开封市2600例儿童少年瞳距,眶距与眼球突出度的测量统计

目的　掌握儿童少年发育规律 ,选择制作合适的眼镜。方法　用钢板尺和HERTEL三棱镜式眼球突出计 ,对开封市 5～ 17岁在校学生共 2 60 0例 ,进行了瞳距、眶距与眼球突出度的测量 ,并按年龄、性别作统计对比分析。结果　瞳距的总均值为 5 7.3mm± 4.4mm ,最小瞳距为 43mm ,最大瞳距为 69mm ;眶距总均值为 93mm± 6.8mm ,最小眶距为64mm ,最大眶距为 113mm ;双眼球突出度总均值为 15 .4mm± 1.8mm ,最小眼球突出度为 9mm ,最大眼球突出度为2 2mm。结论　 5～ 17岁儿童少年的瞳距、眶距、眼球突出度随年龄增长而增加。     

我国儿童少年头眼部与眼镜架相关参数分析

目的探讨我国儿童少年头眼部与眼镜架相关的眶距、瞳距、眼球突出度、耳根上点眶距、耳根上点间宽和鼻基根角6项指标各年龄段正常值及其生长发育规律,以规范儿童少年眼镜架规格尺寸。方法1996年10月至1997年10月,对青岛、开封、厦门和呼和浩特市5～17岁儿童少年10171例,用游标卡尺、眼球突出计检测头眼部眶距、瞳距、眼球突出度、耳根上点眶距、耳根上点间宽和鼻基根角6项正常值,并对结果进行分析。结果我国儿童少年眶距、瞳距、耳根上点眶距和耳根上点间宽4项指标各年龄段正常值均与年龄呈正相关,各年龄段的均值随年龄增长而增大。瞳距15岁前,眶距13岁前,眼球突出度12岁前、耳根上点眶距和耳根上点间宽12岁前各年龄段间差异有统计学意义(F=135,P<001)。鼻基根角度数各年龄段间差异无统计学意义(F=063,P>005)。瞳距、眶距、眼球突出度、耳根上点眶距和耳根上点间宽的发育高峰年龄分别为10岁、11岁、5岁、7岁和11岁,以上各参数的增长变动年龄段分别为5～15岁、5～13岁、5～8岁、5～12岁和5～15岁。4个地区间6项指标正常值比较,差异有统计学意义(t=31,P<001)。结论我国5～17岁儿童少年的5～15岁年龄段是眶距、瞳距、耳根上点眶距、耳根上点间宽和眼球突出度的发育增长期。上述5项指标男女性别间和6项指标     

青年女性瞳距、眼球突出度与近视眼关系分析

目的:了解青年女性瞳距、眼球突出度正常值及两者与近视眼关系,并为青年女性眼镜配戴提供瞳距参考值。方法:采取整群抽样的方法,对本校18~19岁女性学生进行视力、瞳距、眼球突出度与屈光状态检查。结果:1105名受检青年女性中,视力正常组与近视眼组的瞳距均值分别为59.27,59.35mm,两组瞳距比较经统计学处理无差异性存在;眼球突出度均值视力正常组为15.49mm,近视眼组为15.76mm;视力正常眼,轻度、中度、高度近视眼各组人群测定眼球突出度经方差分析比较有显著性差异(F=6.108,P<0.01),4组人群眼球突出度经LSD处理后两两比较:视力正常眼与中、高度近视眼,高度近视眼与轻、中度近视眼等4组之间均有显著性差异(P<0.05);各组眼球突出度左、右眼间比较,差异均无显著性。结论:青年女性瞳距、大小并不随近视度数增加而改变,但眼球突出度与近视眼之间存在一定的关系,即近视眼随着眼轴延长近视屈光度增加,其眼球突出度亦随之增加。     

我国儿童和青少年瞳距发育的调查分析

目的　调查我国儿童和青少年瞳距的发育状况,以规范其眼镜架规格尺寸。方法　对青岛、厦门、开封和呼和浩特市10171例5～17岁儿童和青少年进行横断面调查,用游标卡尺检测瞳距并将其结果进行分析。结果　儿童和青少年的瞳距与年龄呈正相关(男性r=0.74,P<0.001;女性r=0.07,P<0.001),即其瞳距可随年龄增长而增大;男性大于女性;其中男性组中6～9和10～15岁间和女性组6～9和10～12岁间比较,差异有显著性(F=400.97,P<0.01)。4个地区的儿童和青少年瞳距均值间比较,差异有显著性（t=7.1,P<0.01）。结论　我国儿童和青少年瞳距的生长发育经历了6～9及10～15岁两个增长高峰期。男性15岁和女性13岁瞳距已达到成人水平。儿童和青少年瞳距男与女性间差异和地区间差异对规范儿童眼镜架规格尺寸无实际意义。     

少年儿童部分眼部指数动态观察及其与屈光不正的关系

目的探讨儿童部分眼部指数动态变化与屈光不正的关系。方法随机选择除屈光不正外无其他疾病、发育正常的儿童580人共1160只眼，测定其眶距、瞳距、内眦距、眼轴长度、眼球突出度等眼都指数及屈光度。追踪观察6年．结果在少年儿童时期，瞳距的变化最大，眶距次之，以下分别为内眦距、眼球突出度和眼轴长．结论屈光不正度与眼轴长度相关有非常显著性，与眼球突出度相关有显著性，与眶距、瞳距及内眦距相关无显著性．     

厦门市儿童及青少年眼眶距离测量

目的 :了解我国儿童、青少年眼眶距离的发育规律 ,为制定我国儿童、青少年矫治眼镜标准提供依据。方法 :采用游标卡尺对厦门 5～ 17岁 2 6 0 0名儿童、青少年的眼眶距离进行测量。结果 :男性由 5岁时的89 .48mm增长到 17岁时的 10 1.41mm ;女性则由 88.0 8mm增长到 98.31mm。男性在 5～ 7岁、8～ 9岁、13～ 15岁 ,女性在 5～ 8岁、10～ 11岁、13～ 14岁时相邻年龄组之间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,相同年龄男女性别差异在 5～ 7岁、9～ 10岁、15～ 17岁时有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,各年龄段男性均大于女性。结论 :儿童、青少年的眶距随年龄增长而增大 ,男女存在差异。     

学龄前期儿童眼球突出度和眶距、头围关系的统计分析

眼球突出度及眶距、头围可随着学龄前期儿童的生活环境、营养条件、遗传因素,内分泌、年龄、种族的不同而存在差异。至今国内未见有关这方面的统计报告。笔者于1987年5月对本市部分幼儿园3～7岁的1005名学龄前期儿童作了测量,结果报告如下。方法:用苏州医疗器械厂出品的Hertel眼球突出计两侧的小凹固定在两颞侧眶缘最低处,分别观察记录各眼球突出度及眶距。取软布尺零点固定于头部右眉弓上缘外从右侧经过枕骨粗隆回至零点,记录头围,合作欠佳的给予复检或除外。结果:1.男性518人中,眼球突出度范围8～17毫     

海南省黎族人眼外形发育相关值测量

目的 了解黎族人群眼外型发育状况,并与汉族人对比有无特异性或特点,为临床医学及验光配镜提供科学依据.方法 对海南省3～90岁的黎族人群采用随机抽样进行调查,用直尺和Hertel眼球突出计对7825人进行眼外型相关值测量.结果 睑裂高度男性平均为8.03 mm,女性平均为8.00 mm;睑裂长度男性平均为27.86衄,女性平均为27.10 mm;内眦间距男性平均为34.45 mm,女性平均为33.74 mm;眶距男性平均为9r7.94 mm,女性平均为95.49 mm;眼球突出度男性平均为11.66 mm,女性平均为11.20 mm;角膜横径男性平均为11.45 mm,女性平均为11.29 mm;角膜垂直径男性平均为11.07 mm,女性平均为11.09 mm;远瞳距男性平均为62.00 mm,女性平均为59.69 mm.结论 海南黎族人眼外型相关值除眶距、远瞳距较汉族人大2 mm,眼球突出度小2 mm,其余与汉族人无明显差异.     

沂蒙山区健康儿童眼外形五项相关值测量

目的了解沂蒙山区健康儿童眼外形五项相关的正常值,为儿童眼发育及预防保健和临床医学提供科学依据.方法采用随机抽样的方法,抽调沂蒙山区2～4岁健康儿童1891人3782眼进行睑裂高度、睑裂长度、瞳距、内眦距及外眦距测量.结果2～4岁,睑裂高度分别为(7.00±0.32)mm,(8.00±0.65)mm,(8.60±0.62)mm;睑裂长度依次为(24.80±2.23)mm,(25.20±2.33)mm,(26.88±2.13)mm;瞳距(48.38±2.02)mm,(49.14±2.98)mm,(50.65±2.79)mm,内眦距(28.64±2.36)mm,(29.84±2.76)mm,(31.01±2.86)mm;外眦距(77.00±3.07)mm,(79.40±3.42)mm,(82.90±3.42)mm.各项指标经统计学处理,各年龄组之间差异有高度统计学意义;各年龄组内男女之间差异无统计学意义.结论随年龄增长,儿童眼外形五项相关值发生明显变化.     

吉林省满族眼球突出度及眶距的调查

眼球突出度及眶距的调查、国内满族尚未见报告,为此,我们曾于1990年、1991年先后赴吉林省永青县乌拉街满族乡及伊通满族自治县新家满族自治乡进行调查,现将结果报导如下。调查对象及方法:测量对象均为两满族自治乡村民,上朔三代双亲皆纯系满族的农业人口,无明显眼疾者共753人,1506眼,其中男409人,女344人。年龄为7—81岁。用Hertel 氏眼球突出计、按常规方法进行检测,少于1mm 采用四舍五入法。结果与分析:一、眼球突出度:男性眼球突出度平均值为10.72±0.14mm,女性平均值为10.06±0.07mm,男女差别显著(p<0.05),但同一性别侧     

Changes in the interpupillary distance with age and its effect on the near fusion free position

Purpose: The effect of the rate of the interpupillary distance (IPD) change with age on the near fusion free position was investigated in the present study. Methods: Three hundred and fifty-two children aged from 2 to 16 years of age were tested. Interpupillary distance was estimated with a modified Viktorin's method and the near fusion free position was measured with a modified Maddox Wing. Results: The results reveal a significant difference in IPD growth rate between females and males and between children aged below and above 5 years. Most children below 5 years of age were orthophoric, but heterophoria became more common above 5 years of age. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the oculomotor control system for convergence can compensate for age changes in IPD.     

小儿与老年白内障晶体上皮细胞密度及增殖细胞核抗原表达

目的 检测儿童和老年人晶体上皮细胞密度和增殖细胞核抗原（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｎｇ ｃｅｌｌ ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ａｎｔｉｇｅｎ,ＰＣＮＡ）表明,探讨晶体上皮细胞与白内障术拍后囊混浊的关系。方法 用ＨＥ染色观察白内障小儿组（〈１２岁）及老年组（５１￣８０岁）喘区晶体上皮铺片的细胞密度,用免疫组化染色及真彩色医学图像分析系统检测ＰＣＮＡ的表达及积分吸光度（Ａ）值。结果 晶体上皮细胞密度在小儿组为５０２０     

Normal values of eye position in the Chinese population of Hong Kong.

Exophthalmos, interpupillary distance (IPD), interobital distance (IOD), and inner intercanthal distance (ICD) were measured in an adult Chinese population from Hong Kong (HKC). Mean values and normal range for 95% of the population were determined and the relation with head size and body height examined. Values of exophthalmos and IPD in our Chinese population were similar to those given for Caucasian groups. IOD and ICD were larger in the Chinese than in adult Caucasians. Our findings show generally larger values in the HKC than has been found for other populations in mainland China.     

Changes in eye position during growth and adult life as based on exophthalmometry, interpupillary distance, and orbital distance measurements

The association between eye position and age is analysed in a material comprising 267 subjects aged 5-20 years and 187 aged 21-80. The study was prompted by a previous longitudinal finding of a 3 mm increase in exophthalmometry value from age of 10 to 18 years, and by a literature almost devoid of similar investigations in young age groups. The increase in Hertel value during growth could be confirmed. An adult mean value of 16.0 mm in females and 16.6 mm in males was achieved in late teen-age years, the level being stable after that. The adult range was 11-23 mm. After a similar marked increase in the young, interpupillary distance and orbital width also showed some slight trends in adults. A suggested decrease in orbital width towards old age was consistent with a secular trend, while a concomitant increase in interpupillary distance was unexpected, the combined result being a more divergent (relative) eye position with age (P less than 0.01). There was no significant correlation between exophthalmometry and refractive value. Fixed upper Hertel value limits of normal are hard to give; clinically it is the changes that matter. Modelling of facial bony structures and soft tissue contours is discussed.     

Optic biometry in intraocular lense calculation for cataract surgery. Comparison with usual methods

PURPOSE: To compare axial length and intraocular lens power calculated from three biometry methods, then to study refractive postoperative results to assess the predictive value of each method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 40 eyes planned for cataract surgery. Two skilled operators participated in this study: One for the surgery and the other for the biometry and measurement of intraocular lens power. For intraocular lens power, we used the optic biometer from Zeiss and the echograph B Ultrascan from Alcon. IOL power calculation was performed using the usual mathematical formulas based on 3 biometry methods. 1--keratometry measurement, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length using optical biometry; 2--keratometry measurement using the Javal keratometer and biometry using the B mode ultrasonography; 3--keratometry measurement using the Javal keratometer and biometry using A mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: The average age of our patients was 69.5 years old, ranging from 52 to 81 years old. The average axial length was 23.46 mm with, ranging from 20 to 32.73 mm. The average keratometry with optic biometry was 43.97 diopters +/- 1.44 versus 43.84 diopters +/- 1.45 with the Javal keratometer. 40 eyes were examined and there were 4 failures (10%) for axial length measurement by optic biometry because the cataract was very dense. Biometric preoperative results with the 3 methods show that there was a statistically significant difference between the A mode and the B mode optic biometry (P < 0.006). On the other and, there was no statistical difference between optic biometry and the B mode. CONCLUSION: Optic biometry has a number of advantages. This is new method, is non invasive, easy to use, with no contact, and it is reliable. Results with this method are more precise than with ultrasonic biometry. For high myopia, optic biometry is a very valuable method. Its limits are total cataract and intraocular opacities; in these cases ultrasonic biometry is the best method.     

小学生双眼屈光不均衡发育的影响因素分析

目的：研究6～12岁儿童双眼屈光不均衡发育的影响因素。

方法：于2019-12在天津市滨海新区两所小学采用整群抽样的方法选取儿童607人,平均年龄8.2±1.8岁,均进行光学生物测量(眼轴长度、角膜前表面平均屈光力)、睫状肌麻痹后屈光检查及问卷调查。

结果：纳入儿童等效球镜度为-0.11±1.63D,双眼等效球镜度差异为-0.08±0.64D,等效球镜度差异绝对值为0.41±0.49D。检出屈光参差儿童56人,非屈光参差儿童551人,屈光参差儿童和非屈光参差儿童双眼角膜屈光力差异绝对值无差异(0.30±0.34D vs 0.27±0.24D,P=0.430),眼轴差异绝对值有差异(0.67±0.39mm vs 0.13±0.13mm,P=0.005)。多因素线性回归分析显示,每周手机/电脑使用时间、每周近距离工作时间、每周视疲劳次数、习惯阅读距离是屈光不均衡发育程度(双眼等效球镜度差异绝对值)的影响因素; 习惯阅读距离、写字时利手是屈光不均衡发育偏向(双眼等效球镜度差异)的影响因素。

结论：6～12岁儿童看手机/电脑时间长、近距离工作时间长、视疲劳次数增多、习惯阅读距离近可能引起屈光发育不均衡程度增加,写字时右利手且头部严重左偏和右偏的儿童右眼近视程度较左眼更深。     

A longitudinal study on the relationship between myopia development and near accommodation lag in myopic children.

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible relationship between myopia progression and near accommodative lag. METHODS: A 1-year longitudinal study was carried out to measure the accommodative response and myopia progression in 62 children with mild and progressing myopia at two visits: they were 10.81 +/- 1.60 years old with refractive error -1.70 +/- 0.76 D on entry. Repeated measurements included refractive error, ocular biometry and accommodative response at 33 cm. The refractive error was determined by autorefraction after cycloplegia; ocular biometry by A-scan ultrasonography; and accommodative response by an open-field autorefractor. Results were based on the right eye and analysed by paired t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Myopia progression in the year was -0.72 +/- 0.37 D (p < 0.001) with a range from -0.06 to -1.96 D. The change of axial length and vitreous depth were 0.41 +/- 0.25 mm (p < 0.001) and 0.36 +/- 0.24 mm (p < 0.001), respectively. The near lag was 0.76 +/- 0.29 D on entry and 0.72 +/- 0.38 D 1 year later (p = 0.79). No statistically significant correlations were found between near lag vs myopia progression and the change of ocular biometry as a whole (p > 0.10 for all). There was no significant difference in myopia progression between myopic children with greater than, compared to less than the mean amount of near lag (p = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates no statistically significant relationship between myopia progression and near accommodation lag in children with mild and progressing myopia. There is no evidence that near lag provides a stimulus to progression in this stage of myopia.