两种白内障手术方法在治疗老年性白内障中的应用观察

目的通过对比观察小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术与超声乳化白内障吸除术,探讨适合在老年性白内障防盲治盲中推广的手术方式。方法抽取108例老年性白内障患者,随机分为二组:超声乳化白内障吸除术手术组56例与小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术组52例。对比观察两种术式并发症、术后视力、手术成本。结果小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术与超声乳化白内障吸除术在老性白内障手术中的并发症、远期术后视力比较,差异均无统计学意义,而小切口非超乳白内障摘除术的手术成本明显低于超声乳化白内障吸除术。结论小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术适合在老年性白内障防盲治盲中普遍推广。     

小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术与超声乳化吸除术的疗效观察

目的通过比较小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术与超声乳化白内障吸除术，探讨更适合在基层医院以及医疗扶贫行动中推广应用的手术方法。方法抽取200例（200只眼）白内障患者，其中小切口非超声乳化手术118例（118只眼），超声乳化吸除术82例（82只眼）。对比观察两种手术术后视力恢复情况、术中术后的并发症，以及两种手术方法的手术成本。结果小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术及超声乳化白内障吸除术在术后视力、术中术后并发症和患者满意度在远期均无显著差异，而手术成本小切口非超声乳化术明显低于超声乳化吸除术。结论小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术更适合在基层医院以及医疗扶贫行动中推广应用。     

适合中国国情的非超乳小切口囊外白内障摘除术

目的通过比较非超乳小切口囊外白内障摘除术(ECCE)与超声乳化白内障吸除术，探讨更适合中国国情的手术方法。方法随机抽取100例白内障患者，其中非超乳小切口手术37例，超声乳化吸除术63例。对比观察两种手术的术中并发症、内皮细胞术中丢失率、术前及术后前房蛋白定量分析、术后患者满意度以及手术成本。结果非超乳小切口囊外白内障摘除术及超声乳化白内障吸除术在手术中并发症以及术后视力、角膜内皮丢失率、前房蛋白定量和患者满意度在远期均无显著差异，而手术成本小切口ECCE明显低于超声乳化吸除术。结论非超乳小切口ECCE手术更适合中国国情。     

白内障摘除联合房角分离治疗闭角型青光眼

目的：探讨超声乳化吸除联合房角分离术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的临床效果。方法：对闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者45例52眼均在表面麻醉下行透明角膜切口的白内障超声乳化吸除联合房角分离术。结果：术后视力均比术前明显提高,中央前房深度、房角与术前相比均有不同程度改善。结论：对合并白内障的闭角型青光眼患者,白内障超声乳化吸除联合房角分离术是一种安全有效的治疗方法。      

糖尿病性白内障与老年性白内障行超声乳化术后视力分析

目的:分析糖尿病性白内障患者与老年性白内障患者行超声乳化手术后两者视力不同的原因。方法:分别于术后1,2wk;3,6mo,对60眼行超声乳化白内障吸除术的糖尿病性白内障患者(糖尿病组),以及60眼行超声乳化白内障吸除术的老年性白内障患者(非糖尿病组)的手术眼行荧光眼底血管造影(FFA)检查。结果:超声乳化白内障吸除术后,非糖尿病组与糖尿病组视力改善有显著性差异。糖尿病组黄斑水肿的发生率明显高于非糖尿病组。结论:糖尿病性白内障患者行超声乳化吸除术后的黄斑水肿及因糖尿病所造成的糖尿病视网膜病变是影响术后视力的主要原因。     

表面麻醉及球周麻醉下超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术的比较

目的：评价表面麻醉下超声乳化白内障吸除及人工晶状体植入术的安全性和效果。方法：两组共375例（400只眼）白内障分别在表麻下及球周麻醉下施行超声乳化吸除及人工晶状体植入术,对术后视力,术中及术后并发症进行分析。结果：两组术后1天、1周、3个月视力无显著差异;关发症：后囊破裂及角膜水肿发生率,两组间相差不显著;球周麻醉组发生眶内出血2只眼,暂时性上睑下垂26只眼,暂时性复视9只眼。结论：表面麻醉下超声乳化术是安全有效的。在熟练掌握超声乳化手术的基础上,表面麻醉下手术较球周麻醉下更安全、快捷。     

超声乳化白内障吸除术中建立累积能量复合参数指标的临床意义

目的：从超声功效学角度探讨超声乳化白内障吸除术中的超声能量水平与术后并发症的相关性,提出将累积能量复合参数（超声能量与时间的 乘积）作为监控超声能量水平的指标,并分析其临床意义。方法：观察92例因老年性白内障行超声乳化白内障吸除术患者术中累积能量复合参数与术后角膜水肿发生率的关系,并进行相关分析;比较Ⅳ级硬度晶状体核患者术中采用分核刻蚀和囊前旋转切削两种超声乳化方法的累积能量复合参数。结果：超声乳化白内障吸除术中累积能量复合参数与晶状体核硬度和术后角膜水肿的发生率均呈正相关（P＜0．05）;Ⅳ级硬度晶状体核患者术中采用分核刻蚀法的平均累积能量复合参数明显低于采用囊前旋转切线法（P＜0．01）。结论：累积能量复合参数可作为监控超声乳化白内障吸除术中超声能量水平的敏感指标,为优化和选择超声乳化方法、降低手术并发症、提高手术疗效提供依据。     

白内障超声乳化吸除术切口方式探讨

目的探讨白内障超声乳化吸除术切口方式对术后视力及散光问题比较。方法对134例白内障患者,随机分为两组,分别采用表面麻醉下(0.4%倍诺喜)上方角膜透明切口和角巩膜隧道切口,施行PhacoIOL植入术,观察两种切口在术中、术后并发症的发生率;术后视力恢复、角膜混浊、散光。结果角膜透明切口与巩膜隧道切口在术中、术后视力无明显差异,操作上前者简单,后者复杂。结论白内障超声乳化吸除术采用两种切口的术后角膜混浊、视力、散光无明显差异。     

利多卡因应用于超声乳化白内障吸除术的临床观察

目的: 评价利多卡因作为表面麻醉剂在超声乳化白内障吸除术中的应用效果。方法: 我院2007-10/2011-09采用20g/L利多卡因注射液滴眼进行表面麻醉,行超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术1850例2600眼,观察术中的镇痛效果。结果: 所有患者的手术过程顺利,93%的患者镇痛效果良好,术中无疼痛感,患者能很好地配合手术,未发生与麻醉相关的并发症,7%的患者术中诉术眼有胀痛感,均可忍受。术后1mo时,89.4%的术眼裸眼或矫正视力≥0.6。结论: 利多卡因作为表面麻醉剂行超声乳化白内障吸除联合人工晶状体植入术的镇痛效果良好,手术安全、舒适。1674     

超乳联合人工晶状体植入术治疗急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障

目的：分析透明角膜切口超声乳化白内障人工晶状体植入术治疗急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者的临床应用效果。

方法：选取2016-06/2018-01期间我院收治的急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者80例80眼纳入本组研究,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。观察组患者采用超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗,对照组患者采用青光眼白内障联合术治疗,将两组患者治疗结果进行对比。

结果：两组患者术后视力、眼压和并发症发生率比较,观察组改善优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗急性闭角型青光眼合并白内障的临床效果显著。     

Patient's pain feeling and surgeon's comfort--ECCE versus phacoemulsification

PURPOSE: To compare patient's pain and surgeon's comfort during ECCE performed under retrobulbar anesthesia and phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 120 patients scheduled for planned routine cataract extraction were divided in 2 groups: group 1-60 eyes, ECCE under retrobulbar anesthesia and group II-60 eyes, phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Immediately after operation patients were asked, to answer questions about their feeling during surgery. Simultaneously, the surgeon filled up the questionnaire, concerning patients behavior during the entire procedure. RESULTS: Statistically significant higher level of pain was reported in group I (ECCE). The most painful moment of the procedure was retrobulbar injection. During surgery pain feeling in both groups was similar. Both types of anesthesia provided very good level of surgeon's comfort. The longer operation, the higher level of pain and lower surgeon's comfort were reported in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients having ECCE performed under retrobulbar anesthesia reported more pain comparing to phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Both anesthesia methods provided high level of surgeon's comfort.     

Effect of combined peribulbar and retrobulbar injection of large volumes of anesthetic agents on the intraocular pressure.

A prospective randomized study was done in 79 patients undergoing elective routine cataract surgery in which the Kelman phacoemulsification technique was used with placement of an intraocular lens. In all the patients anesthesia was induced with both a peribulbar and a retrobulbar injection of a large volume (total 10.5 mL) of local anesthetic. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either the peribulbar (39 patients) (group 1) or the retrobulbar (40 patients) (group 2) injection first. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured five times during anesthesia. The mean elevation in IOP immediately after the first injection was 0.4 mm Hg in group 1, compared with 2.0 mm Hg in group 2. Twenty minutes after both injections had been given and a Super Pinky pressure device had been placed on the eye, the mean decrease in IOP from the preoperative value was 3.1 mm Hg in group 1 and 4.8 mm Hg in group 2. We conclude that a combined peribulbar and retrobulbar approach is a safe and effective alternative method of regional anesthesia for cataract surgery.     

眼内麻醉在超声乳化白内障摘出术中的应用

目的 前瞻性研究国产利多卡因眼内麻醉在白内障超声乳化吸出术中的麻醉效果。方法 对80例132眼白内障作巩膜隧道切口超声乳化吸出术，在表面麻醉和结膜下麻醉基础上加眼内麻醉（1%国产利多卡因），记录患者的术中感觉。其中20例患者1眼作表面麻醉和结膜下麻醉，另1眼加眼内麻醉作为对照。结果 88.6%无不适感，9.1%有轻度压力感,2.3%有明显压力感；20例双眼对照患者眼内麻醉的术眼较对侧眼感觉更为舒适。无术后并发症。结论 1%利多卡因眼内麻醉安全有效。     

Perioperative circulatory side effects of topical 5% phenylephrine for mydriasis

PURPOSE: To study the systemic effects of topically applied 5% phenylephrine. To investigate intraoperative injection of epinephrine in the anterior chamber as an alternative. METHOD: 75 patients undergoing cataract surgery were randomized into three groups. In group 1, the pupil was dilated using topically 5% phenylephrine and 1% cyclopentolate, the patients blocked the lacrimal drainage system themselves by digital compression. Group 2 received the same drops, digital compression was performed by one of the investigators. In Group 3, no preoperative phenylephrine was used--instead, epinephrine 1:25,000 was injected in the anterior chamber at the beginning of surgery. Retrobulbar anesthesia was performed in a short narcosis with ketamine and propofol. RESULTS: Mean preoperative blood pressure values were higher than the day before. They fell during narcosis, to increase significantly after the injection of the local anesthetics. At the beginning of surgery they were back to prenarcotic values. Intraoperative blood pressure remained stable. Preoperative day values were found two hours postop. There was no significant difference in the circulatory behavior between the three groups. For mydriasis, intraoperative intracameral epinephrine was not as effective as preoperative phenylephrine. CONCLUSION: In normotonic or medically treated arterial hypertensive patients, preoperative mydriasis using 5% phenylephrine is safe--proceeding the way described above. Compression of the lacrimal drainage system can be performed by the patients effectively. Intraoperative intracameral epinephrine does not replace preoperative phenylephrine.     

Intraoperative eye position after sub-Tenon's anesthesia for cataract surgery

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the incidence and extent of ocular deviation associated with sub-Tenon's anesthesia. METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients undergoing routine phacoemulsification with sub-Tenon's anesthesia at the Eye Unit, Royal Gwent Hospital, were prospectively enrolled in this observational case series. The exclusion criteria were patients taking warfarin, or patients with preexisting ocular motility disorders, allergy to local anesthetics, or previous surgery for squint or retinal detachment. Eleven patients were subsequently excluded from the study group as they required additional anesthesia blocks before measurements were taken for ocular deviation. We injected 5 mL of a local anesthetic mixture of 2% lignocaine and 7.5 mg/mL levobupivacaine in the sub-Tenon's space in the inferonasal quadrant. Ocular deviation was assessed objectively by means of the Krimsky test. Forced duction tests were performed before and after anesthesia. RESULTS: Hyperdeviation was documented in 49 (77%) eyes, exodeviation in 62 (97%), and hypodeviation in 6 (9.4%). No esodeviations were documented. Only 2 patients were orthophoric after anesthesia. Mean vertical deviation was 4.4 prism dioptres (PD) (SD 4.7 PD, 95% CI 3.2-5.5 PD, range 0-14 PD). Mean horizontal deviation was 19.5 (SD 9.6, 95% CI 17-22, range 0-50) PD. Forced duction test revealed no mechanical restriction before or after anesthesia. INTERPRETATION: This study suggests that there is an appreciable ocular deviation with sub-Tenon's anesthesia. Intraoperative ocular deviation may make certain procedures more difficult; therefore, we recommend a low threshold for an additional corrective block administered before surgery to rectify the deviation.     

Effect of preoperative counseling on patient fear from the visual experience during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia: Multicenter randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE: To determine whether preoperative counseling about potential intraoperative visual experience during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia reduces fear in patients having cataract surgery. SETTING: The Eye Institute at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Royal Hull Hospitals NHS Trust, Kingston-upon-Hull, and Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. METHODS: In this prospective multicenter randomized clinical trial, patients with cataracts having elective phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia were recruited and randomized into 2 groups. Both groups received routine preoperative counseling regarding risks and benefits of cataract surgery. One group received additional counseling on the potential intraoperative visual experience during phacoemulsification; the other group did not. The patients were then interviewed within 24 hours following phacoemulsification regarding their intraoperative experience. RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen patients were recruited over an 11-month period. There were 104 men and 115 women. The mean age was 68 years (range 20 to 89 years). There were 188 Singaporeans, comprising 168 Chinese, 13 Malays, and 7 Indians, and 31 British patients, all of whom were white. The mean fear score was 0.3 in the group that received additional counseling and 0.9 in the group that did not receive additional counseling (P = .036). The effect of counseling on fear was significant (P = .002) even after controlling for sex, age, and whether first or second cataract surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative counseling about the potential intraoperative visual experience during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia helped to reduce the fear from the visual sensations in patients having cataract surgery.     

Titration of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative analgesia]

PURPOSE: To evaluate a temporary retrobulbar catheter for local anesthesia in intraocular surgery and for postoperative analgesia after intraocular surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 40 patients undergoing pars-plana vitrectomy (n = 24) or cyclocryocoagulation (n = 16). After a retrobulbar injection through a 23 G needle, a commercially available 28 G flexible catheter was inserted through the needle. As soon as the patients complained about pain during or up to 24 hours after surgery, local anesthetics were injected through the catheter. RESULTS: Repetitive injections of anesthetics were necessary in 13 patients during pars plana vitrectomy. Starting about 2 hours after surgery, 13 patients after pars-plana vitrectomy and all patients who had undergone cyclocryocoagulation received up to 6 re-injections (every 1.5-5 hours). After all re-injections, the patients became pain-free within two minutes. The catheter was removed after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a temporary insertion of a catheter into the retrobulbar space allows repetitive application of local anesthetics thus leading to a titrable local anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in intraocular surgery.     

表面麻醉白内障摘除术的临床研究

目的 :评估表面麻醉下行白内障手术的安全性、可靠性及有效性。方法 :收集 940例经表面麻醉行白内障手术的病例 (研究组 ) ,其中 65 8例行白内障超声乳化术 ,2 82例行小切口白内障摘除术 ;随机选取 981例同期经常规球后麻醉行白内障手术的病例作为对照组。对两种不同麻醉方法下行白内障手术的两组病例的麻醉效果及并发症进行比较 ,作回顾性分析。结果 :研究组中有 6例牵拉上直肌或电凝止血时感到轻微疼痛 ,3例术中手术器械接触虹膜时有挤眼动作 ,其余 93 1例均无疼痛感。与对照组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 2 5 )。对照组中 ,球结膜水肿、眼睑皮下瘀血、睑裂变小、球后出血的发生率明显高于研究组 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :表面麻醉行白内障手术是一种安全、有效、并发症少的麻醉方法。     

基础麻醉在配合度差的老年白内障患者超声乳化手术中的应用

目的　探讨表面麻醉联合基础麻醉下超声乳化术对配合度差（老年痴呆、智力低下、聋哑）的老年白内障患者的手术安全性,并观察术后并发症、最佳矫正视力、血液流变学及泪膜稳定性的变化情况。方法　选取６４例（８７眼）老年痴呆、智力低下、聋哑老年白内障患者,随机分为Ａ、Ｂ两组。Ａ组在表面麻醉下行白内障超声乳化＋人工晶状体植入术;Ｂ组采用表面麻醉复合基础麻醉下行白内障超声乳化＋人工晶状体植入术。术前、术中及术后２周观察最佳矫正视力、术后并发症、血液流变学及泪膜稳定性情况。结果　Ａ组患者麻醉效果Ⅲ级２２眼,Ｂ组患者Ⅲ级５眼,两组差异有统计学意义（χ２＝０．０００,Ｐ＜０．０５）;两组术前最佳矫正视力、心率、舒张压和收缩压、泪膜破裂时间（ｂｒｅａｋｕｐｔｉｍｅ,ＢＵＴ）、基础泪液分泌试验（ＳｃｈｉｒｍｅｒＩｔｅｓｔ,ＳＩＴ）差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０.０５）,术中两组患者心率、舒张压和收缩压相比差异均有统计学意义（ｔ心率＝９．１５８,ｔ收缩压＝８．５５２,ｔ舒张压＝７．２５９,均为Ｐ＜０．０５）;术后２周两组患者最佳矫正视力相比差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＢＵＴ及ＳＩＴ差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０.０５）。Ｂ组手术时间（１８．６±３．５）ｍｉｎ明显比Ａ组（２６．８±７．２）ｍｉｎ短,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（ｔ＝６．５２４,Ｐ＜０.０５）;对比两组术后并发症,Ａ组有１２眼（２７．２７％）,Ｂ组有５眼（１１.６３％）,Ａ组并发症发生率明显高于Ｂ组,两组差异具有统计学意义（χ２＝４．２６８,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论　对配合度差的老年白内障患者（如老年痴呆、智力低下、聋哑）实施超声乳化手术时,选用表面麻醉联合基础麻醉能在术中获得更好的麻醉效果,提高患者的视觉质量,值得临床推广应用。