稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质与颈动脉斑块的相关性分析

目的探讨稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质与颈动脉斑块的相关性。进一步分析颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病临界病变及不同斑块性质关系。方法选择在我院行冠状动脉造影及PCI患者,并显示为临界病变者行血管内超声检查评估斑块特征,按冠状动脉斑块性质将242例患者分为薄帽纤维粥样斑块(TCFA)组113例,厚帽纤维粥样斑块(ThCFA)组90例,病理性内膜增厚(PIT)组39例。分析稳定性心绞痛患者危险因素。结果稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块以TCFA组病例最多,为46.69%,ThCFA组为37.19%,PIT组为16.12%。TCFA组糖尿病(30.09%vs 26.67%、12.82%)、脑血管事件(16.81%vs 6.67%、5.13%)、高密度钙化面积[(11.3±8.4)%vs(3.4±3.3)%、(1.3±1.0)%]、最小管腔面积≤4.0mm2(17.7%vs 7.8%、15.4%)比例显著高于ThCFA组和PIT组(P0.05,P0.01)。3组双侧颈动脉斑块比较,TCFA组显著高于ThCFA组和PIT组(38.1%vs 25.6%、18.0%,P0.01)。结论稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质以TCFA类型为主,其冠状动脉斑块钙化成分、双侧颈动脉斑块比例、脑血管事件发生率更高。     

谈谈不稳定性心绞痛的溶栓疗法

一、急性冠状动脉综合征的病理生理急性冠状动脉综合征 (ＡＣＳ)包括急性心肌梗死 (ＡＭＩ)、非Ｑ波心肌梗死 (ＮＱＭＩ)和不稳定性心绞痛 (ＵＡ)。冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂 ,激活血小板和形成凝血酶 ,致血栓形成 ,是急性冠状动脉综合征共同的病理生理基础 ,血管痉挛也参与了急性冠状动脉综合征的形成 (血管动力性因素 ) [1] 。在不稳定性心绞痛和非Ｑ波心肌梗死 ,冠状动脉内的血栓多为非闭塞性 ,或形成闭塞性血栓后短期内再通。冠状动脉造影在不稳定性心绞痛闭塞性血栓仅占 15 %～ 2 0 % ,而非Ｑ波心肌梗死冠状动脉闭塞占 2 0 %～ 30 % ,…     

血管内超声评价老年冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化病变的性别差异

目的应用血管内超声评价不同性别老年冠心病患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块钙化情况。方法选择年龄≥65岁稳定性心绞痛患者61例。所有患者均行冠状动脉造影,选取一处狭窄50%～70%的斑块进行血管内超声检查,测量血管、管腔、斑块体积及斑块钙化的弧面积。结果女性患者血管体积和管腔体积较男性明显缩小,斑块钙化弧面积明显增加(P<0.05)。结论在斑块体积相同条件下,女性患者冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块部位血管体积和管腔体积小于男性,女性患者斑块钙化负荷明显高于男性。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声特征.方法 36例急性冠状动脉综合征患者和20例稳定型心绞痛患者进行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查.应用血管内超声分别观察比较冠状动脉内斑块的性质,同时测量冠状动脉病变部位及其参考部位的血管外弹力膜面积、管腔面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率,并计算斑块的偏心指数及血管重构指数.结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者中脂质斑块占77.8%(28/36),其中10例发生斑块破裂及血栓形成;稳定型心绞痛患者主要为纤维性斑块及混合性斑块,脂质斑块仅占10%(2/20),无斑块破裂及血栓形成.两组斑块的特征包括偏心性、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率具有显著性差异.不稳定性斑块呈现明显的正性重构,占72.2%(26/36),而稳定性斑块主要表现为负性重构,占75%(15/20).结论血管内超声能够准确地识别动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块,为早期临床发现不稳定性斑块并预测斑块破裂奠定了基础.     

冠状动脉重构的血管内超声研究

目的：探讨冠状动脉重构在冠心病发生中的作用以及与临床表现之间的关系。方法：73例冠心病患者,根据临床表现分为急性心肌梗死(AMI)组,共27例；不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)组,共22例；稳定性心绞痛(SAP)组,共24例。对“罪犯”病变进行血管内超声(IVUS)检查,测定重构指数,确定重构方向,并进行分组对比研究。结果：正性重构在急性心肌梗死组最常见,其次为不稳定性心绞痛组,稳定性心绞痛组最少见。相反,负性重构在稳定性心绞痛组最常见,其次为不稳定性心绞痛组,急性心肌梗死组最少见。正性重构病变有较大的外弹力膜面积、斑块面积和斑块负担。结论：正性重构与急性冠状动脉综合症的发生有关,负性重构易引起心绞痛的发生却使斑块趋于稳定。     

急性冠脉综合征病变的血管内超声研究

目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)冠状动脉粥样斑块病变的血管内超声(IVUS)特点.方法 应用IVUS观察35例稳定型心绞痛(SA)和49例急性冠脉综合征(包括急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛)患者冠脉病变处的粥样硬化斑块的特征.结果 ACS组患者冠脉病变处以软斑块为主69.4% (34/49),SA患者冠脉病变处以硬斑块为主77.1% ( 27/35),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中ACS组不稳定斑块和斑块破裂,血栓形成病变占总病变的57.2%,与SA组(8.6%)相比具有显著差异性(P＜0.01);同时两组患者斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数相比差异亦具有显著性(P＜0.01);ACS患者主要以正性重构为主(59.2%),而SA患者主要以负性重构为主(57.1%),二者均有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论 ACS组软斑块及斑块破裂、血栓形成、血管正性重构发生率明显高于SA组,IVUS检查是在体观察粥样斑块的良好手段,并可以指导治疗策略.     

64层双源螺旋CT与血管内超声对冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质的对比研究

目的对比冠状动脉血管内超声(IVUS)与64层双源螺旋CT(64-sCT)检查对冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块特征判定的准确性。方法选择35例不稳定性心绞痛患者行64-sCT与IVUS检查,分别测定同一病变同一位置的血管横截面积、管腔横截面积、斑块负荷;采用IVUS判定斑块性质,64-sCT测定其CT值。结果 45支血管(左前降支23支;左回旋支15支;右冠状动脉7支)的72个不同截面行IVUS与64-sCT检查,在可用于评估的68个截面中,64-sCT对51个存在斑块的截面,正确显示49个存在斑块(敏感性96%),对提示17个无斑块的截面,正确显示16个无斑块存在(特异性94%)。脂质斑块(25±14)HU、纤维斑块(90±20)HU、钙化斑块(530±185)HU;混合斑块中,钙化-脂质斑块(540±175)HU、钙化-纤维斑块(540±195)HU、纤维-脂质斑块(91±22)HU。纤维-脂质斑块与纤维斑块差异无统计学意义;钙化-脂质斑块、钙化-纤维斑块与钙化斑块差异无统计学意义。靶血管外弹力膜截面积、管腔截面积、斑块负荷、狭窄程度之间差异无统计学意义。结论对比IVUS与64-sCT检查能够定性及定量分析冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块,但其精确度仍有一定的限制。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度及纤维蛋白原检测在急性冠脉综合征诊断中的价值

目的研究超声检测颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、粥样斑块形成及血浆纤维蛋白原预测急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的临床价值。方法在我院接受冠状动脉造影检查者108例,经冠状动脉造影确诊冠心病患者75例,分为急性心肌梗死组(AMI)、不稳定型心绞痛组(UA)、慢性稳定型心绞痛组(CAD)。对照组33例。采用超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化程度。结果颈动脉IMT≥0.9 mm及斑块形成或者血浆纤维蛋白原(Fb)与急性心肌梗死的发生正相关,OR值及其9 5%CI分别为3.5 8 6(1.1 4 8~1 1.2 0 2),4.0 0 5(1.242~12.909),2.851(1.006~8.080),P<0.05。颈动脉斑块负荷与冠脉血管病变支数呈正相关(r=0.194,P<0.05)。结论矫正年龄、性别、血糖、血脂等危险因素影响后,颈动脉IMT≥0.9 mm及斑块形成或者血浆Fb仍然是急性心肌梗死发生的危险因素,通过颈动脉粥样硬化程度可预测ACS及其冠状动脉病变严重程度。     

血管内超声、64层螺旋CT及定量冠状动脉造影对不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变的评价

目的 应用血管内超声(rvos)探讨不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)低、中及高危组患者动脉粥样硬化斑块的特点,评价定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)和64层螺旋CT(MDCT)的诊断价值.方法 采用IVUS、MDCT和QCA分析61例UAP患者(低危组17例,中危组33例,高危组11例)71支病变血管.分析比较3组患者斑块的形态学特点.根据IVUS斑块回声的强度,将斑块分为软斑块、纤维斑块、钙化斑块、混合斑块,计算最小面积处斑块负荷,并分为≤50%、51%～74%及≥75%3类病变.以IVUS结果为标准,评价QCA计算血管狭窄程度的可信性,MDCT诊断3类病变的敏感性和特异性,及对斑块成分诊断的可靠性.结果 QCA可估计低危组和中危组患者的斑块负荷(低危组r=0.768,P<0.01;中危组r=0.721,P<0.01).高危组患者血管重构明显(冠状动脉重构指数=1.21±0.31),QCA低估了IVUS的斑块负荷[分别为(67±14)%、(75±16)%,r=0.551,P<0.01].MDCT对冠状动脉病变有较高的阴性预测值(87.8%-96.3%),但无法区分典型粥样硬化斑块内的纤维帽(kappa=0.245)及脂质核(kappa=0.235).3组患者IVUS斑块特点分析结果表明,随着危险度程度的增加,软斑块比例、血管正性重构程度、血管外弹力膜面积、最小管腔面积、斑块负荷、斑块破裂及血栓发生率逐渐增加.结论 QCA可以相对准确地评价UAP低危和中危组患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度,同时会低估高危组患者的病变程度.MDCT对于冠心病的诊断有非常高的阴性预测值可用于排除冠心病,但是无法可靠地区分粥样硬化斑块内的纤维帽及脂质核.IVUS检查显示软斑块、正性血管重构和最小管腔面积<4mm~2者可能为UAP高危组患者.     

单核细胞自体吞噬相关基因蛋白表达与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的关系

目的 研究人外周血单核细胞的自体吞噬与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的关系。方法 对40例稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者及40例急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者行冠状动脉造影和血管内超声检查。应用Western blot技术检测两组患者外周血单核细胞的Beclin-1蛋白、微管相关蛋白1轻链3（MAP1-LC3）及自噬相关蛋白Atg5-Atg12复合物的表达量,应用激光共聚焦显微镜检测自噬特异性蛋白MAP1-LC3在单核细胞内的表达量。结果 血管内超声检测SAP组斑块共计62个,其中纤维性斑块占48%（30/62）,而ACS组斑块共计71个,其中脂质性斑块占56%（40/71）。ACS患者外周血单核细胞的Beclin-1、MAP1-LC3Ⅱ及Atg5-Atg12的表达量显著低于SAP组（P<0.01）。结论 稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉斑块以较稳定的纤维性斑块为主,而急性冠状动脉综合征患者的冠状动脉斑块以易损质软的脂质性斑块为主,且冠心病患者外周血单核细胞的自体吞噬随着冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性的增加而降低,增强外周血单核细胞的自体吞噬可能成为稳定冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块,减少急性冠状动脉事件,降低死亡风险的一个潜在的治疗靶点。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.