possibilities of general anesthesia, to realize such procedures. Conclusion: regarding pain, the procedure of renal ablation was well tolerated for six among seven patients receiving the association MEOPA and IV morphin. In contrast, in the five patients treated only with IV morphin, we observed a less good tolerance to pain and the need to increase the doses of IV morphin.     

Scale‐up of TB and HIV programme collaborative activities in Zambia – a 10‐year review

Objective To review the activities, progress, achievements and challenges of the Zambia Ministry of Health tuberculosis (TB)/HIV collaborative activities over the past decade. Methods Analysis of Zambia Ministry of Health National TB and HIV programme documents and external independent programme review reports pertaining to 2000–2010. Results The number of people testing for HIV increased from 37 557 persons in 2003 to 1 327 995 persons in 2010 nationally. Those receiving anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) increased from 143 in 2003 to 344 304 in 2010. The national HIV prevalence estimates declined from 14.3% in 2001 to 13.5% in 2009. The proportion of TB patients being tested for HIV increased from 22.6% in 2006 to 84% in 2010 and approximately 70% were HIV positive. The proportion of the HIV‐infected TB patients who: (i) started on ART increased from 38% in 2006 to 50% in 2010; (ii) commenced co‐trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) increased from 31% in 2006 to 70% in 2010; and (iii) were successfully treated increased to an average of 80% resulting in decline of deaths from 13% in 2006 to 9% in 2010. Conclusions The scale‐up of TB/HIV collaborative programme activities in Zambia has steadily increased over the past decade resulting in increased testing for TB and HIV, and anti‐retroviral (ARV) rollout with improved treatment outcomes among TB patients co‐infected with HIV. Getting service delivery points to adhere to WHO guidelines for collaborative TB/HIV activities remains problematic, especially those meant to reduce the burden of TB in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).     

C-MET在非小细胞肺癌对表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药中的作用研究进展

以表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)为靶点的酪氨酸酶抑制剂(TKI)是近年来非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)治疗的重大突破.但是随着临床的广泛应用,耐药成为新的难点.新近研究已发现对EGFRTKI的耐药产生主要涉及原癌基因C-MET的扩增突变.C-MET是原癌基因,是蛋白产物肝细胞生长因子/离散离子(HGF/SF)的受体,具有酪氨酸酶活性,C-MET基因扩增激活ErbB3-PI3K信号途径导致NSCLC对EGFR-TKI产生耐药,大量研究证实NSCLC患者对EGFR-TKI耐药约20％归因于C-MET基因扩增.     

Artificial intelligence in pancreaticobiliary endoscopy

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in health care have exponentially increased in recent years, and a few of these are related to pancreatobiliary disorders. AI‐based methods were applied to extract information, in prognostication, to guide clinical treatment decisions and in pancreatobiliary endoscopy to characterize lesions. AI applications in endoscopy are expected to reduce inter‐operator variability, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, and assist in therapeutic decision‐making in real time. AI‐based literature must however be interpreted with caution given the limited external validation. A multidisciplinary approach combining clinical and imaging or endoscopy data will better utilize AI‐based technologies to further improve patient care.