支气管结核86例临床分析

目的探讨支气管结核(EBTB)的临床特征。方法分析经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)确诊的86例EBTB患者的临床表现、胸部X线、纤支镜检查结果等。结果纤支镜检查示大致正常仅占9%,37%有炎症浸润型病变,16%有增殖型病变,26%有狭窄闭塞型病变,12%有溃疡型病变。78例痰涂片行抗酸染色中10例阳性,86例行纤支镜刷片检查69例阳性,62例行活组织检查者中24例证实为结核。结论EBTB缺乏特异性临床表现,确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。     

胸片正常的支气管内膜结核15例临床分析

目的 探索胸片正常的支气管内膜结核的临床特征及早期确诊手段。方法 分析15例经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)确诊的支气管内膜结核患者的临床表现、胸部X线(平片)及CT片、纤支镜检查结果。结果 15例中主要症状包括：咳嗽15例，气促5例，胸痛4例，发热3例，咯血2例，消瘦2例。15例的X线胸片正常。纤支镜检查示46．7％的病例有炎性浸润型病变，33．3％有增殖型病变，13．3％有溃疡型病变，6．7％有狭窄闭塞型病变。15例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中3例阳性，痰培养阳性1例；纤支镜刷片检查8例阳性，活组织检查7例证实为结核。结论 支气管内膜结核无特异性临床表现及胸部X线表现正常不能排除支气管内膜结核，确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因发热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者，应怀疑支气管内膜结核而及时行纤支镜检查。通过镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌配合组织活检确诊率高。     

X 线检查胸部阴影与纤维支气管镜检查132例对比分析

对胸部Ｘ线检查示不同类型阴影患者１３２例进行纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）检查，比较分析两种检查结果。团块状阴影、团块状影并肺不张的影像征主要见于肺肿瘤；斑片状阴影、斑片状影并肺不张多见于炎症、结核。纤支镜检确诊１２５例，确诊率９４．７％，肺肿瘤的纤支镜确诊率９４．９％，肺结核的确诊率９２％，炎症的确诊率１００％，胸部Ｘ线检查与纤支镜检符合率８０．８％。对比分析说明：胸部Ｘ线检查可为纤支镜检提供重要的影像资料，但对病变性质、类型等的确定多有不足。纤支镜检确诊率高，对病变的性质、类型、病因等能提供可靠的依据，较好的弥补了胸部Ｘ线检查的不足。     

101例肺疾病经纤支镜肺活检结果分析

１０１例肺部疾病在无Ｘ线透视下经纤支镜肺活检（ＴＢＬＢ），其中包括肺周局部病变６９例，弥漫性肺病２３例，胸腔积液５例，胸部Ｘ光片阴性４例。检查结果表明ＴＢＬＢ对弥漫性肺病病理阳性率高达９５．７％，其次是局部病变，阳性率７１％。胸部Ｘ线阴性４例检查发现３例阳性。本文提示ＴＢＬＢ对肺部疑难病症有较大的诊断价值。尤其是对弥漫性肺病，可常规地进行ＴＢＬＢ检查。     

支气管结核78例临床分析

目的探讨支气管结核早期诊断手段。方法分析78例支气管结核患者临床表现、胸部X线、纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)检查结果。结果通过临床情况、X线检查及纤支镜检查、对多种疑难病情达到确诊。结论当疑有支气管结核,应行纤支镜检查,及时诊断。     

转移性肺癌40例的纤支镜检查结果分析

本文对４０例以弥漫性肺部病变为表现的转移性肺癌作了纤支镜检查，除２例外均在无Ｘ线透视下作经支气管肺活检（ＴＢＬＢ）或支气管粘膜活检（ＴＢＢ）。纤支镜检查的确诊率为７７．５％（３１／４０），其中刷检的阳性率为６２．５％（２５／４０），活检阳性率为５２．５％（２１／４０）。术中无１例发生严重并发症。本文对转移性肺癌及纤支镜检查的有关问题作了简要讨论。     

菌阴肺下野结核纤支镜诊断及其误诊分析

目的研究菌阴肺下野结核的纤支镜镜检的诊断价值。方法分析49例误诊的患者行纤支镜而确诊的肺下野结核。结果49例纤支镜镜检下表现中下支气管慢性炎症最多见,占40例(81.67%),其次为管口狭窄5例(10.2%),刷检抗酸杆菌阳性31例(63.24%),镜检后痰检抗酸杆菌阳性24例(48.97%)。活检5例(10.2%)。结论纤支镜检查能提高菌阴肺下野结核的诊断率,刷检、活检及镜后痰检可互补,更能提高诊断的阳性率,避免误诊误治。     

经纤支镜诊断46例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜在支气管内膜结核早期诊断中的作用。方法　 1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 12月经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )活检或刷检确诊支气管内膜结核 4 6例患者进行临床特点和纤支镜结果统计分析。结果　 4 6例病人均证实为支气管内膜结核。 8例痰涂片找抗酸杆菌阳性 ,38例行纤支镜刷检找抗酸杆菌阳性 ,11例活检证实为结核。纤支镜检查示炎症浸润型 4 1.3% ,增殖型 13.0 % ,狭窄闭塞型 2 6 .1% ,溃疡型 15 .3% ,正常 4 .3% ,纤支镜刷检阳性率高于痰涂片检查和活检 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　支气管内膜结核缺乏特异性临床表现 ,X- CT诊断价值不高 ,纤支镜检查成为支气管内膜结核早期诊断的主要措施。     

24例支气管结核的临床分析

目的探讨支气管结核的临床特征和早期诊断,减少漏诊、误诊和错诊。方法对24例经纤支镜检和细菌学确诊的支气管结核患者的临床表现、胸部X线和C T结果进行分析,从中发现早期具有特征性表现。结果 24例中主要表现为刺激性咳嗽者14例;咳嗽、咳痰伴痰中带血者3例;午后低热、盗汗伴乏力者2例;胸片及以CT肺部有异常影者5例;纤支镜检:刷片查抗酸杆菌19例,占为79.1%;经纤支镜活检病理证实为结核病者5例,占20.8%。结论对高度疑为支气管结核患者,反复痰涂片查抗酸菌、X线胸片和CT检查时,应及时行纤支镜检查,对其早期诊断与治疗都有重要意义。     

单纯性支气管内膜结核临床及纤维支气管镜下特点分析

目的探讨单纯性支气管内膜结核的临床及纤维支气管镜下特点。方法回顾性分析本院经纤支镜检查后确诊单纯性支气管内膜结核66例的临床、X线和纤支镜下表现。结果主要症状为干咳,少数伴咳痰、咯血、发热、气急,体征有局限性干啰音,呼吸音减弱,少数呈广泛哮鸣音。X线表现为肺不张,肺内块状阴影,16例(24%)患者胸片无异常发现。纤支镜下所见分为浸润型,溃疡型,肉芽增殖型,疤痕型。钳检病理学阳性率62.7%,刷检物涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率74.6%。结论单纯性支气管内膜结核的临床症状与X线表现无特征性,纤支镜检查中联合活检组织病理及刷检物涂片抗酸杆菌检测是有效的诊断手段。     

支气管结核112例临床分析

目的探讨支气管结核（EBTB）的临床特征及支气管镜在支气管结核的诊断和治疗中的价值。方法分析112例支气管结核的临床表现、影像学表现、支气管镜下表现、病原学和病理学检查结果及通过支气管镜治疗的效果。结果支气管结核好发于年轻女性,临床表现和胸部X片及胸部CT检查均无特异性。支气管镜下五种类型均有发现。经支气管镜行刷检和活组织病理检查阳性率高。在支气管镜下分别进行局部注入抗结核药、清除坏死组织、热烧灼、球囊扩张等治疗,Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型无一例发生支气管管腔狭窄。结论支气管镜在EBTB的诊断和治疗中均有极重要的地位。     

Bronchoscopic, radiologic and pulmonary function evaluation of endobronchial tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE: Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) causes problems in both making a diagnosis and following up the endobronchial lesion, because the lesion is not evident in simple chest radiograph. Frequently, the diagnosis and follow up of EBTB lesion during treatment mainly depend on bronchoscopy. Chest computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function test (PFT) have also been used in evaluating EBTB and differentiating it from the other diseases. Primary purpose of the present study was to observe the change of EBTB lesion during treatment and determine the optimal time and the indication of follow-up bronchoscopy. We also evaluate the usefulness of chest CT and PFT in EBTB. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-one biopsy-proven EBTB patients were enrolled from 1992 to 1997. Endobronchial tuberculosis was classified into seven subtypes: actively caseating, fibrostenotic, oedematous-hyperaemic, tumorous, ulcerative, granular, and non-specific bronchitic type according to bronchoscopic features by Chung's Classification. The change of bronchoscopic findings during treatment in each subtype of EBTB was evaluated prospectively. Follow-up bronchoscopy was done each month until there was no subsequent change in endobronchiat lesion, and every 3 months thereafter, and at the end of treatment. Chest CT and PFT were performed in 26 and 68 patients respectively, at initial bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-two of the 34 cases of actively caseating EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type, and the other 12 healed without sequelae. Seven of the 11 cases of oedematous-hyperaemic EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type, and the other four healed. Nine of the 11 cases of granular EBTB, six cases of non-specific bronchitic EBTB, and two cases of ulcerative EBTB resolved completely. However, the other two cases of granular EBTB changed into the fibrostenotic type. Seven cases of fibrostenotic EBTB did not improve despite antituberculosis chemotherapy. These various changes in bronchoscopic findings occurred within 3 months of treatment. In 10 cases of tumorous EBTB, seven progressed to the fibrostenotic type. In addition, new lesions appeared in two cases, and the size of the initial lesions increased in another two cases, even at 6 months after treatment. On chest CT findings of 26 EBTB patients, the length of bronchial involvement was measured from 10 to 55 mm. Bronchial stricture was noticed in 25 cases and the range of narrowing was from total occlusion to near normal, and there was wide variation in bronchial stricture even within same subtype of EBTB. The dominant feature of PFT in EBTB at the diagnosis was restrictive pattern. CONCLUSION: The therapeutic outcome of each subtype of EBTB can be predicted by follow-up bronchoscopy during the initial 3 months, with the exception of the tumorous type. In tumorous EBTB, the evolution of the lesions during treatment is very complicated, and bronchial stenosis may develop at a later time. Chest CT was useful in measuring the length of involved bronchus and degree of stricture in EBTB. PFT may be useful in differential diagnosis and follow up of EBTB.     

69例支气管结核临床分析

目的　探索支气管结核早期确诊手段及临床特征。方法 分析69例经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )确诊的支气管结核患者临床表现、胸部X线、CT及纤支镜结果。结果 69例主要症状包括:咳嗽68例，咳痰44例，午后低热50例，盗汗49例，乏力48例，喘息18例，痰中带血13例。胸片及CT示:气管开口凹凸不平、不规则狭窄42例，有阻塞性肺炎26例，肺不张25例，肺内空洞14例，肺门淋巴结肿大11例。痰涂片结核菌阳性率为43.5%，痰结核菌培养阳性率36.2%。纤支镜示:刷检结核菌阳性率为55.1%，组织活检中56.7%证实为结核，其中40.6%为炎症浸润型，13.0%为增殖型，29.0%为溃疡型，26.1%为狭窄闭塞型。上述四种类型发现结核菌的阳性率分别为71.4%，77.8%，100%和55.6%。结论 当有支气管结核临床表现时，应行胸部X线、CT检查，对可疑病人作纤支镜。当病理、细菌学均不能明确诊断，应重复活检、刷检和试验性抗结核治疗，追踪观察以确诊。     

肺结核合并支气管结核97例临床分析

目的探讨肺结核合并支气管结核的临床特点。方法回顾性分析97例肺结核合并支气管结核临床资料。结果临床以咳嗽(82.5%)、咳痰(80.4%)、发热(45.4%)、不同程度咯血或血丝痰(23.7%)等为主要症状,胸部CT以肺不张或膨胀不全(44.2%)及浸润增殖性病灶(37.9%)为主要表现,并可见支气管狭窄阻塞、支气管扩张、支气管播散、支气管充气征、纵隔淋巴结增大、纵隔淋巴结钙化等表现,痰涂片或培养检查抗酸杆菌阳性率较高(63.9%),尤其在多叶段浸润增殖病灶患者中其阳性率高达83.3%。纤支镜检查以主支气管及叶支气管开口受累显著(64.8%),多气管支气管受累患者达81.4%,且多种支气管镜下表现类型并存,纤支镜刷检抗酸杆菌、组织活检阳性率分别为55.9%、69.4%。接受纤支镜介入治疗的患者仅有18例,其中6例支气管狭窄闭塞并肺不张患者行气管镜下支气管球囊扩张术治疗,5例支气管狭窄好转。结论肺结核合并支气管结核患者临床表现无特异性。胸部CT对观察支气管损伤及淋巴结病变能提供较大帮助。气管镜检查仍为其重要诊断手段,镜下可见多气管支气管受累,且镜下表现类型相互重叠。球囊扩张术可有效改善支气管狭窄。     

干酪坏死型支气管结核72例临床分析

目的了解干酪坏死型支气管结核(EBTB)的临床表现,电子气管镜下表现及胸部CT常规平扫表现的特点和该型的治疗预后。方法回顾性分析72例确诊为干酪坏死型EBTB的临床特点,电子支气管镜下直视特点及胸部CT常规平扫特点。结果干酪坏死型EBTB具有刺激性咳嗽,不同程度的发热,易并发肺部感染。实验室检查痰菌阳性率高,红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白(CRP)高。电子支气管镜下较容易识别该型,胸部CT常规平扫对该型EBTB诊断率不高。积极治疗取得了一定的疗效。结论干酪坏死型EBTB具有一定的临床特点。电子支气管镜是发现干酪坏死型EBTB的主要方法。给予积极的治疗可以有一定的疗效,但具有难治性。     

Ultrathin bronchoscopy as an adjunct to standard bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. A preliminary report

BACKGROUND: The role of the standard bronchoscope as a method of diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions is limited. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of the ultrathin bronchoscope as an adjunct to standard bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions. METHODS: Seventeen consecutive patients with a peripheral lung lesion on chest radiography or chest CT. All patients underwent a bronchoscopic examination with a standard size bronchoscope, and if there was no evidence of endobronchial lesion, these patients were subsequently examined with an Olympus 3C40 ultrathin bronchoscope (external diameter of 3.6 mm). Under fluoroscopic guidance, cytological brushing samples were taken with the ultrathin bronchoscope followed by a reexamination with the standard bronchoscope which followed the same 'pathway' to the lesion established by the 3C40 ultrathin bronchoscope. Transbronchial biopsies (TBB) and cytological samples were taken with the standard bronchoscope. RESULTS: The size of the lesions ranged from 1.5 to 7.0 cm. A positive bronchoscopic diagnosis by TBB was obtained in 11 out of 17 patients (64.7%) and a diagnosis of atypical cells suspicious for malignancy noted in a further 3 patients. For lesions less than 3 cm in size, a positive diagnosis by TBB was achieved in 7 out of 10 of these cases. The lesion was directly visualized with the ultrathin bronchoscope in 4 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrathin bronchoscopy appears to be a useful adjunct to standard bronchoscopy by providing an accurate pathway to the lesion in question. However, further studies with larger patient groups are warranted.     

支气管内膜结核纤维支气管镜下的形态表现

目的研究纤维支气管镜下支气管内膜结核病人（以下简称纤支镜）下形态改变。方法分析临床确诊的支气管内膜结核患者35例，其中女性20例、男性15例，对其纤支镜下形态改变进行总结、归纳。结果对临床上确诊的支气管内膜结核病人纤支镜下形态学改变进行分析，归纳为以下7种类型的表现：粟粒型5例、干酪样坏死型7例、充血水肿型6例、疤痕狭窄型4例、肿瘤型3例、溃疡型3例和非特异性支气管炎型7例。结论纤支镜下支气管内膜结核7种类型的表现反映了该病自然病程中不同发展阶段的形态学改变，纤支镜检查对支气管内膜结核具有较大诊断价值，临床上怀疑支气管内膜结核时应及时行纤支镜检查。     

纤维支气管镜诊断支气管结核98例分析

目的　探索支气管结核的确诊手段及临床特征。方法　分析 98例支气管结核患者的临床表现及纤支镜结果。结果　主要症状包括咳嗽 72例 (73% ) ,咳痰、咯血、气喘、胸痛、发热等。纤支镜示 :支气管刷检结核菌阳性率 85 .71% ,组织活检阳性率 6 9.2 3% ,其中 4 1.84 %以炎性浸润改变为主 ,2 2 .4 5 %以溃疡型改变为主 ,11.2 3%以增殖改变为主 ,2 4 .4 9%以瘢痕狭窄改变为主。结论　当有支气管结核临床表现及 X线表现特异性不强时 ,进行纤支镜检查。当病理、细菌学均不能明确诊断 ,可进行试验性抗结核治疗 ,追踪观察以确诊