激光诱导脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术后玻璃体出血及纤维血管增生1例

目的:报告1例非缺血性中央视网膜静脉阻塞的患者实施激光诱导脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术后出现玻璃体出血及纤维血管增生而进行玻璃体切割术。方法:病例报告。结果:患者,男,72岁,主诉左眼中央有一暗点,诊断为非缺血性中央视网膜静脉阻塞。在其他医院实施激光诱导脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术。术后患者左眼视力短暂恢复,但并发严重的玻璃体出血,遂来我院实施玻璃体切割术。结论:激光诱导脉络膜视网膜静脉吻合术有发生严重并发症的危险,要求临床医师慎重选择,特别是对于某些种族(比如日本),因为色素沉着可引起光凝过度反应。     

玻璃体切割术后白内障超声乳化吸除术相关因素分析

目的探讨玻璃体切割术后白内障的超声乳化吸除术手术治疗的临床效果。方法将289例(352眼)玻璃体切割术后白内障患者半随机分为眼内灌注组和无灌注组。并对其原发眼底病类型、手术并发症、术后视力、白内障类型进行相关分析。结果眼底病类型、手术并发症、术后视力、白内障类型各因素中,,低眼压与脉络膜上腔出血与术式选择相关。本组研究中发生脉络膜上腔出血眼均为多次玻璃体视网膜手术后眼(P=0.017),且行白内障手术未做后节眼内灌注。术后低眼压在无灌注组更为多见(P=0.021)。对于其他并发症及术后视力恢复,两组病例并无统计学意义。结论超声乳化吸除术治疗玻璃体切割术后白内障减少了术中低眼压的危险性。对于核性白内障尤其是硬核白内障,放置后节眼内灌注是安全而有效的。     

非接触双目间接眼底显微镜联合前房灌注在复杂玻璃体视网膜病变术中的应用

目的 观察使用非接触双目间接眼底显微镜(BIOM)联合前房灌注系统(ACM)行玻璃体切割术处理复杂玻璃体视网膜病变的临床疗效.方法 6例(6只眼)复杂玻璃体视网膜病变行玻璃体切割术时,为了避免医源性的脉络膜视网膜损伤,采用前房灌注来维持眼压,晶状体摘除及前部玻璃体切割后,切换至BIOM行玻璃体视网膜手术.临床随访3～11月,评估手术疗效及并发症.结果 6例BIOM联合ACM的玻璃体切割术在操作中未见明显困难.术后5例视力提高,1例无变化.主要长期并发症为低眼压、前部PVR、视网膜前膜.4例行硅油取出术后,视网膜在位. 结论 采用BIOM联合ACM行玻璃体切割术治疗复杂玻璃体视网膜病变安全、有效,在实践中具有可行性.     

外伤眼玻璃体切割手术中驱逐性脉络膜上腔出血的临床观察

驱逐性脉络膜上腔出血是内眼手术中较为少见、但最为严重的并发症，它可导致患者视功能丧失和眼球萎缩。玻璃体切割手术是近年来眼科发展最迅速的内眼手术之一，手术中发生脉络膜上腔出血的危险因素主要是老年人、全身心血管疾病（高血压、糖尿病）、近视眼、青光眼、眼内炎症等。我院近年实施的玻璃体切割手术患者中，5例眼外伤患者在手术中发生了脉络膜上腔出血，现将其临床特征报道如下。     

视网膜静脉阻塞性玻璃体积血的玻璃体切割手术疗效观察

目的观察玻璃体切割手术治疗视网膜静脉阻塞（RVO）性玻璃体积血的疗效。方法回顾性整理分析2006年3月至2009年6月在我院行玻璃体切割手术的玻璃体积血患者241例,其中RVO者28例（28只眼）（占11.6%）。随访6个月至2年观察患者的发病特点、视力预后、RVO相关并发症及手术相关并发症的发生情况。结果 26例患者术后视力较术前不同程度提高,占92.9%,2例术后视力保持不变,占7.1%。中央静脉阻塞11例,分支静脉阻塞17例。分支静脉阻塞术后视力好于中央静脉阻塞（P〈0.0235）。玻璃体积血时间小于2个月的患者（10例）视力预后好于2个月后手术者（18例）（P〈0.05）。玻璃体切除联合白内障超声乳化手术者较单纯玻璃体切除术者视力提高有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论玻璃体切割手术是治疗RVO性玻璃体积血的有效方法。手术时机一般选在经药物治疗2～3个月积血仍不吸收时进行。白内障摘除联合玻璃体切割手术治疗合并白内障的RVO性玻璃体积血是安全有效的。     

继发于视网膜静脉阻塞的全层黄斑裂孔的研究进展

继发于视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)的全层黄斑裂孔(FTMH)临床较为少见。此类裂孔的临床特征各不相同, 可能与黄斑囊样水肿、视网膜前膜等并发症及玻璃体腔注射药物等治疗手段相关。FTMH主要手术方式为玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除手术, 手术后大部分裂孔可达解剖愈合, 但其手术后裂孔闭合率、疾病及视功能预后尚不明确。密切的随诊与定期复查, 必要时及时行玻璃体切割手术干预有助于改善患者的预后。今后仍需更大样本量的随机对照临床试验进一步探索其发生机制、临床特征以及治疗方法, 以期更好地改善RVO后FTMH患者的临床预后。     

息肉样脉络膜血管病变的临床特征与手术治疗进展

息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)是一组以脉络膜异常分支血管网及末端息肉样血管扩张病灶为特征的眼底疾病,临床治疗较为棘手。大面积视网膜黄斑下出血(submacular hemorrhage,SMH)甚至玻璃体腔出血是PCV的严重并发症,往往需要手术干预。其手术治疗包括气体填充和/或组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)注射、玻璃体切割联合视网膜切开或外路引流等。本文就目前国内外关于PCV的临床特征、并发症及手术治疗新进展等内容进行综述。     

玻璃体切除治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起玻璃体积血的临床效果

目的:探讨玻璃体切除手术治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起的玻璃体积血的临床效果。方法:回顾分析28例28眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞引起的玻璃体积血患者进行闭合式玻璃体切除,联合增殖膜剥离、眼内激光光凝及玻璃体腔长效气体、硅油或灌注液填充手术的临床疗效。结果:该28例患者术中均可见视网膜分支静脉阻塞闭锁呈白线状。视网膜静脉阻塞颞上方20例,颞下方8例。合并视盘新生血管2例,18例阻塞区可见视网膜新生血管及交通支。并发视网膜脱离7例,患者术前及术后视力比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:玻璃体切除是视网膜分支阻塞的有效手术方法,术中应谨慎去除阻塞区增殖病灶,光凝视网膜无灌注区,术后注意观察阻塞部位的视网膜复位及增殖情况。     

视网膜静脉周围炎的临床特征及治疗探讨

目的探讨视网膜静脉周围炎的临床特征及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1989至2003年经眼底检查和荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)诊断为视网膜静脉周围炎的31(41只眼)例患者的临床资料。结果患者以男性轻壮年为主,占47.6%,双眼发病,16只眼伴玻璃体积血,6只眼有玻璃体积血伴视网膜脱离。29只眼单纯用激光治疗,12只眼做了玻璃体切割和激光综合手术,所有治疗过的眼均做了随访。29只单纯用激光治疗的眼,大部分都获得了视力的提高。在做了玻璃体切割和激光综合手术的眼中,87%的眼视力有提高,在视网膜脱离患者中5只眼复位成功。结论激光及玻璃体切割手术是治疗视网膜静脉周围炎的有效手段,能提高大部分患者的视力。     

经结膜无缝合25G玻璃体切割术灌注系统的临床应用探讨

目的:经结膜无缝合玻璃体切割手术灌注系统应用于常规玻璃体切割术,探讨其临床应用价值及手术适应证,并发症.方法:玻璃体切割术患者196眼(190例),其中孔源性视网膜脱离142眼,单纯玻璃体积血患者20眼,糖尿病视网膜病变伴玻璃体积血26眼,特发性黄斑裂孔或黄斑前膜8眼,随机分层分为2组,每组98眼.一组采用经结膜无缝合玻璃体切割手术灌注系统,另一组采用常规玻璃体切割灌注系统.完成三通道经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切割术.包括黄斑部手术操作,使用20G玻切刀、视网膜钩、镊、笛形针、电凝等进行视网膜周边部操作,内界膜及视网膜前增殖膜剥除,视网膜切开,气液交换,视网膜光凝、冷凝等复杂视网膜手术操作.手术结束时仅缝合玻切刀及光纤头巩膜创口,经结膜无缝合玻璃体切割手术灌注系统穿刺口无需缝合.术后随访2～7 mo.结果:随访期间所有患者均未发现感染性眼内炎及切口持续性渗漏等并发症.采用经结膜无缝合玻璃体切割手术灌注系统患者全部手术时间平均78min,采用常规玻切灌注系统,其平均手术时间为95min,两组差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05)手术后并发症包括视网膜再脱离,一过性眼压升高,玻璃体积血等比较无显著性差异.结论:经结膜无缝合玻璃体切除手术灌注系统应用于常规玻璃体切割术,治疗黄斑疾病,玻璃体积血及视网膜脱离等多种较复杂的疾病,扩大了经结膜无缝合玻璃体切除手术灌注系统的临床应用范围,未观察到与改换灌注系统相关的手术并发症.有效缩短手术时间及减少手术创伤.     

Increased episcleral venous pressure in uveal effusion

This paper reports on two patients with bilateral, spontaneous choroidal and retinal detachment. One patient had scleritis, while in the other no underlying eye disease was found. No signs of orbital venous congestion were detected. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is not fully known, the findings of (1) dilated episcleral veins and (2) elevated episcleral venous pressure suggest an obstruction of venous outflow from the uveal tract. The authors believe that these two findings may have been caused by shunting of venous blood anteriorly from the uveal tract into the episcleral veins due to partial obstruction of the vortex veins.     

Remodeling of choroidal venous drainage after vortex vein occlusion following scleral buckling for retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To evaluate the choroidal drainage route after scleral buckling for retinal detachment. METHODS: We performed wide-angle indocyanine green angiography with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope in 22 eyes of 22 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that had been treated with scleral buckling and cryopexy. The 22 eyes had at least one retinal break located posterior to the equator where vortex veins were present. The period between angiography and retinal detachment surgery was less than 3 months in 10 eyes, 3 to 12 months in five eyes, and more than 1 year in seven eyes. RESULTS: At the site of the silicone exoplant and cryopexy for retinal breaks, one vortex vein was occluded in seven eyes and two in five eyes. Choroidal veins were congested in the quadrant of the occluded vortex vein in two of 12 eyes that had angiography less than 3 months after retinal detachment surgery. In 10 of 12 eyes that had angiography 3 months or more after retinal detachment surgery, new drainage routes developed that connected the sector of the occluded vortex veins to that of the intact vortex veins with venovenous anastomoses. No venous congestion was found in the areas of the occluded vortex veins in the 10 eyes. Venous collaterals formed between the superior and inferior vortex in all 10 eyes and between the temporal and nasal vortex in two eyes. CONCLUSIONS: New venous drainage routes, which were connected to the intact vortex veins, formed in eyes with occluded vortex veins resulting from scleral buckling surgery and compensated for choroidal venous congestion. The choroidal veins have a great deal of plasticity that enables remodeling of the drainage routes, depending on the pressure gradient.     

青光眼滤过术后合并睫状体脉络膜脱离的恶性青光眼

目的探讨青光眼滤过术后合并睫状体脉络膜脱离的恶性青光眼的发病机制、临床特点及预防。方法对4例（4只眼）青光眼滤过术后合并睫状体脉络膜脱离的恶性青光眼患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 4例（4只眼）在术后早期即出现Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°浅前房,通过眼底检查、手术及超声生物显微镜（UBM）检查发现睫状体脉络膜脱离、睫状环阻滞,经睫状体脉络膜上腔放液,并根据病情联合玻璃体水囊抽吸、前段玻璃体切除以及晶状体手术等,所有患眼眼压均恢复正常,前房加深,脉络膜脱离消失。结论睫状体脉络膜脱离是发生恶性青光眼的诱发因素,预防睫状体脉络膜脱离是预防恶性青光眼发生的关键;对术后早期即出现的Ⅱ°、Ⅲ°浅前房,及时进行UBM检查有助于明确诊断,可减少治疗的盲目性。     

Venous overload choroidopathy: A hypothetical framework for central serous chorioretinopathy and allied disorders

In central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), the macula is detached because of fluid leakage at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. The fluid appears to originate from choroidal vascular hyperpermeability, but the etiology for the fluid is controversial. The choroidal vascular findings as elucidated by recent optical coherence tomography (OCT) and wide-field indocyanine green (ICG) angiographic evaluation show eyes with CSC have many of the same venous patterns that are found in eyes following occlusion of the vortex veins or carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCSF). The eyes show delayed choroidal filling, dilated veins, intervortex venous anastomoses, and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability. While patients with occlusion of the vortex veins or CCSF have extraocular abnormalities accounting for the venous outflow problems, eyes with CSC appear to have venous outflow abnormalities as an intrinsic phenomenon. Control of venous outflow from the eye involves a Starling resistor effect, which appears to be abnormal in CSC. Similar choroidal vascular abnormalities have been found in peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome. However, peripapillary pachychoroid syndrome has intervortex venous anastomoses located in the peripapillary region while in CSC these are seen to be located in the macular region. Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome appears to share many of the pathophysiologic problems of abnormal venous outflow from the choroid along with a host of associated abnormalities. These diseases vary according to their underlying etiologies but are linked by the venous decompensation in the choroid that leads to significant vision loss. Choroidal venous overload provides a unifying concept and theory for an improved understanding of the pathophysiology and classification of a group of diseases to a greater extent than previous proposals.     

Expulsive choroidal haemorrhage: an experimental study.

The closure of 2 or more vortex veins in rabbits' eyes results in a persistent rise in intraocular pressure. In these circumstances a small opening into the anterior chamber at the corneoscleral limbus resulted in an iris prolapse, while a larger limbal wound was immediately followed by a massive choroidal expulsive haemorrhage. It appears from this experimental study that a definite and persistent rise in intraocular pressure could be a sign of impaired venous outflow and that the occurrence of an iris prolapse after small limbal opening into the anterior chamber should prompt us to examine the fundus of the eye and look for a choroidal complication. It is possible that the present set of experiments is relevant to the mechanism of expulsive haemorrhage in man.     

青光眼滤过术后恶性青光眼合并睫状体脉络膜脱离

目的：探讨青光眼滤过术后恶性青光眼合并睫体脉和膜脱离的特点及治疗方法。方法：对10例12只青光眼小梁切除术后恶性青光眼合并睫状体脉络膜脱离的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果：4只眼经1－3次脉络膜上腔放液联合抽玻璃体水囊联合前房注气术后，3只眼压恢复正常，1只眼前房不恢复，改行前部玻璃体切除联合超声乳化白内障吸除及人工晶状体植入术。其余8只眼均一次行前 部玻璃体切除联合超声乳化白内障吸除及人工晶状体植入术，眼压控制正常，前房形成.结论：青光眼滤过术后恶性青光眼合并睫状体脉络膜脱离为难治并发症。脉络膜上腔放液联合抽玻璃体水囊治疗有效，前玻璃体切除联合超声乳化白内障吸除及人工晶状体植入术可提高一次手术成功率。     

Rapid pulse injection of indocyanine green angiography for evaluation of choroidal venous circulation]

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of the injection duration on the early phase of indocyanine green fundus angiography, we performed indocyanine green fundus angiography using a rapid pulse injection method, and compared early-phase findings with those obtained using a previous injection method. METHODS: Rabbit eyes were used. Normal eyes (10), eyes with chorioretinal atrophy (5), and eyes with occlusion of vortex veins (5) were examined. RESULTS: In normal eyes, rapid pulse injection resulted in visualization of some small bright fluorescent boluses from 6 to 12 seconds after injection, whereas with the previous method they were unclear. In eyes with occlusion of vortex veins, rapid pulse injection resulted in visualization of delayed hyperfluorescence of choroidal veins against the background, and the region of delayed venous filling could easily be determined. In eyes with chorioretinal atrophy, only the rapid pulse injection clearly revealed delayed filling of choroidal veins. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid pulse injection method enabled detection of lesions which were not clearly visible using the previous injection method, and is useful for study of choroidal circulation.     

Characterization of uveoscleral outflow in enucleated porcine eyes perfused under constant pressure

PURPOSE: A new technique was developed to measure the flow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway in porcine eyes and to examine whether there is any outflow through the choroid into the vortex veins. METHODS: Enucleated porcine eyes were perfused in vitro under a constant pressure of 10 mm Hg. After total outflow was measured, the episcleral vessels were blocked with cyanoacrylate to eliminate outflow through the conventional pathway. The vortex veins were then blocked, to assess the amount of choroidal drainage. RESULTS: The average outflow in control eyes was found to be 2.8 +/- 0.9 microL/min. After the exit sites of the conventional pathway were blocked, the average outflow decreased to 1.1 +/- 0.5 microL/min. Blocking the vortex veins did not appear to alter uveoscleral outflow further (1.2 +/- 0.8 microL/min). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that choroidal drainage into the vortex veins is insignificant in the absence of blood perfusion. No significant washout effects in porcine eyes were observed.     

白内障超声乳化术中灌注液迷流的相关研究

灌注液迷流综合征(infusion misdirection syndrome， IMS)是白内障超声乳化术中突发的一类罕见且处理棘手的并发症，其通常发生于白内障术中水分离、超声乳化或灌注抽吸(irrigation/aspiration， I/A)时。在悬韧带松弛、晶状体脱位、后囊膜破裂、眼前段拥挤、高灌注压等因素下，灌注液积聚于玻璃体腔中或玻璃体后，造成眼内压升高、前房变浅甚至消失进而导致手术难以进行。这需与暴发性脉络膜上腔出血(suprachoroidal hemorrhage， SCH)、囊袋阻滞综合征(capsular block syndrome，CBS)等进行鉴别。在经过术中紧急处理，如：休息联合甘露醇静滴、玻璃体腔穿刺抽液或玻璃体切除后，患眼术后均能获得良好预后。本文围绕白内障超声乳化术中灌注液迷流的发病机制、诊断及鉴别、术中紧急处理方式、预防及预后进行详细综述，以期为眼科医生提供临床指导。     

Facts and myths of cerebrospinal fluid pressure for the physiology of the eye

The orbital cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) represents the true counter-pressure against the intraocular pressure (IOP) across the lamina cribrosa and is, therefore, one of the two determinants of the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLPD). From this anatomic point of view, an elevated TLPD could be due to elevated IOP or abnormally low orbital CSFP. Both experimental and clinical studies have suggested that a low CSFP could be associated with glaucomatous optic neuropathy in normal-pressure glaucoma. These included monkey studies with an experimental long-term reduction in CSFP, and clinical retrospective and prospective studies on patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Since the choroidal blood drains via the vortex veins through the superior ophthalmic vein into the intracranial cavernous sinus, anatomy suggests that the CSFP could influence choroidal thickness. A population-based study revealed that thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness was associated with higher CSFP. Since the central retinal vein passes through the orbital CSF space, anatomy suggests that the retinal venous pressure should be at least as high as the orbital CSFP. Other experimental, clinical or population-based studies suggested an association between higher CSFP and higher retinal venous pressure and wider retinal veins. Consequently, a higher estimated CSFP was associated with arterial hypertensive retinopathy (with respect to the dilated retinal vein diameter and higher arterial-to-venous diameter) and with the prevalence, severity and incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Physiologically, CSFP was related with higher IOP. The influence of the CSFP on the episcleral venous pressure and/or a regulation of both CSFP and IOP by a center in the dorsomedial/perifornical hypothalamus may be responsible for this. In summary, the CSFP may be an overlooked parameter in ocular physiology and pathology. Abnormal changes in the CSFP, in particular in relationship to the IOP, may have pathophysiologic importance.