铋剂四联方案治疗幽门螺杆菌感染的临床研究

目的探讨含铋剂四联治疗方案对幽门螺杆菌的根除率,治疗的成本-效果及不良反应的影响。方法选取幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)阳性患者共计299例,将患者随机分为铋剂四联组(149例)与传统三联组(150例)。传统三联组接受埃索美拉唑、阿莫西林、呋喃唑酮常规治疗,而铋剂四联组在此基础上增服果胶铋,治疗时间为2周。结果传统三联方案与铋剂四联方案根除H.pylori不良反应的发生情况不具有统计学意义。但铋剂四联方案H.pylori的根除率显著高于传统三联方案,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);铋剂四联方案相对于三联方案的增量成效比为1.46:1。结论铋剂四联方案应用于一线治疗H.pylori感染相比传统三联方案具有较高的根除率和较低的成本-效益比,具有较好临床推广价值。     

以泮托拉唑为基础的三联和四联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌疗效比较——一项单中心、随机、开放、平行对照研究

背景：近年质子泵抑制剂（PPI）＋阿莫西林＋克拉霉素标准三联疗法对幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）的根除率有所降低,PPI＋铋剂＋甲硝唑＋四环素的四联疗法能否成为一线治疗的首选以及适当延长疗程能否提高根除率尚有待明确。目的：比较以泮托拉唑为基础的7d标准三联疗法与7d、10d四联疗法根除H.pylori的疗效。方法：133例非溃疡性消化不良的H.pylori感染患者随机分配至7d三联组（45例,泮托拉唑40mgbid＋阿莫西林1.0gbid＋克拉霉素500mgbid,PAC方案）以及7d、10d四联组（43例和45例,泮托拉唑40mgbid＋枸橼酸铋钾220mgbid＋甲硝唑400mgtid＋四环素750mgbid,PBMT方案）。治疗结束后至少间隔4周行13C-尿素呼气试验复查H.pylori,评估治疗结果。结果：共129例患者按方案完成治疗。三组H.pylori根除率按意图治疗（ITT）分析分别为73.3%、79.1%和88.9%,按方案（PP）分析分别为75.0%、82.9%和90.9%。7dPAC方案的PP根除率显著低于10dPBMT方案（P〈0.05）。除四联组中有2例患者分别因头晕和腹泻而未完成治疗外,其余患者的不良反应相似且均能耐受。结论：在7d标准三联疗法H.pylori根除疗效降低的情况下,含泮托拉唑、铋剂、甲硝唑和四环素的10d四联疗法可考虑作为根除治疗的首选方案。     

含铋剂四联疗法根除消化性溃疡幽门螺杆菌感染的疗效

目的:探讨含铋剂的四联疗法在根除幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染的疗效研究.方法:将H.pylori感染的消化性溃疡病例288例,随机分为观察组和对照组各144例;观察组:胶体果胶铋+泮托拉唑+呋喃唑酮+阿莫西林四联疗法,疗程10 d;对照组:泮托拉唑+阿莫西林+克拉霉素标准三联疗法,疗程10 d.将两组溃疡总有效率、H.pylori根除率和不良反应进行比较.结果:观察组较对照组有较高的根除率,观察组分别为胃溃疡91.5%、十二指肠溃疡94.1%,对照组则分别为73.5%、71.1%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05).药物不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论:含铋剂四联疗法根除H.pylori感染根除率高、价廉,潜在的不良反应发生率低,是目前较为理想的根除H.pylori方案.     

四联疗法及嗜酸乳杆菌在幽门螺杆菌根除治疗中的疗效评估

目的评估四联疗法及嗜酸乳杆菌在幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)根除治疗中的疗效。方法 120例消化性溃疡或慢性胃炎H.pylori感染患者,随机分为4组:三联组(兰索拉唑30 mg,2次/d+克拉霉素缓释片0.5 g,2次/d+阿莫西林1.0 g,2次/d)、三联组+嗜酸乳杆菌(三联组+复方嗜酸乳杆菌片1.0 g,3次/d)、四联组(兰索拉唑30 mg,2次/d+克拉霉素缓释片0.5 g,2次/d+阿莫西林1.0 g,2次/d+枸橼酸铋钾胶囊220 mg,2次/d)、四联组+嗜酸乳杆菌(四联组+复方嗜酸乳杆菌片1.0 g,3次/d)。PPI及铋剂为早晚餐前半小时服用,抗生素为早晚餐后即服,嗜酸乳杆菌服用时间需与抗生素间隔2 h以上,3次/d,疗程均为10 d。治疗结束4周后行14C-尿素呼气试验,阴性者判断为H.pylori根除。随诊并记录患者药物不良反应,了解患者依从性和耐受性,并同步对其成本及效果进行分析。结果 4组患者的根除率分别为63.3%、88.9%、90.3%、90.6%。与三联组相比,其他3组根除率显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与不含嗜酸乳杆菌组相比,含嗜酸乳杆菌组不良反应发生率明显减少(P<0.05)。4组方案中以四联组成本-效果比最低(5.88),三联组最高(8.04)。结论含铋剂四联方案H.pylori根除率显著高于标准三联方案成本效果比最低;嗜酸乳杆菌能显著降低抗生素相关副作用的发生率。     

边疆少数民族地区含铋剂四联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌疗效分析

目的比较边疆少数民族地区含铋剂四联疗法与不含铋剂三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)阳性慢性胃病的疗效。方法因上消化道不适接受胃镜检查确诊为慢性胃炎或消化性溃疡伴H.pylori感染的患者100例,随机分为治疗组:奥美拉唑20 mg Bid,阿莫西林1 000 mg Bid,克拉霉素500 mg Bid,枸橼酸铋钾220 mg Bid,口服,疗程14 d;对照组,疗程相同,不用铋剂。两组H.pylori根除治疗2周后停用抗生素,继续治疗4~6周,疗程结束4周后,采用14C-呼气试验检测H.pylori,检测结果阴性者判断为H.pylori根除。并对两组的总疗效及不良反应进行比较。结果治疗组总有效率为88%(44/50),对照组总有效率为64%(32/50),含铋剂四联方案的总有效率明显优于传统的三联方案(Z=-3.093,P=0.002);治疗组H.pylori根除率96%(48/50),对照组H.pylori根除率70%(35/50),含铋剂四联方案的H.pylori根除率明显优于传统的三联方案(χ~2=11.977,P=0.001);两组均无明显不良反应。结论含铋剂四联疗法疗效优于不含铋剂的三联疗法。     

含PPI标准三联疗法联合替普瑞酮根除幽门螺杆菌疗效研究

背景:近年来标准三联疗法的幽门螺杆菌(Hp)根除率逐渐下降,含铋剂四联疗法成为根除Hp的一线治疗方案,然而铋剂的应用具有一定局限性。目的:探讨含质子泵抑制剂(PPI)标准三联疗法联合替普瑞酮根除Hp的疗效。方法:纳入2013年1月—2014年12月于航天中心医院诊断为慢性胃炎伴Hp感染的患者155例。将患者随机分为标准三联组、含铋剂四联组和含替普瑞酮四联组。标准三联组给予雷贝拉唑钠20 mg+阿莫西林克拉维酸钾914 mg+克拉霉素500 mg,bid;含铋剂四联组在标准三联组治疗方案的基础上加用枸橼酸铋钾0.6 g bid;含替普瑞酮四联组在标准三联组治疗方案的基础上加用替普瑞酮50 mg bid。疗程均为10 d。分别于治疗前后评估患者临床症状,并于治疗结束4周后复查~(13)C-尿素呼气试验(UBT)评估Hp根除情况。结果:152例患者按方案完成治疗。标准三联组、含铋剂四联组、含替普瑞酮四联组的ITT根除率分别为69.8%(37/53)、86.5%(45/52)和88.0%(44/50),PP根除率分别为71.2%(37/52)、88.2%(45/51)和89.8%(44/49),含铋剂四联组和含替普瑞酮四联组的ITT和PP根除率均显著高于标准三联组(P0.05),此两组间差异则无统计学意义(P0.05)。含铋剂四联组、含替普瑞酮四联组腹痛、腹胀、嗳气缓解率均高于标准三联组,但仅腹痛缓解率在含替普瑞酮四联组与标准三联组间差异有统计学意义(88.9%对70.3%,P0.05)。不良反应有一过性轻微恶心、腹泻、粪便变黑等。结论:含替普瑞酮四联疗法可有效根除Hp并显著改善患者临床症状,与含铋剂四联疗法疗效相当,且无明显不良反应发生。     

3种幽门螺杆菌根除方案和抗生素耐药对其根除率的影响

背景:目前推荐的根除幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)的治疗方案因H.pylori对大环内酯类和硝基咪唑类抗生素的耐药性快速增加而不能令人满意。目的:评估以质子泵抑制剂(PPI)为基础或以H2受体拮抗剂(H2RA)加铋剂为基础的三联或四联疗法根除H.pylori的疗效和安全性,评估H.pylori的耐药性及其对根除率的影响。方法:120例H.pylori感染的愈合期十二指肠球部溃疡或非溃疡性消化不良患者随机分入3个治疗组,疗程7天。A组:奥美拉唑、克拉霉素和替硝唑;B组:法莫替丁、枸橼酸铋钾、克拉霉素和替硝唑;C组:法莫替丁、枸橼酸铋钾、呋喃唑酮和四环素。根除治疗前取胃窦黏膜活检组织行快速尿素酶试验、H.pylori培养和组织学检查评估H.pylori感染状态。治疗结束后4～6周,采用13C-尿素呼气试验评估H.pylori根除情况。琼脂扩散法药物敏感试验测定抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:所有患者均完成治疗和随访。A组、B组和C组的H.pylori根除率分别为80%(32/40)、85％(34/40)和90％(36/40),3组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。耐药菌株与敏感菌株的H.pylori根除率有显著差异。结论:以PPI为基础或以H2RA加铋剂为基础的三联或四联疗法对H.pylori具有较高的根除率。H.py-lori的耐药性是影响根除率的主要因素。     

评估以雷贝拉唑为基础的三联和四联方案根除幽门螺杆菌的疗效

背景：在标准三联方案对幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）感染根除率有所下降的情况下，首选含铋剂的四联方案是否较标准三联方案更具优势？目的：比较以雷贝拉唑为基础的标准三联方案和再加铋剂的四联方案对H.pylori感染者进行初次根除治疗的疗效。方法：65例内镜诊断为非溃疡性消化不良的H.pylori感染者随机分配至三联组（雷贝拉唑10mg bid＋克拉霉素500mg bid＋阿莫西林1．0g bid）和四联组（上述三联药物加胶体次枸橼酸铋220mg bid），连服7天。治疗结束后至少间隔4周复查^13C-尿素呼气试验检测H.pylori，评估治疗结果。结果：60例患者按方案完成治疗。三联组和四联组H．prlori根除率按意图治疗（ITT）分析分别为71．9％和75．8％，按方案（PP）分析分别为76．7％和83．3％，两组间根除率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。除四联组中有2例分别因头晕和上腹痛而未完成治疗外，两组其余患者的不良反应相似，且能耐受，停药后不良反应自行消失。结论：含雷贝拉唑、克拉霉素和阿莫西林的一周三联治疗方案与再加铋剂的四联方案均能有效根除H.pylori，加用铋剂并未显著提高H.pylori的根除率，提示首次根除H.pylori治疗时仍应选择含质子泵抑制剂和两种抗生素的三联方案。     

提高幽门螺杆菌根除率的当代观点

幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)对克拉霉素和甲硝唑耐药率进行性上升降低了标准三联疗法的疗效,目前我国多数地区标准三联疗法根除率已降低到不可接受的水平[按意向治疗(ITT)分析H.pylori根除率80%]。本文讨论了有可能达到可接受根除率的初次治疗的当代方案,包括含铋剂四联疗法、序贯疗法、质子泵抑制剂(PPI)加3种抗生素(不含铋剂四联疗法)和高剂量PPI方案,对治疗失败后补救治疗问题也提出了讨论和建议。     

铋剂四联与传统三联疗法治疗幽门螺杆菌阳性小儿胃炎的对照研究

目的探讨含铋剂四联疗法与传统三联疗法治疗幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)阳性小儿胃炎的临床疗效。方法选取我院收治的120例H.pylori(+)胃炎患儿为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同分为治疗组与对照组,每组60例。治疗组给予枸橼酸铋钾、奥美拉唑、克拉霉素和替硝唑四联治疗,对照组给予奥美拉唑阿莫西林和甲硝唑三联治疗,通过14C-尿素呼气实验评价H.pylori根除率,比较两组治疗效果与不良反应发生率。结果治疗组H.pylori根除率为91.67%,高于对照组的75.0%(P0.05);治疗组总有效率为91.67%,高于对照组的76.67%(P0.05);治疗组不良反应发生率为6.67%,对照组不良反应发生率为8.33%,两组比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论铋剂四联疗法治疗小儿胃炎具有较好的治疗效果,可有效根除H.pylori,不良反应发生率低,安全性较高,值得临床推广并应用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.