新疆克拉玛依地区蜱媒病原体的调查

目的 调查新疆克拉玛依地区蜱种类及其携带病原体。方法 于克拉玛依市不同区采集游离蜱和寄生蜱,鉴定蜱种类,利用荧光定量PCR或套氏PCR/半套氏PCR检测发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒、斑点热群立克次体、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、巴贝斯虫/泰勒虫、贝氏立克次体、查菲埃立克次体、恙虫病东方体和伯氏疏螺旋体等9种病原体。结果 共采集蜱683只,分3属3种,其中亚东璃眼蜱数量(n=362)最多,其次为银盾革蜱(n=311)、图兰扇头蜱(n=10)。银盾革蜱中斑点热群立克次体的阳性率为3.2%(10/311),巴贝斯虫的阳性率为1.0%(3/311);亚东璃眼蜱中巴贝斯虫的阳性率为0.8%(3/362),泰勒虫阳性率为0.3%(1/362);其他病原体检测结果均呈阴性。PCR扩增阳性基因序列分析显示银盾革蜱携斑点热群立克次体阳性与劳氏立克次体最相关,银盾革蜱和亚东璃眼蜱携带驽巴贝斯虫。结论 新疆克拉玛依地区优势蜱为亚东璃眼蜱和银盾革蜱,银盾革蜱携带劳氏立克次体,银盾革蜱和亚东璃眼蜱携带驽巴贝斯虫,提示该地区存在斑点热、巴贝斯虫病的自然疫源地,因此有必要加强对这些蜱携疾病的防控。     

我国部分地区蜱传斑点热分子流行病学调查研究

目的 进一步了解我国斑点热群立克次体存在的多样性,发现可能存在的斑点热群立克次体新成员、潜在媒介和动物宿主。方法 建立了扩增斑点热群立克次体190kDa rOmpA基因片段的PCR检测、鉴定方法,并用此方法检测了采用福建省和内蒙古自治区的蜱、动物和人血液标本。对扩增于越原血蜱、森林革蜱和FNH97未鉴定菌株的PCR产物采用PHYLIP软件包进行了序列分析。同时,为了寻找特异的斑点热群立克次体分类检测方法,建立了针对四种斑点热群立克次体的半巢式PCR方法,并对斑点热立克次体阳性标本进行了分类检测。结果 采用190kDa rOmpA.701/70p引物可以从7株斑点热群立克次体中的6株扩增出外膜蛋白A基因片段（小蛛立克次体除外）。并从采自福建省和内蒙古自治区的多种蜱及野生动物、人血液标本中扩增出了斑点热立克次体DNA片段,其中越原血蜱、卵形硬蜱、中华硬蜱、豪猪血蜱、森林革蜱、野鼠血块和人群血块的阳性率分别为15．69％、56．94％、8．70％、7．70％、43．56％、82．51％和0．98％。对来自越原血蜱和森林革蜱以及FNH97菌株的斑点热立克次体190kDa外膜蛋白A630bp左右核苷酸片段序列分析和推测的氨基酸序列分析结果表明：福建越原血蜱立克次体（福建立克次体）核苷酸序列与日本立克次体的该序列同源性最高（94％）。推测氨基酸序列同源性也与该立克次体最高（94％）。推测氨基酸序列同源性也与该立克次体最高（89％）;内蒙古森林革蜱立克次体（森林革蜱立克次体）核苷酸序列与扇头蜱立克次的该序列同源性最高（97％）,测氨基酸序列的同源性也最高（95％）。遗传发育分析,这两种立克次体分别与日本立克次体和扇头蜱立克次体均为同一个分支。序列中限制性核酸内切酶的位点也显示了对应的相似性。但是它们的核苷酸和推测的氨基酸序列与康氏立克次体和西伯利亚立克次体以及内蒙古立克次体（HA－91）差别较大。提示,这两种蜱携带的立克次体可能是我国尚未发现的斑点热群立克次体新成员。用初步分类引物对蜱标本、血液标本检测结果显示,以“福建立克次体”序列设计的引物检测越原血蜱阳性率为8．49％,卵形硬蜱阳性率为20．83％,中华硬蜱阳性率为4．35％,豪猪血蜱为阴性;以西伯利亚立克次体序列设计的引物检测卵形硬蜱阳性率24．39％,越原血蜱阳性率为5．56％,中华硬蜱和豪猪血蜱均为阴性。以内蒙革蜱立克次体序列设计的引物扩增森林革蜱阳性率为43．56%。结论 通过本次研究,在以下方面获得了新的认识：越原血蜱、卵形硬蜱、豪猪血蜱和中华硬蜱是福建南方蜱传斑点热立克次体的媒介或潜在媒介,其中卵形硬蜱、豪猪血蜱和中华硬蜱为我国首次证实的携带斑点热立克次体;福建的越原血蜱和内蒙古的森林革蜱分别携带一种未知斑点热群立克次体,并分别与日本立克次体和扇头蜱立克次体近缘;取自斑点热立克次体rOmpA基因的引物用于PCR,作为一种快速简便手段可直接用于斑点热立克次体初步分类和分子流行病学调查;我国可能存在斑点热群立克次体的多个成员及其自然疫源地。     

黑龙江逊克地区森林革蜱斑点热立克次体DNA的检测

目的 调查黑龙江逊克地区蜱传斑点热自然疫源地,发现该地区蜱携带斑点热立克次体的种类。方法 采用斑点热立克次体ompA和gltA基因特异的PCR,检测该地区森林革蜱的DNA样本,并对扩得阳性产物进行测序和聚类分析。结果 从60只森林革蜱中检测有14只扩得斑点热立克次体ompA和gltA基因片段,阳性率为23.33%。随机选择2只蜱的阳性片段进行测序,二者同源性为100%,ompA基因序列与Rickettsia sp.JL-02同源性为99.30%, 与Rickettsia raoultii为99.18%。结论 黑龙江省逊克地区森林革蜱携带与Rickettsia sp.JL-02株亲缘关系相近的斑点热群立克次体。     

新疆阿勒泰山地蜱传脑炎疫源地调查北大核心CSCD

目的调查新疆阿勒泰山地蜱传脑炎疫源地特征,分离鉴定蜱传脑炎病毒。方法通过家畜体表捡法采集寄生蜱;利用间接免疫荧光法检测当地健康人群血清中蜱传脑炎病毒IgG抗体;通过将蜱研磨液接种实验小鼠进行病原动物分离;通过接种BHK-21细胞对蜱传脑炎病毒进行分离培养;利用RT-PCR方法对病毒E蛋白基因片段进行扩增和测序,通过序列分析明确病毒系统进化特征。结果新疆阿勒泰山地白哈巴地区分布有2种蜱,森林革蜱为优势种(55.6%),其次为边缘革蜱(44.4%);当地人群蜱传脑炎IgG抗体阳性率5.31%(6/113);通过动物试验和细胞分离培养,从森林革蜱中分离出一株森林脑炎病毒;对病毒E蛋白基因序列的系统进化分析表明,蜱传脑炎病毒阿勒泰分离株属于远东亚型。结论首次从病原学上证实新疆阿勒泰山地存在蜱传脑炎疫源地,媒介为森林革蜱,病毒流行株为远东亚型。     

新疆阿勒泰山地蜱传脑炎疫源地调查

目的 调查新疆阿勒泰山地蜱传脑炎疫源地特征,分离鉴定蜱传脑炎病毒。方法 通过家畜体表捡法采集寄生蜱;利用间接免疫荧光法检测当地健康人群血清中蜱传脑炎病毒IgG抗体;通过将蜱研磨液接种实验小鼠进行病原动物分离;通过接种BHK-21细胞对蜱传脑炎病毒进行分离培养;利用RT-PCR方法对病毒E蛋白基因片段进行扩增和测序,通过序列分析明确病毒系统进化特征。结果 新疆阿勒泰山地白哈巴地区分布有2种蜱,森林革蜱为优势种(55.6%),其次为边缘革蜱(44.4%);当地人群蜱传脑炎IgG抗体阳性率5.31%(6/113);通过动物试验和细胞分离培养,从森林革蜱中分离出一株森林脑炎病毒;对病毒E蛋白基因序列的系统进化分析表明,蜱传脑炎病毒阿勒泰分离株属于远东亚型。结论 首次从病原学上证实新疆阿勒泰山地存在蜱传脑炎疫源地,媒介为森林革蜱,病毒流行株为远东亚型。     

我国蜱和人群中TBEV流行情况的Meta分析

目的 通过评价蜱、人群中蜱传脑炎病毒阳性率及血清抗体阳性率的情况,分析蜱传脑炎在我国的流行特点,明确我国现行蜱传脑炎预防控制措施疫苗接种的重要意义,为该病的预防控制提供科学依据。方法 检索PubMed、万方、维普和知网数据库搜集2000-2019年发表的关于蜱中蜱传脑炎病毒阳性率和人血清学调查的文章,通过Meta分析方法利用Stata15软件对选定的11篇和12篇相关文献进行汇总和分析,得到蜱传脑炎在我国蜱和人群中的流行特点。结果 2000-2019年我国TBEV阳性蜱主要分布在吉林、黑龙江和内蒙古。不同蜱种中TBEV阳性率不同,森林革蜱中TBEV阳性率最高为5%(95%CI:2%~10%,P<0.05)。人群特征分析显示:男性抗体阳性率高于女性,林区工人、军人和农民易感染。不同地区人群血清抗体阳性率差异很大,新疆地区的抗体阳性率最高为14%(95%CI:9%~21%,P<0.05)。结论 我国TBEV流行多在东北地区,阳性蜱以森林草蜱为主,感染人群多为林区工人、军人和农民。     

新疆蜱类与疾病关系的研究（摘要）

蜱类是多种人、畜自然自然疫源性疾病的传播媒介兼贮存宿主。新疆地域疗阔，又多是半农半牧区，家畜和野生动物种类繁多，是蜱类赖以生存的有利生态环境。迄今已发现蜱类２５产９届４２种，占全国已知蜱类的１／３以上。已发现的蜱媒性疾病及从蜱体现人分离到的病原体有：森林脑炎、新疆出血热、北亚蜱媒斑点热、Ｑ热、鼠疫菌、土拉伦斯菌、蜱媒回归热、莱姆病螺旋体、马巴贝西虫病、牛泰勒病虫；１９９０年以来，又从全沟硬蜱、边缘     

内蒙古北亚热地理流行病学研究

内蒙古北亚热地理流行病学研究陈国英，刘清淮，特孟，王维帮，刘生荣，王富昌，陈永林，白晓萌，李昕北亚热系斑点热群中西伯利亚立克次体引起的一种自然疫源性疾病。西伯利亚立克次体主要通过蜱在蜱及哺乳动物中水平传播，也可经蜱卵垂直传播。本病在１９３４～１９３５...     

我国西北部分地区Q热分子流行病学调查

目的了解西北部分地区人群及媒介蜱Q热感染情况。方法采用布旗法采集游离蜱,应用巢式PCR扩增蜱Q热贝氏柯克斯体;采用间接免疫荧光法对当地居民进行血清Q热抗体检测。结果共检测11个蜱种2 460只蜱标本,有8个蜱种239只贝氏柯克斯体DNA阳性,总阳性率为9.72%。不同蜱种间阳性率差异有统计学意义(2χ=16.69,P<0.01),其中以青海血蜱阳性率最高,为59.38%;四省区阳性率差异有统计学意义(2χ=13.28,P<0.01),以宁夏阳性率最高,为17.96%。共采集当地居民血清725份,抗体检测阳性51份,不同职业人群抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.03,P<0.05),以牧民阳性率为最高。相关危险因素调查显示,饲养牛羊、饲养的牛羊有不明原因流产、给牛羊接生时未采取保护措施等因素与血清学阳性率有关,其中前两个因素为危险因素,而接生时采取保护措施为保护因素。结论我国西北地区蜱及当地居民存在Q热感染现象。     

从云南军犬及人群发现埃立克体抗体

云南地处亚热带、热带地区,气候湿润,适宜许多节肢动物滋生,人兽共患病较多。临床上经常出现发热待诊病例或暴发原因不明热病流行,许多病例的发生可能与接触蜱类有关。为了解该地区与蜱有接触人群和军犬感染立克次体和螺旋体的情况,特别是否有埃立克体感染的存在,我们于1991年8月～1992年2月对云南中南部地区的军犬和部份人群的血清作埃立克体、斑点热立克次体、Q热立克次体及莱姆病螺旋体抗体检测,证明除Q热外,其他均出现阳性。关于埃立克体感染的调查,为国内首次报道。     

Rickettsia sp. strain RpA4 detected in Portuguese Dermacentor marginatus ticks

Dermacentor marginatus species is the common vector of Rickettsia slovaca. Recently, a new rickettsia genotype, RpA4, was detected in several Dermacentor sp. ticks in several countries of the former Soviet Union and in Spain. In an epidemiological surveillance study, ninety-eight D. marginatus, collected in the South of Portugal in spring of 2003 and 2004, were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Rickettsiae. Overall, 59.2% of the ticks were PCR-positive, among them 34.5% were proved to be infected with R. slovaca and 65.5% with Rickettsia sp. RpA4. This study reports for the first time a high prevalence of Rickettsia sp. RpA4 in D. marginatus in Portugal, pointing out for a wider geographic distribution of this genotype than previously reported.     

Rickettsial and serologic evidence for prevalent spotted fever rickettsiosis in inner Mongolia

A field study in northeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, in June of 1985 demonstrated a spotted fever group rickettsiosis. Two strains of spotted fever group rickettsiae were isolated. One strain was obtained from the blood of a patient with an eschar, regional lymphadenopathy, and history of a recent tick bite. The other strain originated from ova of ticks, Dermacentor nuttalli. These represent the second isolate of a spotted fever group rickettsia from a human and the first isolate from tick ova in the People's Republic of China. Antibodies to these rickettsiae were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 4% of healthy children and 34% of healthy human adults, in 58% of sheep, and in 76% of cattle in the same location. Hemolymph test revealed rickettsiae in 6 of 36 D. nuttalli examined.     

塔城额敏河谷及其毗邻山地蝉螨区系考察报告

在1988年4～6月,从新疆塔城额敏河谷及其毗邻山地采获12188只蜱类,经鉴定有14种,隶属6个属。其中革蜱属采自“南湖”的3771只,银盾革蜱占81.4％,边缘革蜱占18.6％,而采自塔尔巴哈台山3836只革蜱中,银盾革蜱仅占2.6％,边缘革蜱却占97.4％;在该地区首次发现了全沟硬蜱和具沟血蜱。同时于上述地区采到革螨26种,恙螨4种。本文概述了主要蜱螨的分布特征及其流行病学意义。     

我国南方媒介蜱中首次检出黑龙江立克次体(R.heilongjiangii)及马赛立克次体(R.massilliae)近缘菌

目的研究我国南方媒介蜱斑点热群立克次体带菌状况。方法采用斑点热群立克次体外膜蛋白ompA基因特异引物,对我国广东省连平县采集的长角血蜱进行检测分析。结果15组蜱标本中,14组检测阳性,阳性率为93.3%。通过测序分析,发现当地长角血蜱携带黑龙江立克次体及马赛立克次体近缘菌。结论我国南方地区除已证实的北亚蜱传斑点热外,还应加强当地其他斑点热的监测及临床鉴别诊断。     

Distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from South Carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks.

Live ticks removed from human hosts were tested for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 1974 through 1976. Spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, and Ixodes scapularis. Persons from whom positive ticks were removed in 1974 and 1975 were questioned about ensuing illness. Eleven of 51 persons from whom rickettsia-positive D. variabilis were removed reported some unexplained combination of symptoms compatible with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Persons with positive ticks other than D. variabilis reported no illness in the 2 weeks following exposure. D. variabilis from the Coastal Plain of South Carolina have a higher percentage of infection than those from the Piedmont region. Conversely, most reported human cases of spotted fever are from the Piedmont.     

A trial at using the systemic action of ivermectin for suppressing the vector capacity of ticks (Ixodidae) infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Adult Dermacentor marginatus hatched from nymphs infected with TBE virus and poisoned with ivermectin retain their vector abilities. Even small individuals with a 1.5-2 times lesser mass as against the reference mass contain the virus in the body in the same titers and the virions in salivary gland alveoli. Administration of an oil solution of ivermectin into the stomach of white mice, nymph feeders, in a dose surpassing threefold the dose recommended for intramuscular injection of this agent completely suppressed shedding of intact nymphs but did not suppress it in those infected. The nymph mass, size and mass of adult ticks hatched from them dropped under the effect of ivermectin dosage build-up in both intact and infected ticks, but these processes were slower in ticks infected with TBE virus. The authors suggest that the ticks infected with TBE virus are much more resistant to the process of gamma-aminobutyric acid depression, the mechanism of ivermectin action. They emphasize the necessity of bearing in mind the possible differences in the reactions to systemic poisons of intact and infected ticks when organizing vector control measures.     

Genotyping of spotted tick fever rickettsiae, detected in Russia and Kazakhstan

R. slovaca was first detected in the ticks D. marginatus gathered in the Stavropol Territory and the Voronezh Region (European Russia). The recently discovered rickettsial genotype DnS14 was first found in the ticks D. silvarum from Buryatia and D. niveus from the Karaganda Region (Central Kazakhstan). The rickettsial genotype RpA4 was most common in the ticks of the genus Dermacentor in Russia and Central Kazakhstan. An analysis of the spread of rickettsias of the STF group shows their close ecological relation to definite types of Ixodes. The rickettsias R. slovaca and RpA4 co-exist in the ticks D. marginatus and D. reticulatus (the western part of a Dermacentor area in Eurasia) and DnS14 and R. sibirica do in D. nuttalli and D. silvarum (the eastern part of the area). D. marginatus and D. reticulatus in the areas characterized by the most specific saturation of a Dermacentor area (the south of West Siberia) are carriers and reservoir of R. sibirica. The rickettsial genotype DnS28 may be now considered to be environmentally associated with one species of ticks--D. nuttalli. At least 6 genotypes of STF rickettsias--R. sibirica, R. astrahan fever (R. conorii), R. slovaca, RpA4, DnS14, DnS28--has been currently identified in Russia and Kazakhstan.     

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from humans, livestock, and picnic sites in the hyperendemic region of Turkey

During June and July 2007, about 3125 adult ticks were collected from humans, animals, and vegetation in a hyperendemic region (Sivas and Tokat) of Turkey. A total of 2193 ticks were pooled in 225 pools and screened for the Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) presence by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The dominant tick species was found to be Hyalomma marginatum with the following infestation rates in human, cattle and sheep, respectively: 47.43%, 66.07%, and 30.12%. Maximum likelihood estimation values of CCHFV in H. marginatum ticks collected from human, cattle, and sheep were 0.91% (CI 0.05-4.42), 2.10% (CI 1.12-3.64), and 3.11% (CI 1.18-6.87), respectively. CCHFV antigens were also demonstrated in Hyalomma excavatum, Haemaphysalis parva, and Boophilus annulatus ticks collected from cattle and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks from sheep. Our results suggest that the studied area might maintain its endemic properties in the near future unless effective tick control measures are implemented.     

The entomological and acarological situation in Nizhegorod Province]

Ixodes, persulcatus, I. ricinus, D. reticulatus, D. marginatus, H. concinna were recorded in different regional environmental regions. The northern districts of the region are endemic for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (ITBB). The infection of ticks with TBE virus is 0.25%, that with Borrelia is 10.3% of the total number of the examinees. In 1997 TBE and TTBB morbidity rates were 1.91 and 2.0 per 100,000, respectively. Data on the phenology of prevailing Anopheles messeae are given. Human malaria contamination may take 99-102 days (the first ten days of June to the second ten days of September). The large size of malaria mosquitoes and the presence of imported cases of malaria make it possible to deteriorate the malaria epidemiological situation. The larvicidal activity of a preparation derived from shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa pastoris) [correction of caseweed (Bursae pastoris)] was tested. 80-85% deaths of larvae of second-third ages occurred 48 hours after treatment with the preparation, 1 kg/ha.     

四川石渠县牦牛源蜱感染斑点热群立克次体分子流行病学调查

目的 了解四川省石渠县牦牛体表寄生蜱的种类及其斑点热群立克次体的感染情况。方法 采集牦牛体表的蜱,经形态学初步鉴定后,提取蜱总DNA,PCR扩增蜱16S rRNA基因及斑点热群立克次体ompA、ompB基因,并对扩得阳性产物进行测序和构建进化树分析,从而确定蜱及其携带斑点热群立克次体的种类。结果 在石渠县4个乡共采集到蜱818只,其中西藏革蜱占78.97%(646/818)、青海血蜱占21.03%(172/818)。在818只蜱中有408只扩得斑点热群立克次体ompA、ompB基因,总阳性率为49.8%。经比对分析, ompA基因总共得到4条序列(uncultured Rickettsia sp.shiqu1、R.raoultii.shiqu2、R.raoultii.shiqu3和R.raoultii.shiqu4),ompB基因也得到4条序列(uncultured Rickettsia sp.shiqu1、R.raoultii.shiqu2、R.raoultii.shiqu3和R.raoultii.shiqu4)。经遗传进化分析显示ompA基因的uncultured Rickettsia sp.shiqu1与我国青海未定种的Uncultured Rickettsia sp.(MG228270)亲缘关系最近;ompB基因的uncultured Rickettsia sp.shiqu1与韩国未定种的Rickettsia sp.(KC888953)和Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii(MG906675)亲缘关系最近;ompA和ompB基因的R.raoultii.shiqu2-4与对人有致病性的劳氏立克次体(R.raoultii)的亲缘关系最近。结论 首次在牦牛体表寄生的西藏革蜱中检出劳氏立克次体。石渠县存在西藏革蜱和青海血蜱,蜱传劳氏立克次体感染率较高并且具有感染人的风险。