罗格列酮对3T3-L1脂肪细胞chemerin表达的影响

目的观察罗格列酮对3T3-L1脂肪细胞chemerin基因表达的影响。方法用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测罗格列酮对chemerin基因表达的影响。结果 3T3-L1前脂肪细胞在诱导分化过程中第24、、6、81、0天chemerin基因的表达水平表现出逐渐上调的趋势,除第0天与第2天差异无显著性外,其余各时间点之间均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。与对照组相比1,0μmol/L罗格列酮促进第2、46、、81、0天chemerin基因的表达（P〈0.01）。在诱导分化成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中0,.11、1、0μmol/L的罗格列酮作用24 h使chemerin基因表达分别增加142%、230%、293%（P〈0.01）,表现出剂量依赖趋势。结论罗格列酮促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞及诱导分化成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中chemerin基因的表达,提示chemerin可能参与了脂肪细胞的分化,并可能与肥胖、代谢综合征等疾病的发生相关。     

S100A16基因促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化

目的 研究S100A16基因在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中的作用及机制.方法 构建过表达S100A16的慢病毒载体(PLJMI-S100A16-GFP),转染3T3-L1细胞.以Western印迹法检测S100A16正常3T3-L1细胞分化过程中S100A16的表达;采用油红O观察脂滴堆积情况;采用Western印迹和实时定量PCR方法检测前体脂肪细胞分化过程中相关基因的表达变化.免疫共沉淀方法检测S100A16是否与p53相互作用.结果 成功构建S100A16过表达3T3-L1细胞株;随着3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的分化,S100A16蛋白表达水平逐渐升高;高表达S100A16能够促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化,促进甘油三酯在脂肪细胞内聚集(P＜0.01),同时上调脂肪细胞分化标志基因PPARy、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBP-α)、脂蛋白脂酶、脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白(aP2)及脂肪酸合成酶的表达(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);免疫共沉淀结果提示,S100A16蛋白与p53相互作用.结论 S100A16通过抑制p53活性进而促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的分化.     

胰升血糖素样肽1对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响

目的探讨胰升血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。方法在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的不同阶段添加不同浓度梯度的GLP-1（7—36）,使用XTT比色法测定细胞增殖情况,油红O脂肪染色、异丙醇萃取法评价细胞分化情况,RT-PCR法测定不同分化阶段PPAR-ymRNA表达水平。结果高浓度GLP-1（10^-9～10^-7mool／L）能够减弱3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖能力;GLP-1在10^-11～10^-8mmoL／浓度梯度均存在抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞向脂肪细胞分化的作用,但对分化过程中PPARymRNA的表达水平均未见显著影响。结论本研究发现GLP-1能够抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化,提示脂肪细胞可能也是GLP-1减轻体重作用的潜在靶点。     

基因重组融合蛋白hNPY对小鼠前脂肪细胞增殖和分化影响的实验研究

目的：前脂肪细胞是一类具有增殖和向脂肪细胞分化潜力的特异化的前体细胞,如能找到可促进前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的因子或药物,并在脂肪组织移植的同时使用,则有希望提高脂肪组织的移植效果,本实验探索一种新的人体肥胖关联基因和外周脂肪细胞激动剂一基因重组融合蛋白hNPY对小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响及其分子调控机制。方法：采用基因工程技术设计hNPY基因上下游序列,经过PCR反应合成hNPY的cDNA后与pET28a＋载体重组,再将已构建好、并经测序确认无误的重组质粒pET28a—NPY转导至大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,再由IPTG诱导表达hNPY融合蛋白、并进行纯化;然后,将体外培养的小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞经由3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、胰岛素和地塞米松进行联合诱导;诱导2d后,再将此细胞分为三组,即空白对照组（未加任何诱导剂组）、经典诱导组（胰岛素诱导）和实验干预组（hNPY融合蛋白干预）,其中,实验干预组再按照hNPY融合蛋白浓度不同又分为高、中、低三个浓度组（10^-8mol／L、10^-19mol／L和10^-9 mol／L）。分别于细胞培养的第7d和第12d用相差显微镜观察各组细胞的形态学变化,再于细胞培养的第12d用油红O染色观察脂肪细胞的分化程度;同时,采用MTT法检测该细胞的增殖状况;采用Westernblot法检测脂肪细胞分化相关基因过氧化物体增殖剂活化受体-γ（PPAR-γ）、CAAT／增强子结合蛋白-a（C／EBP-a）蛋白的表达水平。结果：低浓度（10^-10 mol／L）的hNPY融合蛋白,无明显促进小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的作用效果;中浓度（10^-9 mol／L）的hNPY融合蛋白,可有效促进小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及细胞数量增多;而高浓度（10^-8 mol／L）的hNPY融合蛋白,不仅能明显促进小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的细胞增殖和分化,且能显著提高该细胞C／EBPa和PPARγ的表达水平、而明显降低INSIG-2的表达。结论：高浓度（10^-8mol／L）的基因重组融合蛋白hNPY能够明显促进小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖和分化,其促进3T3-L1细胞增殖和分化的分子调控机制很可能与上调PPARγ、C／EBPa表达和降低INSIG-2表达水平有关,这提示：hNPY作为脂肪细胞膜上受体NPYR的有效促进剂或激动剂,未来很可能成为人体外周脂肪细胞一个新的作用靶点。     

TNF-α和吡格列酮对3T3-L1脂肪细胞adiponutrin mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和吡格列酮（PIO）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中，脂肪滋养蛋白（adiponutrinADPN） mRNA表达的影响及时间效应。方法用100Fmol／L的PIO和100ng／ml的TNE-α处理不同阶段的3T3-L1脂肪细胞，RT-PCR检测ADPN的表达水平。结果在分化过程中和分化成熟的3T3-L1细胞中，TNF-α均增加ADPN的表达，PIO则可明显抑制其mRNA的表达。结论PIO和TNF-α可影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞的ADPN的表达。     

肿瘤坏死因子α、吡格列酮对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素mRNA表达的影响

目的观察吡格列酮（PIO）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素mRNA表达的影响。方法以不同浓度PIO和TNF-α于各时段处理3T3-L1细胞,用RT-PCR技术检测各条件下脂联素mRNA的表达。结果（1）3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞无脂联素mRNA表达。（2）TNF-α抑制分化及成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素mRNA表达。（3）PIO增强分化及成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素mRNA表达。（4）PIO能改善TNF-α对脂联素mRNA表达的抑制。结论在分化及成熟的脂肪细胞中,TNF-α抑制脂联素mRNA表达,而PIO增强其表达;PIO促进前体脂肪细胞分化及激活脂联素表达;PIO改善TNF-α对成熟脂肪细胞脂联素的抑制。     

抵抗素结合多肽对3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化、脂代谢及葡萄糖转运体4基因表达的影响

目的观察抵抗素结合多肽（RBP）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化、脂代谢及葡萄糖转运体4（GLUT-4）基因表达的影响。方法构建大鼠抵抗素真核表达载体并转染3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞，获得稳定表达抵抗素基因细胞株；采用台盼蓝排斥试验，确定理想的RBP干预浓度，于诱导细胞分化第0天加入培养液；采用油红O染色，观察脂肪细胞分化及脂质积聚情况；采用RT-PCR技术检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因及GluT-4基因表达变化；采用全自动生化仪比色法，检测脂肪细胞内TG和游离脂肪酸FFAs含量的变化。结果（1）RBP浓度10^-12mol／L时，脂肪细胞活细胞数比例较高，且细胞形态无明显改变。（2）RBP对正常脂肪细胞分化进程无明显影响，RBP虽未影响抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞内脂滴的出现时间，但细胞内脂滴的数目明显减少。（3）RBP对正常脂肪细胞分化标志基因及抵抗素稳定表达细胞分化早期标志基因Pref-1的表达无明显影响，但明显下调抵抗素稳定表达细胞分化中晚期标志基因C/EBPα和FAS的表达水平。（4）RBP对正常脂肪细胞内TG、FFAs含量无影响，但可显著降低抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞内的TG、FFAs含量。（5）RBP干预对正常脂肪细胞及抵抗素稳定表达脂肪细胞中GluT-4基因的表达水平均无显著影响。结论RBP对正常3T3-L1脂肪细胞的分化、脂代谢、GluT-4基因表达均无明显影响，但能有效拮抗抵抗素基因，显著促进3T3-L1脂肪细胞分化及脂代谢。     

吡格列酮和肿瘤坏死因子α对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素受体mRNA表达的影响

观察吡格列酮（PIO）和TNF-α对3T3-L1脂肪细胞中两种脂联素受体（AdipoR）mRNA表达的影响，发现AdipoR mRNA存3T3-L1细胞分化过程中的表达呈逐渐上调趋势；PIO能增加未分化和已分化3T3-L1细胞的AdipoR mRNA表达，且其促进效应与时间、剂量旱依赖关系；TNF—α对AdipoR mRNA的表达无影响     

3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化

目的 探讨体外培养3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化过程中chemerin基因表达水平的变化与脂肪细胞分化、脂质积聚之间的关系.方法 应用3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤、胰岛紊、地塞米松联合方案诱导其分化为成熟的脂肪细胞,采用油红0染色观察脂肪细胞分化及脂质聚集情况,并应用RT-PCR和Western印迹技术检测chemerin基因表达的变化.结果 3T3 -L1脂肪细胞分化过程中,chemerin mRNA表达水平逐渐升高,分化至第6天达到较高水平且逐渐趋于稳定.利用Western印迹可观察到,随着脂肪细胞分化成熟.chemerin基因的蛋白表达水平逐渐增高.结论 chemerin mRNA及蛋白质在脂肪细胞分化成熟过程中表达水平升高,提示其很有可能参与了脂肪细胞分化和脂质聚集.     

持续激活的Akt减少了 3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素蛋白的表达

目的 研究蛋白激酶B（Akt／PKB）的持续激活与灭活对3T3-L1脂肪细胞内脂联素蛋白表达的影响。方法 通过腺病毒表达系统将持续激活的Akt（myrAkt）和无酶活性的Akt（Akt-AA）导入3T3-L1脂肪细胞内，应用免疫印迹法检测3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素蛋白的表达。结果 表达myrAkt的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素明显减少，表达Akt-AA的3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素无明显变化。结论Akt的激活抑制了3T3-L1脂肪细胞中脂联素蛋白的表达，且Akt的激活是影响脂联素的充分条件，而不是必要条件。     

补体C1q／肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂肪因子表达的影响

目的：观察脂肪因子补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）相关蛋白3（CTRP3）对3T3-L1脂肪细胞脂联素（APN）、瘦素（LPT）、内脏脂肪素（VFT）及爱帕琳肽（APL）等脂肪因子表达的调节效应,以及胰岛素抵抗对该调节效应的影响。方法以软脂酸诱导胰岛素抵抗的3 T3-L1脂肪细胞模型,分别以10、50、250μg/L CTRP3干预正常3T3-L1脂肪细胞12以及250μg/L CTRP3干预胰岛素抵抗的3T3-L1脂肪细胞12 h。分别通过酶联免疫吸附法（ ELISA）及实时定量-聚合酶链反应（ RT-PCR）法检测脂肪因子蛋白分泌量及基因表达水平。组间差异采用方差分析,两组间进一步比较采用SNK-q检验。结果250μg/L CTRP3干预正常组APN、LPT、VFT及APL蛋白分泌量较正常对照组分别增加了63.3％、42.9％、57.1％及56.0％（ q＝8.605、8.526、8.284、8.573,均 P＜0.05）;10及50μg/L干预组上述脂肪因子蛋白分泌量呈增加趋势,但除50μg/L CTRP3干预组APL蛋白分泌量较对照组显著增加外[（6.2＆#177;1.1）比（5.0＆#177;0.9）μg/L, q＝4.593,P＜0.05],其余均差异无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;其基因表达变化趋势与此类似,并且在干预浓度为50μg/L时APN、LPT、VFT及APL mRNA表达水平较正常对照组分别增加22.0％、13.0％、20.0％及33.0％（ q＝6.150、3.987、5.653、9.031,均P＜0.05）。与CTRP3（250μg/L）干预正常脂肪细胞相比,CTRP3（250μg/L）干预胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞APN、LPT、VFT及APL蛋白分泌量分别降低了28.6％、21.0％、24.5％及17.9％（ q＝6.341、5.969、5.592、4.287,均 P ＜0.05）,基因表达降低了21.6％、17.2％、15.6％及18.9％（q ＝9.225、7.668、7.066、8.210,均P＜0.05）。结论 CTRP3浓度依赖性地增加3T3-L1脂肪细胞APN、LPT、VFT及APL的表达,胰岛素抵抗降低该调节效应。     

脂肪因子补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3对胰岛素抵抗的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素信号通路影响的研究

目的 观察脂肪因子补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3(CTRP3)对IR的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素信号通路的影响. 方法 以软脂酸培养构建IR的3T3-L1脂肪细胞模型,分为对照组、CTRP3(10、50、250 ng/ml)干预组及CTRP3(250 ng/ml)+渥曼青霉素(Wortmannin)[磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)抑制剂]干预组.以葡萄糖氧化酶法检测葡萄糖消耗量,以Western blot检测PI3K及蛋白激酶B[PKB(ser437)]蛋白相对表达量. 结果 与对照组相比,CTRP3干预组(10、50、250 ng/ml)葡萄糖消耗量分别增加了22.1％、42.9％及76.6％(P均＜0.01),PI3K蛋白相对表达量分别增加了62.5％、100.0％及137.5％(P均＜0.01),PKB(ser437)蛋白相对表达量分别增加了46.4％、160.7％及192.9％(P均＜0.01);与CTRP3(250 ng/ml)干预组相比,CTRP3 (250 ng/ml) +Wortmannin干预组葡萄糖消耗量下降53.2％ (P＜0.01),PI3K及PKB(ser437)蛋白相对表达量分别下降了43.4％及56.1％(P均＜0.01). 结论 脂肪因子CTRP3可能通过改善胰岛素信号转导增加IR的3T3-L1脂肪细胞IS.     

E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 regulates the stability and functions of MTA1

Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), a component of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex, is widely upregulated in human cancers. However, the mechanism for regulating its protein stability remains unknown. Here we report that MTA1 is an ubiquitinated protein and targeted by the RING-finger E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase constitutive photomorphogenesis protein 1 (COP1) for degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Induced expression of wild-type COP1 but not its RING motif mutants promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of MTA1, indicating that the ligase activity is required for the COP1-mediated proteolysis of MTA1. Conversely, depletion of endogenous COP1 resulted in a marked decrease in MTA1 ubiquitination, accompanied by a pronounced accumulation of MTA1 protein. MTA1, in turn, destabilizes COP1 by promoting its autoubiquitination, thus creating a tight feedback loop that regulates both MTA1 and COP1 protein stability. Accordingly, disruption of the COP1-mediated proteolysis by ionizing radiation leads to MTA1 stabilization, accompanied by an increased coregulatory function of MTA1 on its target. Furthermore, we discovered that MTA1 is required for optimum DNA double-strand break repair after ionizing radiation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of MTA1 protein and reveal a novel function of MTA1 in DNA damage response.     

Melatonin promotes differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts

Melatonin inhibits the genesis and growth of breast cancer by interfering at different levels in the estrogen-signaling pathways. Melatonin inhibits aromatase activity and expression in human breast cancer cells, thus behaving as a selective estrogen enzyme modulator. As the adipose tissue adjacent to the tumor seems to account for most aromatase expression and enzyme activity in breast tumors and also mediates the desmoplastic reaction or accumulation of undifferentiated fibroblasts around malignant epithelial cells, in this work, we studied the effects of melatonin on the conversion of preadipocytes (3T3-L1) into adipocytes and on the capability of these cells to synthesize estrogens by regulating the expression and enzyme activity of aromatase, one of the main enzymes that participates in the synthesis of estrogens in the peritumoral adipose tissue. Thus, in both differentiating and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, high concentrations of melatonin increased intracytoplasmic triglyceride accumulation, an indicator of adipogenic differentiation. Melatonin (1 mm) significantly increased the expression of both CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, two main regulators of terminal adipogenesis, in 3T3-L1 cells. The presence of melatonin during differentiation also induced a parallel reduction in aromatase expression and activity and expression of the cells. The effects of melatonin were reversed by luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist, indicating that melatonin acts through known receptor-mediated mechanisms. These findings suggest that, in human breast tumors, melatonin could stimulate the differentiation of fibroblasts and reduce the aromatase activity and expression in both fibroblasts and adipocytes, thereby reducing the number of estrogen-producing cells proximal to malignant cells.     

Macrophage-conditioned medium inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 and human abdominal preadipocytes

Aims/hypothesis In obesity, a limited adipogenic capacity may promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Recent data indicate that macrophages reside within adipose tissue in obese rodents and humans. We hypothesised that secreted macrophage factors may inhibit adipogenesis.Materials and methods Conditioned media from cultured murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages were collected, and added to either murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes or human abdominal stromal preadipocytes from subcutaneous or omental fat depots.Results Macrophage-conditioned medium (MacCM) strongly inhibited 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Dose–response studies with J774-MacCM revealed that 80 and 100% of J774-MacCM completely suppressed triacylglycerol accumulation as well as the induction of fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and adiponectin. Similar inhibitory effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were observed with THP-1-MacCM. Differentiation of human abdominal subcutaneous stromal preadipocytes was moderately reduced (subcutaneous>omental) by J744-MacCM. In contrast, the differentiation of both subcutaneous and omental stromal preadipocytes was completely inhibited by THP-1-MacCM, as determined on the basis of morphology and triacylglycerol accumulation, as well as fatty acid synthase and adiponectin protein expression.Conclusions/interpretation Secreted macrophage products inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as human abdominal stromal preadipocytes.