Early nasogastric enteral nutrition for severe acute pancreatitis： A systematic review

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of early nasogastric enteral nutrition (NGEN) for patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2006), Pub-Medline (1966-2006), and references from relevant articles. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) only, which reported the mortality of SAP patients at least. Two reviewers assessed the quality of each trial and collected data independently. The Cochrane Collaboration’s RevMan 4.2.9 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Three RCTs were included, involving 131 patients. The baselines of each trial were comparable. Meta-analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rate of SAP patients between nasogastric and conventional routes (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.37 and 1.55, P = 0.45), and in other outcomes, including time of hospital stay (weighted mean difference = -5.87, 95% CI = -20.58 and 8.84, P = 0.43), complication rate of infection (RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.62 and 3.23, P = 0.41) or multiple organ defi ciency syndrome (RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.27 and 3.47, P = 0.97), rate of admission to ICU (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.48 and 2.09, P = 0.99) or conversion to surgery (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.12 and 3.69, P = 0.64), as well as recurrence of re-feeding pain and adverse events associated with nutrition. CONCLUSION: Early NGEN is a breakthrough in the management of SAP. Based on current studies, early NGEN appears effective and safe. Since the available evidence is poor in quantity, it is hard to make an accurate evaluation of the role of early NGEN in SAP.Before recommendation to clinical practice, further high qualified, large scale, randomized controlled trials are needed.     

Application of dietary fiber in dinical enteral nutrition： A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIM: To evaluate the effects of dietary fiber (DF) as a part of enteral nutrition (EN) formula on diarrhea, infection, and length of hospital stay. METHODS: Following electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials about DF: Chinese Biomedicine Database (CBM), MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. RevMan 4.1 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials with 400 pat-ients were included. The supplement of DF in EN was compared with standard enteral formula in five trials. Combined analysis did not show a significant reduction in occurrence of diarrhea, but there were valuable results for non-critically ill patients. Combined analysis of two trials observing the infection also did not show any valid evidence that DF could decrease the infection rate, though the length of hospital stay was reduced significantly. CONCLUSION: Based on the current eligible randomized controlled trials, there is no evidence that the value of DF in the diarrhea can be proved. Though length of hospital stay was shortened by the use of DF, there is no available evidence in preventing infection by DF. Further studies are needed for evaluating the value of DF in EN.     

Prevention and therapy of fungal infection in severe acute pancreatitis： A prospective clinical study

AIM: To investigate the prevention and therapy of fungal infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS: Seventy patients with SAP admitted from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2002 were randomly divided into garlicin prevention group, fluconazole (low dosage) prevention group and control group. The incidence of fungal infection, the fungal clearance and mortality after treatment were compared. RESULTS: The incidence of fungal infection in garlicin group and fluconazole group was lower than that in control group (16% vs 30%, P<0.05 and 9% vs 30%, P<0.01, respectively). Amphotericin B or therapy-dose fluconazole had effects on patients with fungal infection in garlicin group and control group, but had no effects on patients with fungal infection in fluconzole group. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic dosage of antifungal agents (garlicin or low dosage fluconazole) can reduce the incidence of fungal infection in patients with SAP. But once fungal infection occurs, amphotericin B should be used as early as possible if fluconazole is not effective.     

Application of endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute pancreatitis with fluid collection： A prospective study

AIM: To elucidate the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Ninety patients with acute pancreatitis were randomly divided into two groups: EST group and control group. All the patients underwent pancreatitis routine therapy, additionally the EST group was treated with EST and endoscopic naso-bile drainage (ENBD).The time of disappearance of abdominal symptoms and signs, normalization of amylase, hospitalization and absorption of acute fluid was recorded for all patients. RESULTS: The time of disappearance of abdominal pain, normalization of blood and urine amylase and hospitalization was significantly shorter in EST group than in control group. The ratios of disappearance of fluid in mild acute pancreatitis patients was significantly higher in EST group (51.52%, 84.85%, 90.91%,93.94%) than in the control group (0%, 30.30%, 69.70%, 72.73%, P<0.01 or P<0.05). When the ratios of reduction of fluid in severe acute pancreatitis patients of the EST group were compared (8.33%, 58.33%, 83.33%, 91.67%) with those in the control group (0%, 8.33%, 25% and 41.67%), there were significant differences. CONCLUSION: The effect of EST+ENBD on acute pancreatitis with fluid is rather good.     

Clinical characteristics and management of patients with early acute severe pancreatitis： Experience from a medical center in China

AIM: To study clinical characteristics and management of patients with early severe acute pancreatitis (ESAP). METHODS: Data of 297 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) admitted to our hospital within 72 h after onset of symptoms from January 1991 to June 2003 were reviewed for the occurrence and development of early severe acute pancreatitis (ESAP). ESAP was defined as presence of organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms. Sixty-nine patients had ESAP, 228 patients without organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms had SAP. The clinical characteristics, incidence of organ dysfunction during hospitalization and prognosis between ESAP and SAP were compared. RESULTS: Impairment degree of pancreas (Balthazar CT class) in ESAP was more serious than that in SAP (5.31+/-0.68 vs 3.68+/-0.29, P<0.01). ESAP had a higher mortality than SAP (43.4% vs 2.6%, P<0.01), and a higher incidence of hypoxemia (85.5% vs 25%, P<0.01), pancreas infection (15.9% vs 7.5%, P<0.05), abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) (78.3% vs 23.2%, P<0.01) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)(78.3% vs 10.1%, P<0.01). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the main predisposing factors to ESAP were higher APACHE II score, Balthazar CT class, MODS and hypoxemia. CONCLUSION: ESAP is characterised by MODS, severe pathological changes of pancreas, early hypoxemia and abdominal compartment syndrome. Given the poor prognosis of ESAP, these patients should be treated in specialized intensive care units with special measures such as close supervision, fluid resuscitation, improvement of hypoxemia, reduction of pancreatic secretion, elimination of inflammatory mediators, prevention and treatment of pancreatic infections.     

Early diagnosis and prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis using the urine trypsinogen-2 dipstick test： A prospective study

AIM： To evaluate the use of the trypsinogen-2 dipstick （Actim Pancreatitis） test for early diagnosis and prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis （AP）. METHODS： Ninety-two patients with AP were included in this study. The control group was 25 patients who had acute abdominal pain from non-pancreatic causes. Urine trypsinogen-2 dipstick test （UTDT） and conventional diagnostic tests were performed in all patients. Patients were divided by the Atlanta classification into two groups as having mild or severe pancreatitis. RESULTS： UTDT was positive in 87 （94.6%） of the AP patients and in two （8%） controls （P 〈 0.05）. Positive UTDT was found in 61 （92.4%） of 66 （71.7%） patients with mild pancreatitis and in all （100%） of the 26 （28.3%） with severe pancreatitis （P 〉 0.05）. UTDT positivity lasted longer in severe pancreatitis compared with that in mild pancreatitis （6.2 ＋ 2.5 d vs 2.0 ＋ 1.43 d, P 〈 0.05）. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value （NPV）, positive likelihood ratio （PLR） and negative likelihood ratio （NLR） of UTDT were 91%, 72%, 96.6%, 70.4%, 3.4 and 0.1, respectively. CONCLUSION： UTDT is a simple, rapid and reliable method for use on admission. It has high specificity and low NLR for early diagnosis and prediction of severity in AP. However, its relatively low NPV does not allow trypsinogen-2 dipstick test to be a stand-alone tool for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis; the use of other conventional diagnostic tools remains a requirement.     

阶段性营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的应用

目的观察肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果的影响。方法重症急性胰腺炎患者50例分为完全胃肠外营养组（TPN组,n=25）和肠内营养加肠外阶段性营养组（PN＋EN组,n=25）,比较两组治疗效果及临床指标的变化。结果两组患者治疗后血淀粉酶均有下降,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。营养支持后PN＋EN组在APACHE1I评分和CT评分较TPN组明显降低（P〈0．01）,两组血清白蛋白及血钙水平较治疗前升高（P〈0．01）,血糖明显降低（P〈0．01）,但两组间比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。与TPN组相比,PN＋EN组患者住院天数、腹胀缓解时间、体温恢复正常时间均明显缩短,感染发生率显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论肠内和肠外联合阶段性营养对重症急性胰腺炎治疗效果优于完全胃肠外营养。     

肠内营养与肠外营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者肠屏障功能影响的比较

目的 研究肠内与肠外营养对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者肠屏障功能的影响.方法 苏州大学附属第一医院、上海交通大学附属第一医院、无锡市第二人民医院及泰州市人民医院4家单位符合SAP入选标准的63例患者随机分为肠内营养(EN)组及全肠外营养(TPN)组.其中,29例接受EN,经鼻空肠管给予高能肠内营养液;34例接受TPN,通过静脉补充营养液.观察两组患者的血清内毒素、二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平及尿乳果糖/甘露醇(L/M)比值的变化.结果 在第7、14、21天,EN组血清内毒素水平均明显低于TPN组[(39.30±15.82)EU/L比(73.05±21.16)EU/L、(22.64±14.31)EU/L比(49.34±24.54)EU/L、(14.81±10.93)EU/L比(30.08±14.10)EU/L,P值均＜0.05];在第7、14天,EN组的血浆DAO水平均明显低于TPN组[(9.97±3.84)U/L比(19.89±9.89)U/L、(5.42±1.84)U/L比(8.79±4.08)U/L,P值均＜0.05];在第7、14、21天,EN组的尿L/M比值明显低于TPN组(0.28±0.25比0.65±0.45、0.21±0.18比0.54±0.41、0.08±0.04比0.29±0.06,P值均＜0.05).结论 EN在改善肠屏障功能方面优于TPN.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of enteral nutrition (EN) versus total parenteral nutrition(TPN) on gut barrier function in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods Sixtythree patients with SAP enrolled from 4 hospitals were randomly assigned into EN group(29 cases) and TPN group(34 cases). EN group patients were fed via a spiral nasojejunal feeding tube placed routinely by endoscopy or fluoroscopy, and TPN group patients were nourished intravenously with TPN during the same period. The changes of serum endotoxin, diamine oxidase, and urinary excretion of lactulose and mannitol ratio (L/M) were observed. Results Plasma concentration of endotoxin were markedly decreased in EN group as compared with that in TPN group at the 7th,14th ,21th day of entry trial [(39. 30 ± 15. 82) EU/L vs (73.05 ±21.16) EU/L,(22.64 ±14.31) EU/L vs (49.34 ±24.54) EU/L,(14.81 ± 10.93)EU/L vs ( 30. 08 ± 14. 10 ) EU/L, P ＜ 0. 05]. Plasma concentration of diamine oxidase were markedly decreased in EN group as compared with that in TPN group at the 7th, 14th day of entry trial [(9. 97 ± 3. 84)U/Lvs (19.89±9.89)U/L,(5.42±1. 84) U/Lvs (8.79 ±4.08) U/L, both P ＜ 0. 05]. The urinary L/M decreased significantly in EN group than those in TPN group at the 7th, 14th,21th day of entry trial (0.28 ±0.25 vs 0. 65 ±0.45,0.21 ±0. 18 vs 0.54 ±0.41,0.08 ±0.04 vs 0.29 ±0.06, all P＜0.05).Conclusion EN has better effect on improving intestinal barrier function than TPN in treatment of patients with SAP.     

重症急性胰腺炎肠内、外营养研究进展

重症急性胰腺炎有较高的病死率,营养支持是重要的治疗措施。肠内营养和肠外营养各有其优缺点。肠内营养在维护肠道屏障功能、减少细菌移位方面具有独特的作用。     

早期肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎大鼠肠道粘膜屏障的保护作用

目的 探讨早期肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎大鼠肠道粘膜屏障的保护作用。方法 SD大鼠48只，随机分成6组（n=8)；急性重症胰腺炎全肠外营养1天组（A组），模拟手术全肠外营养1天组（B组），急性重症胰腺炎全肠外营养5天组（C组）和肠内营养5天组（E组），模拟手术全肠外营养5天组（D组）和肠内营养5天组（F组）。采用逆行胰胆管注射3%牛磺胆酸钠溶液制成重症胰腺炎大鼠模型。E组和F组术后先予肠外营养，48h后开始肠内营养，观察大鼠的空肠组织形态学变化及空肠粘膜固有层CD4^ /CD8^ 比值。结果 急性重症胰腺炎大鼠均无死亡，E组和F组大鼠对肠内营养耐受良好，C组的CD4^ /CD8^ 比值明显低于D组。E组的空肠绒毛高度和CD4^ /CD8^ 比值明显高于C组。结论 重症胰腺炎大鼠肠道粘膜屏障功能受损。早期肠内营养可改善重症胰腺炎大鼠的肠道粘膜屏障功能。     

益生菌结合早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者营养状况、肠黏膜屏障功能及肠内营养耐受性的影响

目的观察分析益生菌结合早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎患者营养状况、肠黏膜屏障功能及肠内营养耐受性的影响。 方法选取2020年1月至2021年5月淮安市第二人民医院收治的92例重症急性胰腺炎患者,按照随机数字表法随机分为试验组与对照组,每组各46例。对照组患者采取早期肠内营养进行治疗,试验组施行益生菌结合早期肠内营养进行治疗。比较2组患者营养状况、肠黏膜屏障功能及肠内营养耐受性等主要指标。 结果治疗后,试验组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、上臂肌围及肱三头肌皮褶厚度等营养指标的增加程度高于对照组,试验组乳杆菌、肠球菌及双歧杆菌等有益菌的总量高于对照组,试验组肠道黏膜屏障中的D-乳酸、二胺氧化酶含量及血浆内毒素水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患者肠道菌群和肠道黏膜屏障等指标的改进状况比对照组患者更理想。 结论益生菌结合早期肠内营养应用于重症急性胰腺炎患者可以达到良好的疗效。     

早期低脂肠内营养对急性重症胰腺炎血清甘油三酯的影响

目的观察早期低脂肠内营养（EEN）治疗对急性胰腺炎（SAP）血清甘油三酯水平的影响。方法将34例SAP并发高脂血症患者随机分为实验组和对照组,给予内镜下置管早期肠内营养治疗,16例实验组患者给予低脂要素肠内营养,18例对照组患者给予标准营养液肠内营养治疗,观察治疗前后甘油三酯（TG）、白细胞（WBC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、血钙及血糖的变化。结果两组患者治疗前后甘油三酯水平均明显下降,但实验组甘油三酯水平下降更加显著,且白细胞（WBC）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、血钙与对照组比较下降更加明显,治疗前后血糖下降显著,治疗后两组比较差异不显著,考虑与均采用胰岛素降糖治疗有关。结论低脂EEN能够有效降低SAP甘油三酯水平并降低炎症反应、改善病情。     

早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法将我院40例重症急性胰腺炎病人，随机分成肠内营养组（EN）（20例）和对照组（20例），EN组在入院72h后在胃镜辅助下置空肠营养管，由肠外营养逐渐过渡到肠内营养，其余治疗与对照组相同。分别比较两组治疗后7天时的血浆白蛋白和血红蛋白水平，以及治疗前后血尿淀粉酶水平。结果所有病人对早期肠内营养都能耐。无胰腺炎复发，肠内营养对血尿淀粉酶无明显影响，EN组血浆白蛋白和血红蛋白水平较治疗前及对照组有显著提高，EN组有1例出现肺感染，2例并发胰腺假性囊肿。对照组有3例出现肺感染，2例并发胰腺假性囊肿。结论对重症急性胰腺炎进行早期肠内营养支持是可行、安全及有效的，能降低胰周及全身感染率，改善重症急性胰腺炎病人的营养状况。     

早期肠内营养对重症胰腺炎患者的影响

目的通过对44例重症胰腺炎不同方法的治疗，观察腑内营养（C-N）和静脉营养（PN）在住院时间、并发症及住院费用的区别。方法病人入院后给予禁饮食、胃肠减压，止痛抑制胃酸、胰液分泌及抗感染等治疗，第2天给予静脉营养。一组在病情稳定后（一般入院3-5天）开始给予肠内营养（EN）；另一组给静脉营养（PN）至进食，其中8例次半月后行肠内营养。结果EN组未出现腹痛腹泻及腹腔感染病，假性囊肿3例，平均住院时间18天，住院费用19996．70元。PN组腹痛腹泻病例12例次，腹腔感染2例次，多器官功能损害1例，静脉导管感染1例，假性囊肿6例，平均住院时间21．7天，住院费用36781．00元。两组住院时间无统计学意义（t检验P〉0．05），住院费用有统计学意义（t检验P〈0．05）。结论重症胰腺炎早期行肠内营养可减少住院费用、腹腔感染和腹痛腹泻等并发症。     

急性胰腺炎全胃肠外营养和肠内营养的荟萃分析

目的 为明确全胃肠外营养（TPN）和肠内营养（EN）对急性胰腺炎（AP）患者的作用，对有关比较TPN和EN在AP中作用的文献进行荟萃分析。方法 检索1966年到2004年6月问发表的有关TPN和EN治疗AP的随机对照临床试验。按人选标准，有8项临床试验纳入本研究，由2名评价者对入选研究中有关试验设计、研究对象的特征、研究结果等内容独立进行摘录，并用RevMan4．2软件进行分析。结果 EN与TPN比较，能显著降低感染发生率（RR=0．45，95％CI为0．29～0．68，P=0．0002）及感染以外并发症发生率（RR=0．67，95％CI为0．47～0．96，P=0．03），减少手术干预（RR=0．47，95％CI为0．24～0．94，P=0．03），并有缩短住院时间的趋势，但不能降低死亡率（RR=0．61，95％CI为0．32～1．18，P=0．14）。结论 AP患者应首先考虑选用EN作为常规治疗，而不支持TPN。