视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者相干光断层扫描和视力预后观察

目的探讨相干光断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检测视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者的灵敏度(sensitivity,Sen)、特异度(specificity,Spe)及其视力预后影响因素.方法应用OCT和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检测90例(91只眼)各型视网膜静脉阻塞患者.其中男性54例,女性36例;年龄20～74岁,平均(57.8±13.8)岁;45只右眼,46只左眼(其中1例为双眼);视网膜中央静脉阻塞54只眼,半侧静脉阻塞9只眼,分支静脉阻塞28只眼.追踪观察时间1～46个月,平均6.1个月.比较OCT和FFA的灵敏度和特异性.并检测55例另侧健眼的黄斑中心区视网膜厚度,以进行比较分析.结果 (1)在OCT扫描下观察黄斑水肿的形态,有黄斑囊样水肿71只眼(78.0%),视网膜神经上皮下积液14只眼(15.4%),黄斑板层裂孔1只眼(1.1%).黄斑囊样水肿的囊泡高度最小为94 μm,最大为1317 μm,平均(668.18±245.58)μm.54只对侧健眼黄斑中心区视网膜厚度最小为110 μm,最大为236 μm,平均(154.09 ± 21.85)μm.视网膜神经上皮下积液,最高可达1377 μm,甚至超过OCT所能检测的高度.(2)OCT检测黄斑囊样水肿的灵敏度为98.6%、特异度为100%;FFA的灵敏度为86.1% 、特异度为100.0%.(3)黄斑囊样水肿患者的视力预后随访3个月以上的黄斑囊样水肿患者60例(61只眼),分支静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者治疗前后视力差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),中央静脉阻塞和半侧静脉阻塞患者治疗前后视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).影响患者视力预后的因素有病程长短、黄斑中心区是否积血、病情严重程度等.病程<3个月的患者治疗前后视力差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而病程≥3个月的患者治疗前后视力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论应用OCT检测视网膜静脉阻塞致黄斑水肿患者,其方法安全,诊断结果可靠,解析度高,是非侵入性、可重复操作的新技术.但黄斑囊样水肿患者视力预后差,应大力推广OCT检查技术,以便早期发现、早期治疗,以改善患者视力.     

新生血管性青光眼的临床和病理观察

目的 观察视网膜静脉阻塞怕致新生血管性青光眼（NVG）的危险因素、视力预后和病理改变。方法（1）观察视网膜静脉阻塞429例445眼，其中总干阻塞369例385眼；半侧阻塞60例60眼。分析新生血管性青光眼的发病率、危险因素和视力预后。（2）视网膜消化铺片和病理切片光镜观察。结果 445眼中36眼产生了NVG，占8．09％；总干阻塞为9．09％，半侧阻塞为1．7％。产生NVG者均为缺血型。发生NVG的危险因素有：（1）初诊视力低于0．1，眼底出血多。（2）高血压、冠心病、心动过缓者；血液流变性异常者；其中两项以上异常者22例占68．8％。（3）有原发性青光眼者，视网膜动脉硬化、视网膜动脉很细者。4例双眼发病者均有3项以上指标异常。追踪视力为无光感至数指者24眼，占66．7％；0．02－0．05者9眼，占25．0％，0．1－0．4者3眼，占8．3％。致盲率91．7％。消化铺片发现视网膜毛细血管内皮细胞增生形成实心细胞团及多量新生血管芽和形成管腔的新生血管。病理切片发现视盘有青光眼凹陷，静脉血栓形成，视网膜下蛋白液等。结论 初诊视力低下、缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞、原发性青光眼、高血压、动脉硬化、血黏度增高是视网膜静脉阻塞产生NVG的危险因素。NVG视力预后差，致盲率高。     

缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞行全光凝后的远期疗效观察

目的 探讨全光凝联合格栅样光凝治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞后新生血管和黄斑水肿的远期疗效。方法 对56例(58只眼)缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞伴有新生血管和黄斑水肿的息眼采用全光凝和格栅样光凝进行光凝治疗。光凝后经平均随访18个月，对比分析光凝前后的荧光素眼底血管造影、视力、眼压变化情况。结果 治疗后有效45只眼，占77．6％；好转9只眼，占15．5％；治疗后视力进步者37只眼，占63．8％；无变化者15只眼，占25．9％；减退者6只眼，占10．3％。结论 全光凝和格栅样光凝术对缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞新生血管性青光眼的预防及黄斑水肿的消退具有显著疗效。     

非缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的长期随访研究

目的了解非缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）患者的临床特征、长期预后及发病相关因素.方法对随访3年以上的非缺血型CRVO患者进行回顾性分析,包括患者视力、眼底彩色图像及荧光素眼底血管造影资料.结果共35例（37只眼）非缺血型CRVO患者,随访时间3～15年,平均4.5年.男性14例（40%）,女性21例（60%）.末次随访,视力提高者仅2只眼（5%）,不变者11只眼（30%）,下降者24只眼（65%）;28只眼（75%）最终视力为0.1或以下;患者视力预后与初诊视力及年龄有关（P＜0.05）.9只眼（24%）转变成缺血型CRVO,其中5只眼继发新生血管性青光眼.黄斑部并发症：慢性黄斑囊样水肿13只眼,黄斑前膜3只眼,黄斑萎缩和黄斑区视网膜下增生膜各2只眼,黄斑裂孔1只眼;黄斑部并发症是视力预后差的主要原因.2例CRVO患者伴有原发性慢性闭角型青光眼和部分视神经萎缩,视力预后相对较好.结论CRVO严重损害患者视力,其主要原因为黄斑部的并发症.部分视神经萎缩对CRVO可能有保护作用.     

207例视网膜静脉阻塞视力损害原因分析

目的：探讨视网膜静脉阻塞范围、分型、并发症与视力损害的关系。方法：通过眼底检查和眼底荧光血管造影将207例（210眼）视网膜静脉阻塞患者分为二类八型。结果：210眼中低视力最多的阻塞类型是缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞，共60眼（28.57％），其次是非缺血型视网膜分支静脉阻塞30眼（14.29％），损害视力最严重的并发症是黄斑囊样水肿，其次是视网膜新生血管。结论：本研究表明视网膜分支静脉阻塞（缺血和非缺血）发病率高，故对视力的损害大于总干阻塞，视网膜静脉阻塞最严重的并发症是黄斑囊样水肿。     

视网膜光凝联合雷珠单抗玻璃体内注射治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞

目的：研究氩激光视网膜光凝联合雷珠单抗玻璃体内注射治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)伴发黄斑水肿及视网膜新生血管的临床疗效。

方法：回顾性分析2012-01/2013-05就诊于我院眼科确诊的缺血型CRVO 24例24眼患者行氩激光视网膜光凝联合雷珠单抗玻璃体内注射治疗。观察治疗前及治疗后1wk; 1,3,6mo的最佳矫正视力、眼压、眼底病变情况,治疗前和治疗后1,3,6mo的眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)表现和光学相干断层扫描(OCT)测量黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT)的改变。

结果：随诊时间大于6mo。20例(83%)患者视力有不同程度提高,其中17例(71%)患者黄斑水肿明显减轻或消失; 4例患者视力维持于就诊时水平。1例治疗前有虹膜新生血管,治疗后1mo虹膜新生血管消退无继发新生血管性青光眼发生。

结论：氩激光视网膜光凝联合雷珠单抗玻璃体内注射治疗缺血型CRVO可有效提高视力,促进视网膜出血、渗出及水肿的吸收,同时可减少视网膜静脉阻塞引起的新生血管,对预防继发性新生血管性青光眼的发生有明显效果。     

缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的氪离子激光治疗

目的 探讨缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的氪离子激光治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院应用氪激光全视网膜光凝治疗的缺血型中央静脉阻塞102眼的临床资料.结果 102眼缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞中73眼有效,占71.56%;27眼好转,占26.47%;2眼因玻璃体出血,继发新生血管性青光眼或并发白内障失明而无效,占1.97%.结论 对于缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的患者应尽早实行全视网膜光凝术治疗,确保有效光斑的总数与密度是全视网膜光凝术成功的关键.     

荧光素眼底血管造影对视网膜静脉阻塞分型及预后评估的作用分析

目的 分析荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)对视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)分型及预后评估的作用.方法 96例(96只眼)RVO患者进行FFA及眼科常规检查,并进行随访.结果 28只眼视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)中5只眼为缺血型,23只眼为非缺血型,其中有3只眼转化为缺血型.有新生血管5只眼.伴有黄斑水肿18只眼,黄斑缺血1只眼;68只眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)中缺血型40只眼,非缺血型28只眼,有2只眼转化为缺血型.有新生血管14只眼.伴有黄斑水肿30只眼,黄斑缺血29只眼.结论 FFA检查不仅能给RVO分型,而且能很好地判断患者视网膜血管的改变,可以起到推断预后的作用,并作为选择治疗和观察疗效的依据.     

视网膜静脉阻塞荧光素眼底血管造影观察

目的观察视网膜静脉阻塞（RVO）的荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）的图像特征,加深对RVO病变的认识,探讨FFA在RVO的应用。方法对我院自2006年1月至2009年12月经临床诊断为视网膜中央静脉阻塞（CRVO）和视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）患者298例（298只眼）的FFA检查结果进行回顾性分析。结果 RVO患者共298例（298只眼）。CRVO者97只眼,占32.55%;BRVO者201只眼,占67.45%。其中颞上分支静脉阻塞117只眼,占分支静脉阻塞的58.21%;半侧静脉阻塞12只眼,占5.97%。有视网膜新生血管形成32只眼,占10.74%;黄斑囊样水肿者104只眼,占35.14%;视网膜毛细血管无灌注区形成者139只眼,占46.64%。78.86%的病例发病年龄在50岁以上。结论 BRVO发病率高于CRVO;BRVO中以颞上分支静脉阻塞最常见;视网膜新生血管形成和黄斑囊样水肿是RVO的两个主要并发症。FFA对RVO的诊断、分类分型、指导治疗有重要的意义。     

缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞全视网膜光凝的疗效观察

目的探讨全视网膜光凝治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2005年4月我院收治的缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞共68例68眼,其中行532 nm激光全视网膜光凝治疗40眼（激光组）,28眼末行532 nm激光全视网膜光凝（对照组）,观察对比两组初、末诊视力,新生血管及新生血管性青光眼等并发症情况。随访时间均在8个月以上,平均随访11±2.3个月。结果两组末次随访视力、虹膜新生血管及新生血管性青光眼等并发症发生率有所不同,但比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论缺血性CRVO严重损害患者视力,需要积极治疗,全视网膜光凝对于对于预防虹膜新生血管及新生血管性青光眼的疗效不确切。     

视网膜电图明视负向反应在视网膜静脉阻塞中的变化

目的 观察视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)患者视网膜电图(ERG)明视负向反应(PhNR)的变化特点.方法 对间接检眼镜、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查确诊的RVO患者30例30只患眼以及对侧健康眼进行视力、视野、闪光ERG(FERG)检查,同时选取与其性别、年龄相匹配的正常人25例50只眼作为正常组进行FERG检查.所有检查均按常规方法进行.RVO患者中,视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)患者14例14只眼、视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)患者16例16只眼.根据其病史及FFA检查结果,将其按病程时间划分为小于1个月、1～3个月、大于3个月组;另外再根据RVO分型标准及具体检查结果,将RVO患者分为缺血型和非缺血型.对比分析RVO患眼与对侧健康眼以及正常眼PhNR振幅变化及ERG其他参数指标,包括振荡电位(Ops),视锥细胞反应(Cone-a、Cone-b),视杆细胞反应(Rod-b),暗适应眼的最大反应(Max-a、Max-b),30 Hz闪烁光反应(30 Hz)的差异以及PhNR振幅变化与RVO疾病缺血类型、病程的关系.结果 PhNR振幅在CRVO患眼为(28.20±5.80)μV,BRVO患眼为(36.96±4.71)μV,对侧健眼为(61.25±3.93)μV,正常眼为(59.33±16.92)μV.CRVO组与对侧健眼、正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=10.69,9.80;P＜0.001),BRVO组与对侧健眼、正常组比较,差异有统计学意义(F=9.69,9.75;P＜0.001).CRVO组中缺血型PhNR值为(22.77±5.73)μV,非缺血型为(36.63±12.91)μV,二者差异有统计学意义(t=6.54,P＜0.01);BRVO组缺血型PhNR值为(32.39±13.22)μV,非缺血型为(46.73±10.43)μV,二者差异无统计学意义(t=2.12,P＜0.05);病程小于1个月组CRVO与BRVO分别为(24.58±4.60)、(27.94±15.73)μV,1～3个月组分别为(50.39±13.80)、(58.69±12.43)μV,大于3个月组为(25.40±19.94)、(34.48±16.72)μV,CRVO中1～3个月组与大于3个月组差异有统计学意义(F=4.30,P＜0.01).结论 RVO患眼的PhNR振幅较对侧健康眼以及正常对照眼明显降低,缺血型较非缺血型降低,随病程变化呈现下降、上升、下降的变化趋势.     

Relationship between retinal vein occlusion and carotid artery lesions

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and carotid artery lesions. METHODS: For patients with RVO who presented to the Ophthalmology Department of Tokyo Medical University Hospital between 2000 and 2003, carotid artery evaluation was possible on 58 eyes of 57 patients aged 51 years to 88 years (mean, 70.1 years). Thirty-nine patients (40 eyes) had central RVO (CRVO), and 18 patients (18 eyes) had branch RVO (BRVO). The observation period ranged from 6 months to 28 months (mean, 14 months). A diagnostic ultrasound device was used to detect carotid artery lesions. RESULTS: Carotid artery lesions were detected in 19 (49%) of 39 patients with CRVO and in 4 (22%) of 18 patients with BRVO. In CRVO, 6 eyes without carotid artery lesions but no eye with carotid artery lesions had good decimal visual acuity of >or=0.8 (P < 0.05). Fluorescein angiographic findings identified a significantly (P < 0.01) higher incidence of the ischemic type in cases with carotid lesions (15 eyes; 79%) than in cases without carotid lesions (8 eyes; 40%). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the presence of a carotid artery lesion has a considerable association with the development and prognosis of CRVO.     

Photocoagulation for retinal vein occlusion

The role of photocoagulation in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) has been studied since 1974. The most serious complications of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) are: (i) visual deterioration, most commonly due to macular edema, and (ii) the development of ocular neovascularization (NV), particularly neovascular glaucoma (NVG), with hazardous consequences for vision and even the eye itself.Before discussing the role of photocoagulation in the management of NV and macular edema in RVO, it is crucial to gain a basic scientific understanding of the following relevant issues: classification of RVO, ocular NV in RVO, and the natural history of macular edema and visual outcome of RVO. These topics are discussed.In CRVO, ocular NV is a complication of ischemic CRVO but not of nonischemic CRVO. Photocoagulation has been advocated to prevent and/or treat the development of ocular NV and NVG. Since NVG is the most dreaded, intractable and blinding complication of ischemic CRVO, the role of photocoagulation and its management are discussed. Findings of three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with photocoagulation in ischemic CRVO are discussed.The role of photocoagulation in the management of ocular NV and macular edema in BRVO, and three randomized, prospective clinical trials dealing with those are discussed.Recent advent of intravitreal anti-VEGF and corticosteroid therapies has drastically changed the role of photocoagulation in the management of macular edema and NV in CRVO and BRVO. This is discussed in detail.     

Hematologic abnormalities associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to investigate hematologic abnormalities associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and comparison of their prevalence among those various types of RVO; (2) to review the conflicting literature on the subject, to place the information in perspective. METHODS: In patients with various types of RVO seen in our clinic since 1973, we conducted planned prospective studies on the prevalence of: (1) routine hematologic tests (535 patients) and (2) certain special hematologic parameters (platelet aggregation, antithrombin III, and proportional, variant(2) globulin in 110, 81 and 91 patients, respectively). Patients were categorized into six types of RVO, based on defined criteria: non-ischemic and ischemic central RVO (CRVO), non-ischemic and ischemic hemi-CRVO (HCRVO), and major and macular branch RVO (BRVO). The patients had a detailed ophthalmic, systemic and hematologic evaluation. The data were abstracted and analyzed retrospectively from the detailed information originally collected prospectively in the patients' records. For data analysis, patients were divided into young, middle-aged and elderly. Observed prevalence rates of hematologic abnormalities were estimated. Logistic regression, adjusting for age and gender, was used to compare the observed prevalence of hematologic abnormalities among the various types of RVO. RESULTS: No generalizations about the prevalence of hematologic disorders in all six types of RVO are possible. Ischemic CRVO showed a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal hematocrit ( P=0.044), hemoglobin ( P=0.018), and blood urea nitrogen ( P=0.025) than non-ischemic CRVO, while a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal antinuclear antibody (ANA; P=0.049) was seen in non-ischemic CRVO than in ischemic CRVO. There was a significant ( P=0.011) difference in the prevalence of abnormal uric acid among the three main RVO groups (CRVO, HCRVO, BRVO), highest in BRVO and lowest in HCRVO. There was a higher prevalence of abnormal glucose ( P=0.069) and ANA ( P=0.071) in CRVO+HCRVO than in BRVO. Results of special hematologic studies are given. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that a variety of hematologic abnormalities may be seen in association with different types of RVO, and any generalization about these disorders applied to all RVO patients may be misleading. The evidence of our study and in the literature indicates that there is no good reason why all patients with RVO should be subjected to extensive, expensive, special hematologic and hypercoagulability investigations, unless, of course, there is some clear indication; the routine, inexpensive hematologic evaluation is usually sufficient for RVO patients. Treatment with anticoagulants or platelet anti-aggregating agents may adversely influence the visual outcome, without any evidence of protective or beneficial effect.     

Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion

A prospective natural history study was conducted in 721 eyes with various types of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to determine the incidence of various types of ocular neovascularization (NV) and the factors that influence the development of ocular NV. The material was 360 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 97 eyes with hemi-CRVO, and 264 eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO); these cases were further subdivided into six groups for logical data analysis: nonischemic CRVO (venous stasis retinopathy-VSR, 282 eyes), ischemic CRVO (hemorrhagic retinopathy-HR, 78 eyes), hemi-VSR (66 eyes), hemi-HR (31 eyes), major BRVO (191 eyes) and macular BRVO (73 eyes). Ocular NV attributable to RVO was seen only in HR, hemi-HR, and major BRVO. In HR the anterior segment was the major site of NV, with iris and angle NV and neovascular glaucoma (NVG), while in hemi-HR and major BRVO the retina and optic disc were the major sites of NV. The principal factor influencing the development of ocular NV in RVO seems to be the severity and extent of retinal ischemia, while duration of follow-up since onset also plays an important role in determining the incidence of ocular NV. The findings and subject of ocular NV in RVO are discussed in detail along with a review of the pertinent literature.     

Evaluation of hyperreflective foci as a prognostic factor of visual outcome in retinal vein occlusion

AIM: To evaluate the potential role of hyperreflective foci (HF) as a prognostic indicator of visual outcome in patients with macular edema (ME) due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 50 eyes of 50 patients with ME due to ischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), non-ischemic CRVO and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) who were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) at Beijing Tongren Eye Center from January 2013 to July 2016. All patients underwent best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline and follow-up. Such factors were evaluated and compared among three groups as baseline and final BCVA, central retinal thickness (CRT), external limiting membrane (ELM) status and the numbers of HF in different position. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to analyze the relationship between baseline HF and final BCVA. Changes of HF before and after treatment were evaluated too. RESULTS: Among three groups, HF could be located in each retinal layers, as well as in vitreous cavity. The mean HF in outer retinal layer (ORL) at baseline was 5.29±8.48 in ischemic CRVO with intact ELM, 1.93±2.76 in non-ischemic CRVO, and 1.75±2.05 in BRVO. With disrupted ELM, the mean HF in ORL increased. There was statistically difference of HF in ORL between intact and disrupted ELM. The numbers of HF in ORL were associated with poor visual outcome among three groups. However, HF in inner retinal layer (IRL) and vitreous cavity were not associated with poor visual outcome. Meanwhile, the baseline HF in ORL and vitreous cavity reduced significantly in non-ischemic CRVO and BRVO after anti-VEGF treatment. CONCLUSION: The numbers of HF in ORL are prognostic factors associated with the final BCVA in patients with ME due to RVO after anti-VEGF treatment.     

虹膜荧光素血管造影在虹膜新生血管诊断中的应用

目的 探讨虹膜荧光素血管造影(IFA)在缺血性视网膜中央静脉阻塞(CRVO)虹膜新生血管(NVI)诊断中的价值.方法 经荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查确诊的CRVO患者51例51只眼纳入研究.所有患者均行视力、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼前节彩色照相、眼压及FFA+IFA检查.根据FFA检查结果分为非缺血性和缺血性CRVO,分别为20、31只眼.非缺血性CRVO20只眼中,男性11只眼,女性9只眼;年龄41～59岁.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,男性21只眼,女性10只眼;年龄28～62岁.采用德国海德堡眼底荧光血管造影仪进行FFA+IFA检查,将典型图像存入计算机图像处理系统进行分析.对比观察裂隙灯显微镜和IFA NVI的检出率.缺血性CRVO31只眼均行全视网膜激光光凝(PRP)治疗,其中,完成治疗27只眼,未坚持完成治疗4只眼.完成治疗后6个月,随访观察NVI消退情况.结果 非缺血性CRVO20只眼裂隙灯显微镜检查瞳孔缘及虹膜未见新生血管,占100.0%;IFA检查虹膜未见显影,呈色素遮蔽荧光,占100.0%.缺血性CRVO31只眼中,裂隙灯显微镜检查显示瞳孔缘及虹膜有细小新生血管13只眼,占41.9%;IFA检查显示NVI 23只眼,占74.2%.2种检查方法NVI检出率比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.425,P=0.001).IFA检查NVI分别表现为小团状、细线状或不规则交叉网状强荧光染色及渗漏.完成PRP治疗的27只眼IFA检查结果显示,瞳孔缘及虹膜表面未见荧光染色及渗漏;未坚持完成PRP治疗4只眼,1～2个月后出现新生血管性青光眼(NVG).结论 IFA可以提示眼前节的缺血状态,具有较高的特异性,辅助CRVO缺血型早期诊断,预测是否发展NVG.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the application value of iris fluorescein angiography (IFA) in the diagnosis of ischemic center retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods Fifty-one patients (51 eyes) with CRVO which had been diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) were studied. All patients underwent the examination of visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscope, anterior segment color photography,intraocular pressure, FFA and IFA. The patients were classified as non-ischemic CRVO (20 eyes) and ischemic CRVO (31 eyes). The 20 non-ischemic CRVO patients included 11 males and nine females, aged from 41 to 59 years. The 31 ischemic CRVO patients included 21 males and 10 females, aged from 28 to 62 years. FFA and IFA were performed for all the patients using Heidelberg retina angiograph, and the classic pictures were analyzed by the computer image processing system. The detection rate of iris neovascularization (NVI) by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA was analyzed. All ischemic CRVO eyes underwent panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), and PRP was completed in 27 eyes and not completed in four eyes. Six months after PRP the regression of iris NVI was followed up. Results All non-ischemic CRVO eyes (100. 0% ) had no neovascularization on papillary margin and iris by slit lamp biomicroscopy, and had no fluorescence (pigment blocked fluorescence) on IFA. Thirteen eyes (41.9%) and 23 eyes (74.2%) of the 31 ischemic eyes had NVI by slit lamp biomicroscope and IFA, respectively. The NVI detection rate of those two methods was statistically different (Z= - 3. 425, P = 0. 001 ). NVI showed strong fluorescence and leakage with variable patterns (small blocks, thin lines and irregular cross-links) by IFA. There was no fluorescence staining and leakage on papillary margin and iris in 27 eyes who completed the PRP, but the neovascular glaucoma (NVG) occurred in one eyes who discontinued the PRP treatment after one to two months. Conclusions IFA has a high specificity in CRVO which hints the ischemic state of anterior segment. It is helpful to the early diagnosis of ischemic CRVO and the turnover of NVG.     

球后注射曲安奈德治疗视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿

目的 观察球后注射曲安奈德(TA)治疗不同类型视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)所致黄斑水肿的临床疗效.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象不同类型RVO继发黄斑水肿的患者21例21眼.方法患者均经球后注射TA 40 mg,随访观察不同类型、不同病程RVO致黄斑水肿治疗前后的视力、眼压、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和相干光断层扫描(OCT)检测黄斑水肿的变化情况.随访6～11个月.主要指标视力、黄斑中心凹平均厚度.结果到最后一次随访时,视力提高16眼(76.2%),视力不变5眼(23.8%).治疗前及最后一次随访时黄斑中心凹平均厚度(617.23±185.58)μm、(287.55±121.70)μm(P=0.000).治疗后CRVO组与BRVO组之间、缺血型组与非缺血型组之间,无论是视力还是黄斑中心凹平均厚度的变化的比较,差异均无明显统计学意义(P>0.05);病程≤3个月以及3～6个月的患者治疗前后的视力差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.011,0.01),病程≥6个月的患者治疗前后的视力差异无明显统计学意义(P=0.583).FFA显示治疗后黄斑区荧光素渗漏明显减轻.所有患者随访期间眼压均≤21 mmHg.8例患者治疗后2～6个月黄斑水肿复发.结论 球后注射TA可有效治疗RVO引起的黄斑水肿,操作简便且安全性高,早期治疗效果好.     

Comparison of intravitreal bevacizumab with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: a Meta-analysis

AIM: To compare the effects of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) on the treatment of cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science and the Chinese Biomedical Database. The comparison was divided into two groups, group 1 conducted comparison in branch RVO (BRVO) or central RVO (CRVO), group 2 conducted comparison in ischemic-RVO or nonischemic-RVO. Pooled mean differences (MDs) for changes in visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness (CMT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were calculated in groups at 4, 12 and 24wk after treatment respectively. RESULTS: Eight studies comparing the efficacy of IVB with IVTA were included in the Meta-analysis. In group 1, in BRVO, significant difference was shown on the comparison of CMT at 24wk (MD, -45.66; 95% CI, -76.03 to -15.28; P=0.003), IVB was effective on BRVO for at least 24wk; no significant differences were found in the comparison of VA at each time points (P>0.05 respectively). In CRVO, no significant differences were found in the comparison of VA or CMT between IVB and IVTA at each time points (P>0.05, respectively). In group 2, in ischemic-RVO, significant differences were shown in the comparison of VA (MD, -0.28; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.14; P<0.0001) and CMT (MD, -86.50; 95% CI, -151.18 to -22.43; P=0.008) at 24wk; In nonischemic-RVO, no significant differences were demonstrated in the comparison of VA or CMT between IVB and IVTA at each time points (P>0.05, respectively). The occurrence of high IOP was much lower in IVB group. CONCLUSION: This Meta-analysis suggested that IVB was effective in decreasing CMT in BRVO for at least 24wk, IVB is more effective on improving VA and reducing CMT in ischemic-RVO. IVB is more promising on RVO than IVTA.     

Differences in contributory factors among hemicentral, central, and branch retinal vein occlusions

Hemicentral retinal vein occlusion (HRVO) is an anatomic variant of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and thus different from branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Therefore, the risk factors for HRVO should be similar to those of CRVO and different from those of BRVO. To test this, the authors compared 15 demographic and clinical variables of 28 HRVO patients with those of 117 CRVO and 214 BRVO patients. Mean age of onset and sex ratio were not significantly different among the groups. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (P = 0.019) and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (P = 0.025) were significantly more prevalent in the HRVO than the BRVO group. In addition, when the authors compared CRVO with BRVO, elevated ESR (P = 0.003), elevated IOP (P = 0.015), and positive purified protein derivative (PPD) (P = 0.003) were significantly more prevalent in the CRVO than the BRVO group, whereas hypertension (P = 0.03) and hyperopia (P = 0.008) were significantly more prevalent in the BRVO group. However, of the variables tested between HRVO and CRVO patients, no significant differences were found.