重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的:总结175例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗结果,探讨提高早期生存率的措施.方法:自1993年9月至2002年9月,对175例重症心脏瓣膜病患者施行瓣膜替换术.其中单纯二尖瓣病变78例,二尖瓣合并主动脉瓣病变88例,其它心脏病变9例.45例进行三尖瓣成形,16例进行左心房折叠术.39例部分或全部保留二尖瓣装置.结果:175例中早期死亡9例,死亡率5%.术后并发低心排血量19例,心室颤动7例.随访137例,平均随访5年,死亡5例.结论:对重症心脏瓣膜病患者,注重改善术前心功能,掌握手术时机.重视围术期处理,可提高手术成功率.     

54例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的回顾性总结54例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法2002年4月至2006年9月,对54例重症心脏瓣膜病患者进行瓣膜置换手术。对其围手术期处理及术中特殊处理进行总结和分析。结果早期出现低心排综合征8例,其中2例并发多器官功能衰竭死亡,死亡率3.7%(2/54)。心包、纵隔引流多开胸止血3例,室颤3例,脑梗死1例。二尖瓣置换术后瓣周漏1例,半年后再手术。二尖瓣置换3年后出现下消化道出血1例。二尖瓣置换半年后出现SBE而行双瓣置换1例。结论重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗应注意围手术期处理,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,防治术后并发症并加强术后随访。     

重症心脏瓣膜病33例夕卜科治疗分析

目的分析33例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗体会。方法回顾总结1998年6月-2008年5月收治的33例重症心脏瓣膜病进行了瓣膜置换手术资料。对围术期处理进行总结分析。结果早期室性心律失常6例，低心排2例，脑出血死亡1例。晚期脑内出血、心内膜炎脑梗死各死亡1例，小脑出血1例治愈，心内膜炎再次手术1例治愈，存活者心功能均在Ⅱ级以上。结论重症心脏瓣膜病，注重术前心功能改善，掌握手术时机，注意心肌保护，保留瓣下装置及三尖瓣成形，重视围术期处理，可有效提高手术成功率，改善远期生存质量。     

重症心脏瓣膜病33例外科治疗分析

目的 分析33例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗体会.方法 回顾总结1998年6月-2008年5月收治的33例重症心脏瓣膜病进行了瓣膜置换手术资料.对围术期处理进行总结分析.结果 早期室性心律失常6例,低心排2例,脑出血死亡1例.晚期脑内出血、心内膜炎脑梗死各死亡1例,小脑出血1例治愈,心内膜炎再次手术1例治愈,存活者心功能均在Ⅱ级以上.结论 重症心脏瓣膜病,注重术前心功能改善,掌握手术时机,注意心肌保护,保留瓣下装置及三尖瓣成形,重视围术期处理,可有效提高手术成功率,改善远期生存质量.     

瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病51例临床观察

目的探讨瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的临床经验。方法51例重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者行中、低温体外循环下阻断升主动脉手术,二尖瓣置换26例,主动脉瓣置换9例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣联合置换16例。结果无手术死亡;术后发生并发症19例,术后早期死亡3例,48例痊愈出院,随访心功能恢复到Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论加强围术期监测和管理可提高瓣膜置换术治疗重症风湿性心脏瓣膜疾病的疗效。     

双极射频消融及迷宫术治疗风湿性心脏病合并长期持续性心房颤动

目的评价应用双极射频消融系统同时行迷宫术（MazeⅢ）治疗风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并长期持续性心房颤动（房颤）的近期疗效。方法2007年5月至2008年5月,13例风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并长期持续性房颤患者在瓣膜置换术同时行双极射频消融Mazem术。患者年龄56．5（44—65）岁,房颤持续时间5（2—11）年,左心房内径（55．1±5．9）mm。随访并评价手术疗效。结果本组无死亡等严重并发症,平均主动脉阻断时间10min,术后即刻、出院时及平均随访（9．2±3．2）个月时房颤消融成功率分别为100％、84．6％及92．3％。结论瓣膜置换术同时行双极射频消融MazeⅢ术治疗风湿性心脏瓣膜病合并长期持续性房颤安全可行,近期疗效好。     

改良超滤在重症瓣膜病体外循环中的临床应用

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病体外循环中使用改良超滤的临床经验,探讨提高早期生存率的措施。方法自2005年6月至2008年7月,对78例重症心脏瓣膜病行瓣膜置换术体外循环中加用改良超滤,其中单纯二尖瓣置换12例,二尖瓣置换十三尖瓣成形22例,单纯主动脉瓣置换8例,二尖瓣＋主动脉瓣置换＋三尖瓣成形35例,二尖瓣置换＋冠状动脉旁路移植术1例。复温开始超滤,在血液动力学基本稳定时,开始改良超滤,超滤时间和超滤量以红细胞压积来决定,根据患者的血容量、胶体渗透压、红细胞压积,选择超滤速度和滤出量。结果死亡6例,其中术后并发低心排血量5例,心室颤动治疗无效死亡1例,死亡率7．69％。随访53例,平均随访2．5年,死亡5例。结论改良超滤能高效超滤多余水分减少机体水肿和滤出炎症介质减少炎性反应,提高了左心室收缩功能及舒张顺应性,明显提高术后心指数、左室每搏功指数和每搏指数,减少术后早期尿量,缩短呼吸机辅助通气时间和重症监护时间,重症瓣膜病手术患者应用改良超滤会有效提高术后早期的预后。     

罗文琦 欧阳小康 甄文俊 王怀斌 谭洁 马玉健 王子 卫生部北京医院心血管外科

目的 回顾性分析≥80岁接受心脏手术的高龄患者的临床特点,评价手术方式、围术期管理和治疗结果。方法 我院2012年6月至2014年5月,25例高龄患者接受心脏手术,男性19例,女性6例,年龄80~91岁,平均82.6±3.0岁,其中冠心病患者17例,瓣膜病6例,瓣膜病合并冠心病2例。结果 高龄患者合并症多,冠心病患者绝大多数为不稳定心绞痛,多数有心肌梗死病史,瓣膜病变多为老年退行性变。本组围手术期死亡1例。术后最常见的并发症为房颤和心功能不全,急性肾损伤(AKI)、慢性贫血、低蛋白血症等发生率较高。结论 接受心脏外科手术治疗的高龄患者具有其自身特点,高龄不是手术禁忌,但需进行细致评估,根据个体特点选择个体化手术策略,围手术期尤其需要精细的管理,出院后适当增加随诊频率。     

老年重症心脏瓣膜置换联合冠状动脉旁路移植术23例临床分析

目的探讨老年重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病并发冠状动脉病变的临床特点及外科治疗经验.方法对23例60岁以上重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病并发冠状动脉病变的患者,实施心脏瓣膜置换并冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG),就其临床特点、外科治疗经验进行总结分析.结果本组23例中,治愈20例(87%),死亡3例(13%).结论老年重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病并发冠状动脉病变患者,实施心脏瓣膜置换并CABG,围术期处理恰当,可获得满意疗效.     

危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗

目的总结危重心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法对187例危重心脏瓣膜病患者先行强心利尿治疗控制心衰后,行二尖瓣置换术（MVR）44例,主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）27例,主动脉瓣联合二尖瓣置换术（DVR）111例,三尖瓣置换术（TVR）1例,同时行三尖瓣成形术（TVP）129例,冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）17例,房间隔缺损修补术（ASD）＋二尖瓣置换术4例;术后调整心脏前后负荷,适当延长呼吸机使用时间,加强呼吸道管理,维持水电解质平衡,加强抗凝。结果本组死亡17例,其中术中心脏复跳困难2例,低心排7例,肾功能衰竭2例,术后突发心律失常5例,机械瓣失功能1例。139例术后随访1~60个月,心功能Ⅰ级112例,Ⅱ级17例,Ⅲ级8例,Ⅳ级2例;仍存在心绞痛1例,心脏瓣周漏2例。结论恰当的围手术期处理、合理的术式选择是手术治疗重症心脏瓣膜疾病的关键。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.