药源性干眼症

药源性干眼症是近年来逐渐被认识的一类药源性眼病,引起此病的药物有十余类上百种,其中常见的有抗胆碱能受体药、抗组胺药、抗抑郁症类药、抗精神病类药、激素类药、抗青光眼类药等。主要机制是药物影响副交感或交感神经系统,支配腺体分泌的通路受到阻断;或药物局部使用引起泪膜不稳定及眼表面异常。防治此类干眼症主要采用停药或换药,对因治疗以及对症处理。     

卡波姆眼用凝胶联合聚乙二醇滴眼液治疗干眼症的疗效

目的:探讨卡波姆眼用凝胶联合聚乙二醇滴眼液治疗干眼症的临床疗效.方法:干眼症患者120例240眼随机分为观察组(60例120眼)和对照组(60例120眼),两组患者均给予聚乙二醇滴眼液,观察组在此基础上使用卡波姆眼用凝胶,疗程为1mo.对两组患者白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平、眼部症状评分[眼表疾病指数(ocular surface disease index,OSDI)、泪膜破裂时间(break-up time,BUT)、基础泪液分泌试验Ⅰ(SchirmerⅠtest,SⅠt)、角膜荧光素染色(corneal fluorescein staining,FL)]、疗效和不良反应进行比较.结果:治疗后两组患者泪液中IL-1β 和TNF-α 水平、OSDI和FL较治疗前均明显降低,BUT和SⅠt较治疗前均明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),且观察组泪液中IL-1β水平、TNF-α 水平、OSDI、BUT、SⅠt、FL改善程度均优于对照组(P<0.05).对照组总有效率明显低于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(x2=5.065,P=0.024).两组患者中无1例出现眼部不适症状和药物不耐受.结论:卡波姆眼用凝胶联合聚乙二醇滴眼液治疗干眼症疗效明显,优于单用聚乙二醇滴眼液,且不增加患者的不良反应.     

The development of the angle of the anterior chamber in vertebrate eyes

The development of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye in chick embryos (avian eye), in new born rats (rodents), in calf fetuses (ungulates) and in humans (primates) has been studied. The main determinant in the configuration of the angle is the two-layered structure of the mesoderm of the ciliary body: the external muscular layer inserted into the spur and growing with the same growth rate as that of the corneoscleral mesoderm and the internal fibrovascular layer giving rise to the ciliary processes and growing with the same growth rate as that of the neural ciliary and iris epithelium. First the neural epithelium grows faster than the corneoscleral mesoderm and the ciliary processes appear anteriorly positioned and later the corneoscleral mesoderm grows faster than the neuroepithelium and the ciliary processes appear posteriorly positioned.The eyes of premature and low birth weight babies present the different stages of normal embryological development of the angle. The angle in eyes of various embryopathies and developmental diseases presents aspects similar to those of the premature and low birth weight babies. The etiopathogenic mechanism in cause is the same in both groups: arrest of development.During the first post-natal years, the corneoscleral mesodermgrows at a greater rate than the inner neuro-epithelium and the region of the most active growth is located at the ora serrata. That is why, during this period, the ora serrata recedes, giving rise to the formation of retinal teeth, the angle despens and makes a recess and the Lange fold disappears.Abbreviations C Cornea - E External layer of the ciliary body mesoderm - I Internal layer of the ciliary body mesoderm - C.P. Ciliary processes - En Endothelium - Si Sinus von Szily - S Sclera - S.S. Scleral spur - Tr Corneoscleral trabeculum - U.M. Fetal uveal meshwork - Ir Iris - C.B. Ciliary body - La.F. Lange fold - R Retina - L Longitudinal ciliary muscle - Sc Schlemm's canal - Ci Circular ciliary muscle - A Apex of the angle - Cr Crampton's muscle - P.L. Pectinate ligament - M.P. Membrana pupillaris - Ca Caoukkart - C.E. Ciliary epithelium - V Vacuoles in lens - Ep Lens epithelium This paper was delivered as the IXth Hearst Lecture on April 4, 1974, at the Annual Meeting of the Frederick C. Cordes Eye Society, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.From the Mitrani Foundation Eye Pathology Laboratory, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.     

贝复舒（重组bFGF）滴眼液治疗干眼症的临床研究

目的：评价贝复舒滴眼液治疗干眼症的临床效果。方法：32例（64只眼）干眼症患者,双眼自身对照,随机分为贝复舒组和对照组。贝复舒组采用贝复舒滴眼液滴眼,每日4次;对照组不用药或双眼点用珍珠明目液。连续用药一周后复诊。分别检查记录用药前后Schirmer-1试验、泪液膜破裂时间（BUT）及荧光素染色结果,并询问干眼症程度。结果：治疗后两组BUT、角膜荧光素染色程度分级结果及临床症状有明显差异（P＜0．05）;Schirmer-1试验结果无显著差异（P＞0．05）。结论：贝复舒滴眼液对干眼症有明显的治疗作用。     

秦皮滴眼液联合环孢素A滴眼液治疗干眼症的疗效

目的:观察秦皮滴眼液联合环孢素A滴眼液治疗干眼症的疗效。方法:将200例400眼干眼症患者随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各100例200眼。试验组:秦皮滴眼液与0.5g/L环孢素A滴眼液间隔30min,每次1滴点双眼(1mL≈15滴),各4次/d。对照组仅用0.5g/L环孢素A滴眼液每次1滴点双眼,4次/d。两组均以4wk为一疗程,两组治疗前后均进行基础泪液分泌试验、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)检查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果:两组用药前Schirmer试验、BUT无统计学差异(P>0.05);治疗后两组Schirmer试验、BUT均较治疗前改善,且差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);试验组治疗后,Schirmer试验、BUT的改善情况均优于对照组,其差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:秦皮滴眼液联合环孢素A滴眼液治疗干眼症较环孢素A滴眼液单药使用有更好的治疗效果。     

The length-tension diagrams of human oblique muscles in trochlear palsy and strabismus sursoadductorius

We determined the relation between length and tension in detached oblique muscles of 16 strabismus patients that underwent surgery, before and during contraction evoked by intravenous administration of succinylcholine. We frequently found a nonlinear relation between length and tension, unlike our previous findings in recti. In superior oblique palsies, the superior oblique was found, before injection of succinylcholine, to be stiff after elongation, and did not contract after injection of succinylcholine, while the ipsilateral inferior oblique contract after injection of succinylcholine, but with a higher spring constant than did usual. In 3 cases the superior oblique contracted vividly after administration of succinylcholine despite the presence of excyclotropia, stereopsis, torticollis (2 cases) and a hypertropia that increased in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt. The finding of a vividly contracting superior oblique is incompatible with the diagnosis of a complete superior oblique palsy. We conclude that some of the cases diagnosed as congenital superior oblique palsy, having a hypertropia increasing in adduction, in downgaze, in adduction-and-downgaze and on ipsilateral head-tilt, are in fact cases of unilateral strabismus sursoadductorius (upshoot in adduction), a non-paretic motility disorder.This work was supported by a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Dr Simonsz).     

Eye-Related Emergency Department Visits and The Opioid Epidemic: a 10-Year Analysis

ABSTRACT

Purpose

To describe the epidemiology of Emergency Department (ED) visits related to opioid abuse with primary ophthalmic diagnoses in the United States (US).     

A statistical model of the aberration structure of normal, well-corrected eyes

A statistical model of the wavefront aberration function of the normal, well-corrected eye was constructed based on normative data from 200 eyes which show that, apart from spherical aberration, the higher-order aberrations of the human eye tend to be randomly distributed about a mean value of zero. The vector of Zernike aberration coefficients describing the aberration function for any individual eye was modelled as a multivariate, Gaussian, random variable with known mean, variance and covariance. The model was verified by analysing the statistical properties of 1000 virtual eyes generated by the model. Potential applications of the model include computer simulation of individual variation in aberration structure, retinal image quality, visual performance, benefit of novel designs of ophthalmic lenses, or outcome of refractive surgery.     

施图伦滴眼液治疗干眼引起的视疲劳

目的观察施图伦滴眼液对于干眼（dnyeye）所致视疲劳的治疗效果。方法应用施图伦滴眼液滴眼治疗干眼所致视疲劳25例（50眼）。每日用药3-4次,连续4周。以视疲劳的10项自觉症状为观察指标,比较治疗前后的变化,同时观察药物的不良反应。结果25例中,施图伦滴眼液能明显降低视疲劳10项症状的总评分（P〈0．01）,除恶心、呕吐及眩晕症状外,其它各指标在治疗后均有改善。治疗后患者视力及屈光度无明显变化（P〉0．05）,安全性评价为1级（安全）。结论施图伦能有效缓解干眼引起的视疲劳,使用安全。     

共同性外斜视主眼与斜眼眼外肌组织学比较

目的探讨共同性外斜视主视眼与主斜眼眼外肌组织学上有无差异。方法对26例共同性外斜视手术患者的眼外肌进行了主视眼与主斜眼的组织学观察比较。结果主视眼与主斜眼的内直肌组织学检验无差别,主视眼的外直肌在肌肉萎缩、纤维组织增生方面较斜眼明显,而在排列紊乱、胶原变性、脂肪组织增生诸方面两组间无差别。结论共同性外斜视主视眼与主斜眼眼外肌均发生了肌源性病变。