玻璃体后脱离与糖尿病视网膜病变

玻璃体后脱离(posterior vitreous detachment,PVD)在糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的发展过程、手术治疗和转归等方面发挥了重要作用.部分PVD可以加重DR的病情,完全PVD可以消除新生血管生长支架,减少玻璃体出血,增加氧气浓度,使玻璃体手术简单化等.副作用小的纤溶酶等药物玻璃体内注射可以诱导PVD,其可改变DR的转归和减少玻璃体手术并发症.     

糖尿病性视网膜病变治疗进展

糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）是糖尿病最常见最严重的微血管并发症之一。糖尿病视网膜病变病理特征是视网膜新生血管形成和BRB破坏，它是糖尿病患者视力丧失主要原因。DR的高发病率、高致盲率的特点，严重威胁着人类的生存质量，是当今医学领域急需解决的重大攻关课题，受到国内外医学界的高度重视，严格的血糖、血压控制和激光光凝术是治疗和预防糖尿病视网膜病变，减少失明的主要措施。本文通过文献回顾，对糖尿病性视网膜病变的治疗进行综述。     

糖尿病性视网膜病变的治疗进展

激光光凝、药物治疗、玻璃体切割术(PPV)是目前治疗糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)的主要方法。传统激光光凝治疗具有相对安全、疗效作用持久等优势,但激光可损害患者视觉质量;PPV虽能挽救部分患者的视力,但手术风险及创伤较大;药物治疗可在DR早期应用,但糖皮质激素类药物具有明确的副作用,故不能作为主要治疗方法;抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)药物治疗能从发病机制上有效抑制DR的发生发展,但疗效相对较短,反复治疗的安全性和有效性目前仍需进一步大样本研究。本文旨在对DR的临床治疗进展进行综述,以期为制定有效的临床治疗方案提供参考。     

视盘新生血管型糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗

新生血管生长于视盘上的糖尿病视网膜病变较生长于视网膜其他部位的糖尿病视网膜病变（简称糖网）更具危险性，它常常引起玻璃体出血和牵拉性视网膜脱离，导致视力严重丧失。对于此型糖网。目前国内外已广泛采用激光治疗。对于玻璃体出血和牵拉性视网膜脱离者，可采用激光联合玻璃体切割术。我们对我院2000年1月～2005年1月治疗的一组病人进行了总结，现报告如下。     

应用免光导玻璃体手术治疗严重增生性糖尿病视网膜病变的临床对比研究

目的探讨应用免光导玻璃体手术和传统玻璃体手术治疗伴有广泛纤维血管增殖的严重增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的效果。方法对18例（22只眼）伴有广泛纤维血管增殖预计手术操作较复杂的PDR患者,采用免光导玻璃体手术联合剥膜、视网膜复位、光凝等附加术式,术中双手操作;再由同一术者在相近时间段,采用传统玻璃体手术治疗20例（22只眼）伴有广泛纤维血管增殖的PDR患者作为对照。结果两种方式的玻璃体手术过程均顺利。但免光导玻璃体手术中,有晶状体眼在气液交换时眼底无法窥入,需回归到传统玻璃体手术的眼内照明方式。两种手术方式的患者视网膜均能完全复位,术后视力改善率分别为86．4％和77．3％,两者间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;两种手术方式的并发症均较少,其发生率差异也无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;免光导玻璃体手术中平均剥膜时间比传统玻璃体手术时间短,两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论两种方式的玻璃体手术对严重PDR均有较好的疗效。免光导玻璃体手术剥膜的安全性较高,尤其在剥膜、电凝止血及周边部操作等方面,免光导玻璃体手术采用双手操作方式的效率较高。     

岛状除膜手术治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变

目的研究增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)有严重纤维血管膜者进行岛状除膜及传统撕膜两种手术的临床效果。方法增生性糖尿病视网膜病变有严重纤维血管膜增生者518例(548眼)分为两组。第1组采用传统的撕膜技术,226例(241眼);第2组采用岛状除膜技术,295例(307眼)。比较两种膜处理技术的视力预后及术后并发症情况。结果第1组术后视网膜裂孔发生率高于第2组,术后玻璃体再出血第2组好于第1组,硅油填充率第2组低于第1组。结论岛状膜清除技术术中视网膜裂孔发生率低,减少了医源性裂孔的发生率,减少了硅油填充率,最大限度挽救增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者的视功能。     

微创玻璃体切割联合全视网膜光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变

目的：探讨23G微创玻璃体切割联合术治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的安全性及有效性。

方法：对40例40眼纤维血管膜范围>5PD增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者随机行20G及23G玻璃体切割联合术治疗,回顾上述患者的病历资料。对术后视力、眼内压、术中及术后并发症等情况进行分析。

结果：23G组手术后1,3,6mo的最佳矫正视力为LogMAR(0.88±0.43)、(0.69±0.23)、(0.45±0.17),20G组手术后1,3,6mo的最佳矫正视力为LogMAR(0.57±0.32),(0.41±0.21),(0.30±0.17),两组比较差异无统计学意义。随访时间为6～23mo。

结论：23G玻璃体切割联合术是治疗复杂增生性糖尿病视网膜病变的安全有效方法。     

硅油在增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变手术中的应用

尽管现代玻璃体切割术成功地处理了增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变 (proliferafive diabetic retinopathy,PDR)引起的各种并发症 ,挽救了不少严重 PDR患者的视力 ,但严重的PDR,由于新生血管、玻璃体积血、玻璃体内或视网膜表面的增殖机化膜收缩 ,常导致牵引性视网脱离 ,视网膜活动度差。这些患者行玻璃体手术失败率高 ,且手术后可引起严重并发症 ,如孔源性视网膜脱离、虹膜红变等。这些并发症再手术效果更差 ,常导致患眼失明 [1 ]。自从 L ean等 [2 ]首次尝试用玻璃体切割联合硅油充填术治疗 PDR引起的严重并发症并取得一定效果后 ,已有多位…     

玻璃体切除术治疗增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变

目的 回顾性分析玻璃体切除治疗增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病谱（ｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｖｅ ｄｉａｂｅｔｉｃ ｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＰＤＲ）的疗效。方法 对３４例（４０眼０ＰＤＲ患者（ＩＶ期１０眼,Ｖ期１４眼,ＶＩ期１６眼）行常规扁平部三切口闭合式玻璃体切除术,同时根据病情分别行晶状体超声粉碎晶状体切除、视网膜复位、眼内激光、硅油注入等。结果 随访３～３６ｍｏ（平均１８．５ｍｏ）,术后脱盲率４７．５０％     

增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变的手术治疗--玻璃体切除联合晶状体超声乳化吸出术

目的　评价玻璃体手术联合晶状体乳化吸出术治疗增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变的临床效果。方法　回顾性分析3 8例 (4 1眼 )行玻璃体切除联合晶状体乳化吸出术的伴有白内障的增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变的临床资料 ,其中 3 7眼同期植入后房型人工晶状体。结果　术后随访 3～ 5 5月 ,平均 (12± 10 6)月。 2 7眼 (65 9% )术后视力改善。术中无并发症发生。术后并发症有 :前房炎性反应 3眼 (7 3 % ) ,玻璃体积血 5眼 (12 2 % ) ,复发性视网膜脱离 3眼 (7 3 % ) ,新生血管性青光眼 4眼(9 8% )。 14眼术后需要进一步治疗 ,包括眼内光凝、玻璃体手术和青光眼滤过手术。结论　玻璃体切除联合晶状体乳化吸出术治疗增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变 ,可使大多数患者的视力改善 ,手术是安全的     

影响增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切除术后视力改善的因素

目的:分析影响增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)玻璃体切除术后视力改善的因素.方法:回顾性分析.收集2014-01/2014-12在马来西亚吉打州,亚罗士打Sultanah Bahiyah医院收治的PDR行玻璃体切除术病例资料,包括1y内患者统计,基线视力(VA)和LogMAR术后最佳矫正视力.使用IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0进行数据分析.结果:共103例患者.平均年龄51.2y.在多变量分析中,每个0 logMAR基线VA的1 logMAR术前正偏差与0.859 logMAR的术后改善相关(P<0.001).同样,术前附着的黄斑与玻璃体切除术后的logMAR视力改善相关(b=0.374,P=0.003).无虹膜新血管和无术后并发症与玻璃体切除术后改善的logMAR视力相关,分别为1.126(P=0.001)和0.377(P=0.005).无长效眼内填充与玻璃体切除术后logMAR视力改善相关,为0.302(P=0.010).结论:玻璃体切除术后与视力改善的相关因素是:术前视力较差,黄斑附着,无虹膜新生血管,无术后并发症和未使用长效眼内填充物.了解视力改善的因素将有助于玻璃体视网膜手术的决策.     

玻璃体切割联合内界膜剥除术治疗顽固性糖尿病黄斑水肿

目的：观察玻璃体切割术(PPV)联合内界膜(ILM)剥除术治疗顽固性糖尿病黄斑水肿的临床疗效。

方法：回顾性分析顽固性糖尿病黄斑水肿并行PPV联合ILM剥除术患者56例56眼,根据有无后极部玻璃体后脱离分为A组(无玻璃体后脱离,35例35眼)和B组(有玻璃体后脱离,21例21眼)。对比分析手术前及手术后1、3、6mo时患眼最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、黄斑中心视网膜厚度(CMT)变化情况。

结果：A组手术后1、3、6mo平均CMT和BCVA与手术前比较均有差异(P<0.05)。B组手术后1、3、6mo平均BCVA与手术前比较均无差异(P>0.05); 手术后1mo平均CMT与手术前比较有差异(P<0.05),术后3、6mo平均CMT与手术前比较均无差异(P>0.05)。术后1、3、6mo,两组CMT、BCVA比较均有差异(P<0.05)。

结论：PPV联合ILM剥除术能有效治疗无玻璃体后脱离的顽固性糖尿病黄斑水肿,提高患者视力; 但当患者玻璃体已经后脱离且没有牵拉时,PPV联合ILM剥除术治疗效果不佳。     

A Delphi method based consensus statement for surgical management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in India

Purpose:To derive consensus statements for surgical management of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) for vitreoretinal (VR) surgeons.Methods:Thirteen prolific VR surgeons representing all regions of India were invited to participate in a 42-point questionnaire based on the Delphi methodology describing various surgical scenarios commonly encountered in PDR. Consensus was derived using predefined robust analytics. Scenarios that returned a moderate consensus in round 1 were taken to round 2 as per the Delphi methodology. After considering all inputs, the final consensus criteria were developed.Results:A strong consensus was derived about waiting for 4 weeks before considering vitrectomy. In treatment-naïve eyes with fresh vitreous hemorrhage (VH), the wait time was slightly shorter for extramacular tractional retinal detachment (2–4 weeks) and longer (4–6 weeks) for eyes treated previously with laser or anti-VEGF agents. The expert panel recommended using preoperative anti-VEGF only in eyes with large membranes requiring extensive dissection. For post vitrectomy VH, while a conservative approach was recommended for the first episode of VH, experts recommended immediate vitreous lavage for recurrent episodes of VH. In eyes with iris neovascularization, the panel recommended immediate anti-VEGF injection followed by early vitreous lavage in nonresponsive eyes. A strong consensus was derived for stopping antiplatelet agents before surgery, while there was only a moderate consensus for performing vitrectomy for recalcitrant macular edema unresponsive to anti-VEGF injections in the absence of traction.Conclusion:This study provides valuable consensus on managing the different scenarios encountered during surgical management of PDR and should help guide the VR surgeons in clinical decision-making.     

Vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy

The records of 596 consecutive vitrectomy cases performed for complications of diabetic retinopathy were reviewed to determine the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative vitreous hemorrhage and to determine if blood cleared more rapidly in aphakic compared to phakic eyes. Uncontrollable intraocular bleeding occurred in two eyes (0.5%). Vitreous hemorrhage was present on the first postoperative day in 278 eyes (63%). This early hemorrhage cleared in an average of 9.1 weeks in phakic eyes and 3.4 weeks in aphakic eyes. Further vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 88 eyes (23%). Sixty-four percent of later hemorrhages occurred in 88 eyes (23%). Sixty-four percent of later hemorrhages occurred within six months of the operation and 80% occurred within one year. Later vitreous hemorrhage cleared in an average of 16.2 weeks in phakic eyes and 5.3 weeks in aphakic eyes. Of the 311 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage at some time during the postoperative course, twenty-nine eyes (9%) underwent reoperation to remove nonclearing blood. Nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage was the main cause of final visual loss in only 15 (3.4%) of 438 eyes with adequate follow-up, and 6 of these 15 eyes had final vision of 5/200 or better.     

Visual and anatomical outcomes following vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy: the DRIVE UK study

Introduction

End-stage diabetic eye disease is an important cause of severe visual impairment in the working-age group. With the increasing availability of refined surgical techniques as well as the early diagnosis of disease because of screening, one would predict that the prevalence of this condition is decreasing and the visual outcome is improving.

Aim

To study the prevalence and visual outcome following vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy.

Materials and methods

This study identified the patients who underwent vitrectomy from January 2007 to December 2009 because of diabetes-related complications in South East London. Data collected included baseline demographics, best-corrected visual acuity, indication for the vitrectomy, complication, outcome, and duration of follow-up.

Results

The prevalence of people requiring vitrectomy who are registered in the diabetes register of this region was 2 per 1000 people with diabetes. Vitrectomy was required in 185 eyes of 158 patients during this period. These included 83 Caucasians, 51 Afro-Caribbeans, 17 South Asians, and 7 from other ethnic groups. There were 58 patients with type I diabetes and 100 with type II, with a mean duration of diabetes of 23 and 16.5 years, respectively. The reason for vitrectomy included tractional retinal detachment (TRD) in 109 eyes, non-clearing vitreous haemorrhage (NCVH) in 68 eyes, and other causes in 8 eyes. In all, 50% of the eyes with TRD and NCVH, and 87% of the eyes with NCVH improved by at least three ETDRS lines at 12 months. Poor predictors of visual success included longer duration of diabetes (OR: 0.69), use of insulin (OR: 0.04), presence of ischaemic heart disease (OR: 0.04), delay in surgery (OR: 0.59), and the failure to attend clinic appointments (OR: 0.58). Preoperative use of intravitreal bevacizumab in eyes with TRD undergoing vitrectomy showed a marginal beneficial effect on co-existent maculopathy (P=0.08) and required less laser intervention post procedure, but did not affect the number of episodes of late-onset vitreous haemorrhage post vitrectomy (P=0.81).

Conclusion

Visual outcome has improved significantly in eyes with complications due to diabetic retinopathy compared with the previously reported Diabetic Vitrectomy Study.     

糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病常见且严重的微血管并发症之一,是工作年龄人群视力丧失常见原因,严重影响患者的健康和生活质量.目前DR正成为我国面临的巨大的公共卫生问题.因此如何有效地防治DR成为眼科研究的热点和难点.本文就近几年来有关DR的治疗进展进行综述.     

增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的玻璃体手术治疗

目的 回顾性分析玻璃体切割术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)的疗效。方法 对18例(22眼)PDR患者行常规平部三通道玻璃体切割术，并根据病情分别联合晶状体摘出或超声乳化、剥膜、视网膜复位、眼内光凝、硅油填充、巩膜环扎等附加术式。结果 随访4—22个月，术后矫正视力改善16眼(72．7％)，脱盲率59．1％，脱残率9．1％，解剖复位率86．3％；牵拉性视网膜脱离未累及黄斑但已引起黄斑变形的患眼其术后视力改善好于已累及黄斑的。结论 玻璃体切割术仍是治疗PDR的有效手段，牵拉性视网膜脱离威胁到黄斑或导致黄斑变形时早期手术疗效更好。