缺血预处理对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的保护

目的反复短时间缺血可保护组织免受随之而来的长时间缺血性损伤，这种现象称之为缺血预处理（ＩＰＣ）．现探讨ＩＰＣ在肝脏缺血再灌注（Ｉ／Ｒ）损伤中的作用及机制．方法采用大鼠肝脏原位Ｉ／Ｒ模型，术前腹腔注射Ｌ精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）２５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１或Ｌ硝基精氨酸（ＬＮＮＡ）１５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，分别观察血一氧化氮（ＮＯ），ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ；肝组织ＮＯ，脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及肝组织病理损伤．结果肝组织ＬＰＯ含量（多少ｖｓ多少）、血清ＡＬＴ（多少ｖｓ多少）、ＡＳＴ（多少ｖｓ多少）活性明显低于Ｉ／Ｒ组，ＩＰＣ显著改善了由Ｉ／Ｒ引起的肝脏损伤．这种保护作用完全被ＮＯ供体（ＬＡｒｇ）或ＮＯ合酶抑制剂（ＬＮＮＡ）消除．同时，各组之间血、肝ＮＯ含量无显著差异．结论ＩＰＣ对肝脏Ｉ／Ｒ损伤呈现出明显的保护作用，其机理是灭活了氧自由基．ＮＯ在肝脏ＩＰＣ中似乎无明显作用．     

一氧化氮在肝损伤中作用的实验研究

材料与方法：１．动物模型的复制及分组：雄性ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,随机分成六组。除正常对照组外,各组均给予１０％Ｄ－半乳糖胺（Ｄ－Ｇａ１Ｎ）０．６ｇ／ｋｇ及大肠杆菌Ｏ１１１Ｂ４脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ腹腔注射,造成大鼠急性肝损伤模型。并分别于给Ｄ－ＧａｌＮ前２０分钟及后６小时、１１小时,精氨酸（Ａｒｓ）组给子Ｌ－Ａｒｇ０．５ｇ／ｋｇ腹腔注射;Ａｒｇ一硝基精氨酸甲酯（ＮＡＭＥ）组给予Ｌ－Ａｒｇ０．５ｇ／ｋｇ加Ｌ一ＮＡＭＥ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;ＮＡＭＥ组给予Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ;地塞米松（Ｄｅｘ）…     

同型半胱氨酸对正常人血小板L-精氨酸/一氧化氮途径的影响

目的通过观察同型半胱氨酸（Ｈｃｙ）对血小板Ｌ精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）／一氧化氮（ＮＯ）系统的影响,探讨Ｈｃｙ对血小板损伤的机制。方法健康成人６例,平均年龄（３３±７）岁。晨取静脉血,将每例血样分为对照组及加Ｈｃｙ组,分别测定血小板ＬＡｒｇ转运功能;同时将上述两组分别设立加乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）与不加Ａｃｈ组,测定血小板ＮＯ合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性、ＮＯ生成量和ｃＧＭＰ含量。结果（１）在不同浓度的Ｌ－Ａｒｇ时,Ｈｃｙ组ＬＡｒｇ转运速率均低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。（２）在Ａｃｈ刺激下,ＮＯＳ活性明显提高,但Ｈｃｙ组提高的程度明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。（３）在Ａｃｈ刺激下,ＮＯ生成及ｃＧＭＰ含量明显提高（Ｐ＜００１）,但Ｈｃｙ组仍明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。结论Ｈｃｙ影响血小板功能可能与ＬＡｒｇ／ＮＯ系统改变有关。     

自由基在实验性胃癌及癌前病变发生中的作用

目的探讨自由基在胃癌及其癌前病变发生中的作用．方法将１００只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分为２组，实验组（７０只），给予１００ｍｇ／Ｌ甲基硝基亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）水溶液自由饮用３０ｗｋ，对照组（３０只）饮用自来水．选５个时相点，动态观察ＭＮＮＧ诱发实验性胃癌及其癌前病变过程中大鼠体内丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨＰＸ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）等的变化情况．结果在实验组，ＭＤＡ平均含量在５２ｗｋ非常显著地大于０ｗｋ（Ｐ＜００１），并显著地大于１６ｗｋ以前（Ｐ＜００５）．胃癌组织ＭＤＡ含量显著高于胃癌癌前病变组织（Ｐ＜００５）．癌组织ＬＰＯ的含量显著高于癌前病变组织（Ｐ＜００５）．实验组，总ＳＯＤ和ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ活性在５２ｗｋ明显低于１６ｗｋ之前（分别为Ｐ＜００５和Ｐ＜００１）．癌组织ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ含量非常显著地小于正常胃粘膜（Ｐ＜００１），亦明显低于胃粘膜异型增生和肠上皮化生（Ｐ＜００５）．在３０ｗｋ和５２ｗｋＧＳＨＰＸ活性显著低于１６ｗｋ以前．结论自由基在实验性胃癌及其癌前病变发生中具有一定作用，自由基清除剂可能对胃癌的综合防治具有积极意义     

雷抑素对大鼠移植肝Kupffer细胞的影响

目的探讨肝移植术前应用雷抑素对大鼠肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞的影响方法以ＳＤ大鼠为供受体建立原位肝移植模型．受体移植术前３ｄ连续口服１％羧甲基纤维素１ｍｌ／ｄ（对照组）或雷抑素１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ（用药组）．分别于术后１，２，３，２４ｈ采血并取肝组织，检测血清ＴＮＦ，ＡＬＴ及肝ＭＤＡ水平，观察肝超微结构及大鼠１周存活率变化．结果对照组移植术后３ｈ血清ＴＮＦ（５３ｋＵ／Ｌ±０４１ｋＵ／Ｌ），肝ＭＤＡ（４８４６ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ±２３６ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ）显著增加，ＴＮＦ表达呈强阳性；而且药组ＴＮＦ（０９ｋＵ／Ｌ±０１１ｋＵ／Ｌ）肝ＭＤＡ（３６１８ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ±１５４ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ）无明显变化，ＴＮＦ表达阴性，两者相差显著Ｐ＜００１）．电镜检查，对照组肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞呈活化表现，而用药组肝Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞呈非活化状态．对照及用药组术后１周存活率分别为０％和６０％．结论术前应用雷抑素可抑制移植肝ＴＮＦ和Ｏ２的产生，抑制Ｋｕｐｆｆｅｒ细胞活化，以减轻肝冷缺血再灌注损伤．     

雷公藤多甙对大鼠急性肝衰竭的保护作用

目的探讨雷公藤多甙（ＧＴＷ）对实验性肝衰竭的保护作用．方法雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２４只，随机分为对照组（ｎ＝８），急性肝衰竭（ＡＨＦ）组（ｎ＝８）和ＧＴＷ保护组（ｎ＝８）．ＧＴＷ组在实验前５ｄＧＴＷ２５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）经胃管灌胃，其余两组均以等量生理盐水溶液灌胃．从第６天开始，ＡＨＦ组和ＧＴＷ组均在空腹１２ｈ后ｉｐＤＧａｌＮ１６ｇ／ｋｇ，注射后４０ｈ，以３０ｇ／Ｌ戊巴比妥钠（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）ｉｐ麻醉，心脏抽血测定血清ＡＬＴ，ＴＢ和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群．同时，在光镜和电镜下观察各组肝组织病理变化．结果ＡＨＦ组ＡＬＴ（ＩＵ／Ｌ）和ＴＢ（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）分别为７８２８±５７６２和１２５６２７±６７０２７；ＯＸ８水平为１４０％±３％．ＧＴＷ组ＡＬＴ和ＴＢ分别为３５９±５４和４７±３５；ＯＸ８为４３％±４％．两组比较有显著统计学差异（Ｐ＜００５或００１）．同时，前者电镜下线粒体和内质网肿胀、破损，核内染色质凝聚，后者细胞器受损明显减轻．结论雷公藤多甙对实验性急性肝衰竭具有保护作用．     

重型肝炎患者外周血内皮素及一氧化氮水平变化的意义

目的探讨内皮素（ＥＴ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在重型肝炎（ＳＨ）发病中的作用．方法检测３０例ＳＨ,３２例慢性肝炎（ＣＨ）患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ代谢物ＮＯ－２的水平,并用ＮＯ合成酶底物左旋精氨酸（ＬＡｒｇ）进行治疗前后对比．结果ＳＨ患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ－２水平（１３９ｎｇ／Ｌ±１４ｎｇ／Ｌ,１２７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±４０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显高于ＣＨ组（８５ｎｇ／Ｌ±１５ｎｇ／Ｌ,６３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）．合并有Ⅲ,Ⅳ期肝性脑病与肝肾综合征患者外周血ＥＴ和ＮＯ－２水平（１４９ｎｇ／Ｌ±１３ｎｇ／Ｌ,１６２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±３４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显高于非肝性脑病患者（１１５ｎｇ／Ｌ±１２ｎｇ／Ｌ,８８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）和Ⅱ期肝性脑病患者（１３６ｎｇ／Ｌ±１０ｎｇ／Ｌ,１２２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ±２６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜００１）;ＬＡｒｇ静脉滴注后血浆ＥＴ水平和平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）显著下降,而肌酐清除率（ｃＣｒ）和尿钠含量明显增加．结论ＥＴ和ＮＯ水平升高是引起ＳＨ多脏器功能障碍的重要因素．ＬＡｒｇ长期治疗可能促进ＳＨ患者脑水肿形成和肝肾综合征发生．     

急性肝坏死大鼠NO水平的动态变化和作用

目的探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在急性肝坏死大鼠模型中的浓度动态变化及其可能的作用机制．方法通过用化学药物促进或抑制急性肝坏死大鼠ＮＯ的合成，检测其外周血ＮＯ及ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ的浓度变化，并观察肝脏的病理变化．结果①急性肝坏死大鼠血清ＮＯ浓度６，１２，２４，４８ｈ显著高于正常对照（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，９０±１３，１３７±３１，６６±１６，４４±１０ｖｓ１６±６，分别为Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００５）；ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ也显著升高（ＡＬＴ，Ｕ／Ｌ，６９８±１０８，２０５６±６６８，８５８±２０８，１９６±３４ｖｓ３５±１３，Ｐ＜００１；ＡＳＴ，Ｕ／Ｌ，８０１±９４，３５７５±７１４，１２７２±２４２，１７５±１２７ｖｓ６５±２２，Ｐ＜００１）；②用ＮＡＭＥ抑制ＮＯ合成，降低了急性肝坏死大鼠外周血ＮＯ浓度，却显著升高了ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ浓度．③急性肝坏死大鼠应用ＮＯ合成底物后，与阳性对照组相比，未见ＮＯ显著升高，ＡＬＴ，ＡＳＴ也无显著变化．结论ＮＯ对ＤＧａｌｎ／ＬＰＳ诱导的急性肝坏死大鼠肝组织具有保护作用．     

大鼠急性肝损伤中一氧化氮及自由基的变化

大鼠急性肝损伤中一氧化氮及自由基的变化滕书玲，习玲，武希润用ＴＡＡ诱发大鼠急性肝损伤，观察肝损伤大鼠内ＮＯ与自由基的产生及其对肝损伤的影响。材料与方法一、实验动物：Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠，雄性，体重２００－３００克。二、主要药品：ＴＡＡ、Ｌ－Ａｒｇ、Ｌ－Ｎ...     

鼠自身免疫性肝炎模型的建立

目的探索鼠实验性自身免疫性肝炎（ＥＡＨ）模型的建立．方法用♀重１３０ｇ～１６０ｇＷｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分成８组，♀重２５ｇ～３５ｇＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠分成２组（每组ｎ＝６）．Ⅰ组为ＰＢＳ对照组；Ⅱ组为ＣＦＡ；Ⅲ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇｉｐ；Ⅳ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｍ；Ⅴ组为大鼠Ｓ１００５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅵ组为大鼠Ｓ１００１０ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅶ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ；Ⅷ组为小鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ组；Ⅸ组为大鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ给小鼠组；Ⅹ组为小鼠Ｓ１００２５ｍｇ加ＣＦＡｉｐ给小鼠组．观察生存率、肝功能、免疫球蛋白、肝脏的病理改变．结果用同种肝抗原Ｓ１００辅以福氏完全佐剂腹腔免疫Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠可诱导ＥＡＨ模型，该法形成率高（９８％）、死亡率低（２％）．病理检查显示典型的ＥＡＨ病变．ｗｋ５血清ＡＬＴ为２００ＩＵ／Ｌ、ＩｇＧ为５５ｇ／Ｌ．结论Ｓ１００可以诱导典型的ＥＡＨ模型     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.