自体骨髓干细胞移植结合超声消融术治疗糖尿病足

目的研究应用超声消融术结合自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足（DF）的疗效。方法26例DF患者经下肢动脉造影确定动脉闭塞部位，经股动脉插入超声消融导管，行血管内超声消融，然后将骨髓干细胞于患肢腓肠肌多点注射。结果23例手术成功，3例失败，有效率88．46％。结论超声消融术结合自体骨髓干细胞移植，可改善下肢动脉供血，有效治疗DF。     

糖尿病性下肢缺血的外科治疗

目的 探讨糖尿病下肢缺血的外科治疗方法。方法 78例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并下肢动脉缺血的95条肢体进行了外科手术治疗，其中动脉旁路移植术76条下肢，占80％。主要方式为股动脉-腘动脉人工血管旁路移植-单支小腿动脉自体血管旁路移植术(23．2％)和腘动脉-小腿动脉旁路移植术(21．0％)；15例患者16条下肢截肢处理，占16．8％；自体骨髓干细胞移植3例3条患肢，占3．1％。结果 75例91条下肢的移植血管在出院时均保持通畅，通畅率为100％；3例(4条下肢)于术后死亡，围手术期病死率为3．8％，手术成功率为96．2％。术后踝肱指数(ABI)为0．86～1．12，平均0．94。自体骨髓干细胞移植的3例患者，均达到避免截肢或降低截肢平面的目的。出院时足部创面愈合率39．2％。结论 糖尿病性下肢缺血可以通过外科治疗，如下肢远端动脉旁路移植、腔内血管成型术、自体骨髓干细胞移植及适当平面的截肢等方法而获得较好的疗效，外科治疗不仅可以挽救肢体或降低截肢平面，而且可为足部创面的愈合提供较好的营养环境，有利于创面的愈合和提高生活质量。     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗糖尿病下肢血管病变临床观察

目的探讨自体造血干细胞移植（AHSCT）对糖尿病（DM）下肢血管病变的疗效及安全性。方法应用AHSCT治疗远端流出道狭窄的DM下肢血管病变患者21例（36条），术前皮下注射重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子，使术日外周血WBC计数达30．0×10^9／L后，自患者髂后上棘抽取骨髓血约200ml，分离提纯自体骨髓干细胞悬液40～50ml，在硬膜外麻醉或静脉全麻下于患肢小腿沿血管走行方向自上而下局部肌注。结果治疗3个月后，患肢麻木缓解率91．7％，冷凉缓解率86．1％，疼痛缓解率80．6％，间歇性跛行缓解率64．7％，行走间距延长率35．2％，溃疡愈合率75．0％，坏疽好转率50．0％；踝肱动脉指数改善率77．8％。治疗过程中未发现其他并发症及不良反应。结论AHSCT治疗远端流出道狭窄的DM下肢血管病变安全、有效。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足(附3例报告)

对3例2型糖尿病伴糖尿病足（DF）患者采用自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗，先采集骨髓分离干细胞，再配成干细胞混悬液行小腿肌肉注射，共治疗患肢4条。治疗后，患者患肢发凉感、麻木、疼痛、间歇性跛行明显好转；1～2个月后踝肱指数明显升高，未出现并发症和不良反应。认为自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗DF简便、安全、有效；其作用机理、方法及疗效判定有待进一步研究。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植对老年下肢缺血疾病的疗效

目的 评价干细胞移植治疗慢性下肢缺血的临床疗效及相关影响因素.方法 应用自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗34例老年慢性下肢缺血患者.其中下肢动脉硬化闭塞症27例,糖尿病足7例.用梯度密度法分离骨髓干细胞,制备干细胞悬液.直接注射至患肢肌肉内.结果 患肢疼痛、麻木感和冷感觉改善率为79.41%,术后第1天患者即反映患肢不适感好转.出院时,27例患者静息痛消失或明显减轻,3例患者跛行距离由不足50 m提高到大于100 m,6例伴有溃疡患者,溃疡愈合或面积逐渐减小,6例踝肱指数(ABI)增加大于0.1,4例足趾坏疽患者中:1例症状明显缓解,静息痛消失,行坏疽足趾切除,愈合良好,2 例疼痛消失,睡眠改善,坏疽组织有脱落迹象,1例于膝下截肢时被截除.结论 干细胞移植治疗慢性下肢缺血,方法安全、简单、有效.尤其是对于下肢动脉没有流出道的患者,可使一部分患者免除截肢或降低截肢平面,改善生活质量.     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病缺血性下肢血管病变临床研究

目的 观察自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病(DM)下肢缺血性血管病的疗效及安全性.方法用自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗17例(28条)DM缺血性下肢血管病变患者,从髂骨取自体骨髓血300ml,体外分离单个核细胞悬浊液40 ml,多点肌注到缺血下肢.术后第1天至3个月观察各项指标.结果 移植后7～14 d患肢疼痛减轻,患足冷感改善;3个月疼痛明显缓解或消失,9条患肢行走间距延长.11例踝肱指数增加,溃疡面不同程度缩小;3例影像学复查示不同程度新生毛细血管形成.移植3个月后正中神经、腓总神经感觉及运动神经传导速度明显增加(P均<0.01);未出现并发症和明显不良反应.结论 自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗DM下肢缺血性血管病简单、安全、有效,能改善患者的生活质量.     

下肢远端动脉旁路移植治疗糖尿病下肢缺血

目的探讨治疗糖尿病下肢缺血动脉旁路移植的方法和疗效。方法从2000年7月至2004年7月，应用下肢远端动脉旁路移植手术治疗了82例2型糖尿病病人的96条下肢。主要方式为股动脉-胭动脉人工血管＋小腿动脉自体血管旁路移植术31条（32．3％），胭动脉-小腿动脉旁路移植22条（22．9％），髂动脉支架＋股动脉-胭动脉人工血管＋小腿动脉自体血管旁路移植术12条（12．5％），股动脉-小腿动脉旁路移植10条（10．4％）。结果82例中，3例全麻手术病人（4条下肢）于术后死亡，病死率为3．7％；手术成功率为96．3％，总有效率为93．7％；救肢成功率为98．9％；足部创面愈合率37．3％。76例患者（96．2％）被随访，平均随访时间为13．5个月，移植血管通畅率为92．2％；死亡率为3．9％；总有效率为87．6％；截肢率为4．5％，保肢率为95．5％。93．8％（30／32）下肢创面分别于出院2～10个月（平均6个月）后愈合。结论糖尿病下肢缺血行远端动脉旁路移植手术，可以使大多数患者得到有效治疗，从而挽救肢体或降低截肢平面。     

外周血内皮祖细胞治疗下肢缺血性疾病的疗效

目的 观察外周血内皮祖细胞治疗下肢缺血性疾病的疗效,比较内皮祖细胞两种不同移植方式的治疗效果.方法 2008年1月至2010年1月在我院治疗30例患者的34条缺血的下肢,选择两种移植方法,16例18条患肢采用小腿肌肉局部注射,16例17条患肢采用下肢动脉腔内注射.结果 二组患者总的疼痛缓解改善率分别为83.3％(15/18)和93.8％(15/16).对缓解或改善患者的冷、凉感觉,二组患者总的有效率均为100％ (16/16,14/14).二组患者总的保肢率分别为88.9％(16/18)和93.75％(15/16).术后两种移植方法的踝肱比值(ABI)增加的例数分别为38.8.4％ (8/18)和37.5.2％ (6/16).有15例患者16条患肢接受了下肢动脉造影,发现均有不同程度的新生侧枝血管形成.结论 内皮祖细胞移植治疗下肢缺血性疾病是一种简单、安全、有效的方法.两种移植方法疗效没有明显的差异.     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的临床疗效研究

目的探讨自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的临床疗效。方法选择2010年3月—2013年6月我院收治的糖尿病足患者21例(23条血管),均进行自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗:首先获取自体骨髓血200~240 ml,分离出单个核细胞悬浊液3 ml,稀释后在患足侧小腿肌肉局部注射。21例患者均于移植前,移植后1个月、3个月进行下肢缺血性指标测定,并观察患者近期症状与体征变化。结果移植后1个月、3个月患者下肢疼痛评分、冷感评分、间歇性跛行评分均低于移植前,皮肤温度和经皮氧分压高于移植前(P0.05)。移植后3个月16例患者行数字血管造影(DSA)可见新生侧支血管形成;足部溃疡创面愈合13例,缩小3例,截肢(趾)平面降低5例。结论自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足效果较满意,能有效改善患者患足血液循环。     

动脉内膜剥脱自体干细胞移植治疗下肢动脉闭塞症的临床疗效观察

目的探讨患肢动脉内膜剥脱和(或)人工血管旁路术、自体骨髓干细胞动脉腔内及肌内移植对治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的临床价值。方法总结185例下肢动脉闭塞症的临床资料,回顾分析其病因、临床特点、诊断方法、治疗手段及治疗效果。结果 185例经闭塞段动脉内膜剥脱、自体干细胞腔内和肌内移植,术后随访3、6、12、18、24个月,肢体血液循环改善明显,临床症状缓解。结论下肢动脉硬化闭塞症采取闭塞段内膜剥脱和(或)人工血管旁路术,辅以自体骨髓干细胞动脉腔内和肌内移植可获较好疗效。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.