选择性子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血13例临床分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血的时机、疗效及并发症。方法对北京大学人民医院13例难治性产后出血患者,利用数字减影造影（DSA）技术选择子宫动脉及其分支行栓塞治疗。结果 13例产后出血患者分娩时出血量为150～4000ml,平均出血量1200（1200±1215）ml。产后出血总量870～4000ml,平均2555（2555±995）ml。13例患者栓塞前均行按摩子宫,卡孕栓肛塞及欣母沛宫体注射促进子宫收缩,2例剖宫产术中出血患者已行子宫动脉上行支结扎、B-Lynch缝合以及宫腔填纱止血,效果均不佳,经子宫动脉栓塞后12例均成功止血,仅1例未能止血而行全子宫切除术。13例产后出血行子宫动脉栓塞术前存在不同程度的凝血功能异常,在积极纠正凝血功能异常同时行栓塞术。栓塞术后无严重并发症发生,发热为最为常见并发症,但应警惕感染。结论凝血功能障碍并非子宫动脉栓塞术的禁忌证,只要把握好子宫动脉栓塞的时机,子宫动脉栓塞术能有效治疗产后出血,并且并发症少。     

双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗胎盘早剥并发DIC 10例临床分析

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉栓塞治疗胎盘早剥并发DIC的可行性和安全性。方法对10例胎盘早剥并发DIC产后出血患者在补充足量凝血因子、抗休克、宫腔塞纱治疗基础上行双侧子宫动脉插管明胶海绵颗粒栓塞。结果10例患者双侧子宫动脉插管均成功，插管成功率100%，平均手术时间（42±5）min，栓塞术平均止血时间（11±3.2）min。10例患者均抢救成功并保留了子宫，无明显近期并发症。结论双侧子宫动脉栓塞治疗胎盘早剥并发DIC产后出血有较好的临床效果，具有止血快，能保留子宫等优点。     

导管动脉栓塞术在难治性产后出血中的应用

目的　探讨经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）在难治性产后出血中的应用价值。方法　以Seldinger技术对14例难治性产后出血患者,行经皮双髂内动脉前干或子宫动脉超选择插管术,应用数字减影血管造影（DSA）技术明确出血部位后灌注抗生素(头孢噻甲羧肟),并以明胶海绵颗粒栓塞。结果　（1）14例经保守治疗无效的难治性产后出血患者,经TAE治疗后一次性止血成功,止血时间3～10min,平均时间(6.1±3.6)min,手术时间30～50min,平均（41.8±6.4）min;（2）应用DSA发现,出血均来源于单侧或双侧子宫动脉,表现为宫腔内弥漫性、局灶性出血或单侧子宫动脉分支出血;（3）随访2～60个月,14例患者均恢复规律月经,无严重并发症发生。结论　应用TAE治疗难治性产后出血有较好的临床效果,具有止血快、并发症少的特点。     

急诊动脉栓塞治疗难治性产后出血的临床观察

产后大出血是引起产妇死亡的主要原因，以往临床上这类患者经治疗无效时多用外科治疗，但创伤大，并发症发生率高，部分患者因此失去生育能力…。多年以来，我们一直探索既要有效止血，又能保留子宫、维持妇女生殖内分泌功能的方法。2004年始，我院开展了导管动脉栓塞术（TAE），既能达到上述要求，又具有患者创伤小、止血快、子宫和卵巢功能恢复好等优点。现将2004年以来我院采用急诊动脉栓塞术（transcatheterarterialembolization，TAE）抢救9例难治性产后出血患者的结果报告如下。     

双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血21例分析

目的探讨双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血的疗效及安全性。方法于2003年4月至2005年9月采用Seldinger技术行双侧子宫动脉栓塞术,治疗东莞市厚街医院各种原因导致难治性产后出血21例。其中胎盘早剥合并DIC10例,部分性胎盘植入8例,子宫下段裂伤3例。结果21例患者平均手术时间(40±5)min,栓塞术后平均止血时间(10.0±3.2)min。均抢救成功并保留了子宫,近期无明显并发症。结论双侧子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血具有止血快,且能保留子宫等优点。     

探讨紧急子宫切除术在难治性产后出血中的应用

目的对产科紧急子宫切除术在难治性产后出血的临床治疗中的应用效果进行探讨。方法选择我院2013年10月~2014年8月收治的难治性产后出血产妇54例作为研究对象,应用随机双盲法将其分为研究组28例与对照组26例,分别应用紧急子宫切除术和传统宫腔塞纱止血法进行治疗。结果研究组产妇的出血量、输血量明显少于对照组(P0.05);研究组产妇的抢救成功率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论治疗难治性产后出血产妇应用产科紧急子宫切除术,能够明显减少出血量,提高抢救成功率。     

动脉栓塞治疗难治性产后出血6例分析

目的 :探讨动脉栓塞治疗难治性产后出血的临床价值。方法 :用Seldinger技术对 6例难治性产后出血患者行经皮髂内动脉或子宫动脉超选择插管术 ,通过数字减影血管造影 (DSA)明确盆腔血管走向及造影剂外溢情况后 ,双侧分别注入明胶海绵条栓塞。结果 :6例插管栓塞均 1次成功 ,手术时间短 ,止血速度快 ,并且保留子宫及其生理功能。其中 2例术后再次生育。但 1例术后发生右下肢动脉血栓形成 ,手术取栓后愈合。结论 :动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血快速 ,有效 ,安全 ,并保留了子宫。     

经导管动脉栓塞术在难治性产后出血的应用研究

产后出血为产科危急重症，是孕产妇重要死因之一，绝大部分产科出血经积极的保守治疗而治愈，但仍有少数难治性病例为挽救生命需行子宫切除术。随着介入放射学在妇产科领域的应用，我们将动脉栓塞术（Transcatheter arterial embohzation TAE）成功的应用于难治性产后出血的治疗，取得较好的临床效果，现报道如下。     

子宫动脉结扎与盆腔动脉栓塞治疗难治性产后出血的效果研究

目的探讨子宫动脉结扎与盆腔动脉栓塞(PAE)在难治性产后出血中应用效果。方法收集北京积水潭医院2014年1月至2017年5月期间因难治性产后出血接受子宫动脉结扎和PAE临床资料34例。对出血原因、术中术后情况及治疗结果分析。结果 (1)分娩方式:子宫动脉结扎组均剖宫产分娩,19例PAE中,7例阴道分娩,12例剖宫产;(2)术前及总出血量:子宫动脉结扎组术前平均出血量、总平均出血量均小于PAE,差异有统计学意义(1 522 vs 1 951 ml,P0.05;1746 vs 2437 ml,P0.05)。子宫动脉结扎输注红细胞悬液量和血浆量明显少于PAE组,差异有统计学意义(2.0 vs 5.1 U,P0.05;1.0 vs 4.0 U,P0.05);(3)出血原因:34例难治性产后出血原因中,胎盘因素居首位,其次是子宫收缩乏力,软产道因素;(4)术前干预措施:子宫动脉结扎术前无手术干预。PAE前有手术干预,包括:宫腔填塞、球囊压迫、血肿清除;(5)止血成功率及预后:子宫动脉结扎与PAE均有效止血,保留了子宫。止血成功率两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。月经恢复时间在两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论子宫动脉结扎与PAE对于难治性产后出血均有良好的止血效果,PAE具有手术时间短、术中出血少的优势,难治性产后出血产妇应根据具体情况选择合适止血方式。     

子宫压迫缝合术在产后出血治疗中的应用

产后出血导致的子宫切除率为0．14％，其中48．9％为前置胎盘、29．8％为宫缩乏力、8．5％为宫颈撕裂、12．8％为其他原因；经产妇子宫切除者中58．8％源于胎盘因素，初产妇69．2％源于宫缩乏力。近几年来，在产后出血处理方面的研究进展主要集中在降低产后出血死亡率的同时，降低子宫切除率以保持器宫完整性。对于产后出血，在用宫缩剂无效情况下，临床常用的方法有：宫腔纱布填塞、子宫动脉结扎、髂内动脉结扎、高选择性动脉栓塞以及子宫切除术等，但以上方法存在操作复杂、效果不佳或造成患者丧失生育功能等缺陷，故寻求一种简便、高效、易于推广的方法显得尤为迫切，这也是产科工作者一直都很关注的课题。子宫压迫缝合术（uterine compression suture）是20世纪90年代后期兴起的用于产后出血治疗的一系列新方法，现综述如下。     

Operative Behandlung schwergradiger postpartaler Blutungen

Postpartum hemorrhage occurs in about 1 to 5% of deliveries. Uterine atony is the main cause (75–80%). Despite its association with well-established risk factors, atonic bleeding cannot be anticipated in up to 20% of cases. Therapy of postpartum hemorrhage varies depending on the cause. Conservative treatment of uterine atony is effective in about 90% of patients. Invasive management is needed in 1 to 3 of 1000 deliveries. Uterus-preserving techniques are preferable if contraindications can be excluded. In the literature, success rates of 40 to 100% have been reported for the various non-surgical (uterine tamponade, selective arterial embolization) and surgical methods (ligation of the uterine and hypogastric arteries, stepwise uterine devascularisation, B-Lynch technique, fundus compression suture). Emergency peripartum hysterectomy (total or supracervical) should be reserved for otherwise intractable postpartum hemorrhage, and is associated with a considerable maternal morbidity compared to elective caesarean hysterectomy.     

难治性产科出血时子宫切除术和子宫动脉栓塞术的临床分析

目的探讨产科急性出血性疾病治疗过程中进行子宫切除术和动脉栓塞术的临床特点以及选择时机。方法回顾性分析35例产科出血因素行子宫切除或者动脉栓塞病例的临床资料。结果16例子宫切除的患者中,胎盘因素10例,占62.5%（前置胎盘/胎盘植入7例,胎盘早剥伴有凝血功能障碍3例）,子宫异常4例（子宫收缩乏力2例、子宫切口延裂致阔韧带血肿和子宫破裂各1例）占25%;羊水栓塞致DIC后切除子宫2例占12.5%。19例行子宫动脉栓塞术中,前置胎盘3例,占15.8%,子宫收缩异常13例（原发性宫缩乏力产程中剖宫产4例、双胎4例,急产产后出血2例,巨大儿1例,巨大子宫肌瘤2例）占68.4%,剖宫产并发症3例（子宫切口延裂致阔韧带血肿和子宫动脉瘤各1例,剖宫产术后晚期产后出血1例）占15.8%,其中2例栓塞失败,分别行子宫切除术和开腹探查血肿清除术。子宫切除术平均出血量（4 593±2 727）ml,子宫动脉栓塞术时平均出血量（2 601±904）ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。子宫切除组有11例出现了DIC表现占68.7%。行子宫动脉栓塞术时发生DIC1例,占10.5%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论二者均为治疗产后出血的有效手段,但是栓塞术作为保守治疗可以保留生育功能,对于改善患者的预后具有重要的意义,要求尽早采用,一旦发生了严重的DIC和休克,则失去了机会。而保守治疗不能短时间见效,应果断行子宫切除术。     

严重产后出血产妇保留子宫的可能性

目的 探讨严重产后出血时产妇保留子宫的可能性。方法 回顾性分析2003年1月1日至2009年12月31日138例严重产后出血（出血量≥2000 ml）病例资料。结果 138例严重产后出血的病例中，子宫收缩乏力所致者占首位（60例，43.48％），其次为胎盘因素(55例，39.86％)，出血量2000～10 000ml，平均(3004±1473) ml。138例均输血，输血量800～7200ml。其中108例保留子宫病例出血量2000～7500 ml，平均(2546±932) ml；30例子宫切除病例，出血量2500～10 000ml，平均(4653±1857) ml，差异有统计学意义(t=8.57，P=0.00)。将所有病例分成前后2阶段比较：2003年至2005年子宫切除12例，发生率0.47‰，2006年至2009年子宫切除18例，发生率0.36‰；2组平均出血量分别为(3783±861) ml及（5233±2124）ml，差异有统计学意义(t=2.234，P=0.034)。产后出血达3000 ml以上病例中，保留子宫24例，平均出血量(3818±1284) ml；切除子宫27例，平均出血量(4900±1789) ml，2组差异有统计学意义(t=2.453，P=0.018)。2组出血量达3000ml所用时间分别为(160±129) min及(100±67) min，差异有统计学意义(t=2.113，P=0.04)。6例产后出血≥4000 ml且成功保留子宫的病例，平均出血量5570 ml。138例产妇中2例死亡，皆为羊水栓塞所致。围产儿死亡率3.73％。 结论产后出血量及出血速度是决定能否保留子宫的关键。对于具有出血高危因素的人群，应提前预防性应用前列腺素制剂，以减少出血量。宫腔填纱是有效的止血方法，尤其适用于前置胎盘引起的出血。     

Successful treatment of life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage with recombinant activated factor VII

BACKGROUND: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aims of treatment are to maintain the circulation and to stop the bleeding. The latter is achieved by either medical or surgical management. In intractable bleeding, emergency hysterectomy is usually required. CASE: A 30-year-old nullipara presented with major postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony and vaginal lacerations. The patient developed hemorrhagic shock, resulting in prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and low levels of factor VIII and fibrinogen. Treatments with uterotonic drugs, suturing, ligation of internal iliac arteries, subtotal hysterectomy, packing of the pelvis, and blood transfusion failed to control diffuse pelvic and vaginal bleeding. Recombinant activated factor VIIa (60-microg/kg intravenous bolus injection) was given as a final attempt to control the bleeding. The bleeding was successfully controlled within 10 minutes after administration. No side effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Recombinant factor VIIa may be an alternative hemostatic agent in a patient with life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage unresponsive to conventional therapy.     

Management in intractable obstetric haemorrhage: an audit study on 61 cases

OBJECTIVE: To refine the indications of bilateral hypogastric artery ligation (BHAL) and angiographic selective embolisation (ASE) in intractable obstetric haemorrhage. DESIGN: an audit study. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 61 cases of obstetric intractable post partum haemorrhage (PPH) initially managed either by hysterectomy or a conservative approach in a tertiary referral centre between 1983 and 1998. Procedures were reviewed as a primary (P) or secondary (S) attempt to arrest the haemorrhagic process. RESULTS: Ten hysterectomies (5 P, 5 S), 49 BHAL (48 P, 1 S) and 9 ASE (8 P, 1S) were successfully performed in arresting the haemorrhagic process. There were 7 maternal deaths, 5 following hysterectomy and 2 following a conservative approach. Atony of the uterus was the main cause of haemorrhage (n=21) and genital tract laceration was associated with the worst prognosis. Time-elapse between delivery and surgery appears to be the main prognostic factor. Nine patients became pregnant 1 to 4 years later following a conservative approach. CONCLUSIONS: ASE seems to be indicated in haemodynamically stable patients with birth canal trauma or uterine atony and clotting anomalies. BHAL is indicated when haemorrhage occurs after a cesarean section or when the patient is haemodynamically unstable. BHAL should be taught to Junior doctors in an attempt to decrease the number of patients transferred in tertiary referral centers for intractable PPH. This might also decrease the number of hysterectomies in intractable PPH.     

Uterine artery embolization in the treatment and prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of superselective transcatheter uterine artery embolization for control of obstetric hemorrhage. METHODS: Between January 2002 and December 2005, 14 consecutive patients underwent uterine artery embolization to control postpartum hemorrhage, and two to prevent hemorrhage before second-trimester therapeutic abortion. RESULTS: Embolization was performed by transfemoral arterial catheterization. Pieces of absorbable gelatin sponge were used in all cases, with the addition of platinum coils in two cases for complete vessel occlusion. Optimal bleeding control was achieved in all cases but one--a patient who underwent hysterectomy due to embolization failure. No severe complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The high success rate, low morbidity rate, and possibility of preserving reproductive function have made superselective uterine artery embolization the technique of choice to control life-threatening, intractable postpartum hemorrhage in hemodynamically stable patients, provided multidisciplinary medical teams are promptly available.     

Use of packing in obstetric hemorrhage of uterine origin

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of uterine packing to stop hemorrhage in obstetric patients following delivery and pregnancy termination. STUDY DESIGN: A review of obstetric records at Children's Hospital of Buffalo in a 9-year period was undertaken. Patients with uterine packing were identified. Indications, additional medical and surgical procedures, estimated blood loss, postoperative complications and packing material used were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients were identified among 34,071. Five patients had hemorrhage during cesarean section. Two patients had hemorrhage after vaginal delivery; 1 case of which had failure with packing and resulted in postpartum hysterectomy. The remaining 2 patients had hemorrhage after dilation and evacuation. Uterine atony unresponsive to oxytocics was the most common indication for uterine packing (44%). The average hematocrit decrease was 10.4% (average total blood loss, 2,200 mL), and all patients received transfusion except 1. The only immediate postoperative complications occurred in a patient with postpartum hysterectomy after failed packing; she developed a pelvic abscess but did well after drainage. CONCLUSION: Uterine packing may be a reasonable alternative to further surgical intervention in patients with intractable obstetric hemorrhage who wish to preserve fertility.     

Uterine packing versus Foley’s catheter for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage secondary to bleeding tendency in low-resource setting: A four-year observational study

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of uterine packing versus Foley’s catheter tamponade for controlling postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) secondary to bleeding tendency after vaginal delivery.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 92 patients with primary PPH due to bleeding tendency following vaginal delivery who were unresponsive to uterotonics and bimanual compression of the uterus. Patients were divided into two groups, Uterine packing group (n?=?45) and Foley catheter group (n?=?47). The primary outcome was the success rate of the procedure. Secondary outcome addressed the maternal complications.

Results: The use of uterine packing resulted in stoppage of active bleeding in 93.3% of cases compared to only 68.1% in the Foley’s catheter group (p?p?>?0.05). Six cases who failed to Foley catheter tamponade underwent emergency hysterectomy with no cases in the uterine packing group.

Conclusions: The use of uterine packing to arrest PPH is simple, quick and safe procedure to avoid further surgical interventions and to preserve the fertility in low-resource setting.