Aerobic and anaerobic microbiologic factors and recovery of beta-lactamase producing bacteria from obstetric and gynecologic infection

Specimens obtained from 736 patients with obstetric and gynecologic infections were studied for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Bacterial growth was present in 714 specimens. These included 53 specimens of infected fallopian tubes, 470 of infected endometrium, 94 of infected amniotic fluid, 57 of aspirates of cul-de-sacs in instances of pelvic inflammatory disease, 14 labial and vaginal abscesses and 26 of Bartholyn's cyst abscess. A total of 2,052 isolates (2.9 per specimen), 1,139 anaerobes (1.6 per specimen) and 913 aerobic or facultative (1.3 per specimen) were recovered. The most commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria was Bacteroides species (566 isolates), which included Bacteroides bivius (151), Bacteroides fragilis group (130), Bacteroides melaninogenicus group (110) and Bacteroides ureolyticus (47). Others included an anaerobic gram-positive cocci (391), Clostridium species (48) and Fusobacterium species (36). The most frequently recovered aerobic and facultative bacteria were Lactobacillus species (169), Escherichia coli (85), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (62), Staphylococcus aureus (59) and Group B streptococcus (55). Three hundred and sixty-five (18 per cent) of the isolates recovered from 276 (39 per cent) patients were beta-lactamase producing organisms (BLPO); 222 (61 per cent) anaerobes and 143 (39 per cent) aerobes or facultatives. The most common BLPO were B. fragilis group, B. bivius, B. melaninogenicus, B. disiens, Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus. These data illustrate the polymicrobial nature and important role of BLPO in obstetric and gynecologic infection.     

Vitamin D metabolism in normal and hypoparathyroid pregnancy and lactation

Summary. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in −17 non-pregnant women, 22 pregnant women at delivery, and in eight lactating women 3 and 16 days after delivery, were compared with those in a postpartum hypoparathyroid patient treated with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D (1α-OHD). The mean concentration of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25–(OH)₂D] was 203 (SD 61) pmol/1 in the pregnant, and 86 (SD 27) pmol/1 in the non-pregnant women ( P <0.0005). The levels 3. and 16 days after delivery were similar [57 (11) compared with 62 (19) pmol/1], and lower than the non-pregnant value ( P <0.01). The 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration remained unchanged between the 3rd and 16th days after delivery, whereas the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25-(OH)₂D] level increased from 2.7 (SD 1.8) to 3.7 (SD 2.3)nmol/l ( P <0.025). The patient temporarily required an increased supplement of 1α-OHD during pregnancy, but a dose which was appropriate before pregnancy resulted in marked hypercalcaemia and a rise of 1,25-(OH)₂D concentration within 16 days of delivery despite lactation. The results suggest that the metabolic need for the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-(OH)₂D is increased during pregnancy and rapidly reduced during early lactation in healthy and hypoparathyroid women.     

Unconjugated 17 beta-oestradiol and oestriol in maternal serum and in cord vein and artery blood at term and preterm delivery

The serum level of unconjugated 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) and oestriol (E3) in the maternal vein (MV), the umbilical vein (UV) and artery (UA) immediately after term (n = 34) and preterm (n = 74) labour was measured to clarify the hormonal changes that occur between the maternal and fetal compartments. The following results were found. (1) The level of E2 and E3 increased equally in the MV, UV and UA serum from the 28th-32nd week to the 33rd-36th week of pregnancy. From the 33rd-36th week to the 40th week there was no change in the MV, but the value of E2 and E3 decreased significantly in the UV and UA serum. (2) The serum level of E2 in the MV was significantly higher than that in the UV and UA during every gestational period. In contrast, the serum concentration of E3 in the MV was significantly lower than that in the UV and UA. (3) The value of 'UA/UV X 100' of E2 and E3 was about 30% during the 28th-40th week. (4) A weak correlation was found between the MV serum level of E2 and E3 and UA serum concentrations. A strong correlation was found between the UV and UA serum levels of E2 and E3. The authors suggest that though there is a close connection between the fetal and the maternal organism, the fetus is still capable of maintaining its hormonal environment independently.     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止生化妊娠及早期临床妊娠的效果比较

目的观察米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止生化妊娠（无法证实宫腔内或宫腔外妊娠的阶段）的临床效果。方法对月经周期规律、停经≤49d的早孕期妇女,依据停经天数、血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚单位（β-hCG）和阴道B超检查结果分组：生化妊娠（G1）组、早期临床妊娠（G2）组和临床妊娠（G3）组,各500例。给予米非司酮口服,每次25mg,每天2次,连用3d,米索前列醇自口服首片米非司酮72h后,顿服600μg,之后留院观察6h。定期随诊并每日记录观察日志,观察治疗结局并进行满意度自评。结果（1）孕囊排出：G1组妇女123例（24．6％,123／500）见孕囊排出,而G2组、G3组分别有62例（12．4％,62／500）和33例（6．6％,33／500）未见孕囊排出。（2）治疗失败：G1-G3组需手术干预者分别为1例（0．2％,1／500）、20例（4．0％,20／500）和79例（15．8％,79／500）,收住院者分别为5例（1．0％,5／500）、4例（0．8％,4／500）和0。（3）阴道出血：G1～G3组服用米非司酮期间阴道出血者分别为272例（54．4％,272／500）、141（28．2％,141／500）和87例（17．4％,87／500）,3组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;平均阴道出血时间,G1组为（5．8±1．5）d,G：组（9．0±2．9）d,G3组（14．3±5．9）d,3组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）副作用：3组妇女恶心、呕吐、腹痛的发生率高,但程度均较轻;头晕、头痛和腹泻在3组中发生均较少。（5）月经恢复：G1组有97．2％（486／500）的妇女、G2组有90．4％（452／500）的妇女月经能如期复潮,G3组有86．6％（433／500）的妇女月经也能如期复潮。（6）自评满意度：G1组为99．8％（499／500）、G2组97．0％（485／500）、G3组为73．8％（369／500）。结论米非司酮配伍米索前列醇终止生化妊娠是安全、有效的方法,无需等待官腔内临床妊娠被确定后再处理;对终止早期临床妊娠也是较好的方法。     

Biracial couples and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses

Background. Differences in birth outcomes such as low birthweight (LBW), preterm births (PTB), stillbirth, differences in birthweight in Black vs. White race are well known. Infants born to biracial parents (mother and father from either Black or White races) also experience higher adverse birth outcomes. Objective. To systematically review and meta-analyze birth outcomes among parents of mixed racial background compared to parents of same race. Search strategy. Medline, Embase, CINAHL and bibliographies of identified articles were searched for English language studies. Selection criteria. Studies reporting association between parental mixed racial status and LBW, PTB, or small-for-gestational age (SGA) outcomes were included. Data collection and analyses. After exclusion of duplicate cohorts in different publications, data from White mother-Black father (WMBF), Black mother-White father (BMWF) and Black mother-Black father (BMBF) groups were compared with the White mother-White father (WMWF) group. Results. Eight English language studies from of 26?335?596 singleton births were included and reviewed. Compared to the WMWF group, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) were: (a) low birthweight; 1.21 (1.10-1.33) for WMBF, 1.75(1.64-1.87) for BMWF, and 2.08 (1.81-2.38) for BMBF; (b) preterm births; 1.17 (1.05-1.31) for WMBF, 1.37 (1.18-1.59) for BMWF, and 1.78 (1.59-2.00) for BMBF; and (c) stillbirths; 1.43 (0.92-2.21) for WMBF, 1.51 (1.09-2.08) for BMWF, and 1.85 (1.47-2.32) for BMBF. Conclusion. Biracial status of parents was associated with higher risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes than both White parents but lower than both Black parents, with maternal race having a greater influence than paternal race on pregnancy outcomes.     

Cystic Fibrosis and Pregnancy

Summary: The case records of 11 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who had 13 completed pregnancies between 1975 and 1995 were retrospectively reviewed to assess: (1) the changes in spirometry and body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy; and (2) maternal and neonatal complications and outcomes. Prepregnancy the mean age of the group was 24 (range 17–27) years. Two patients were exsmokers, 7 had pancreatic insufficiency and 7 had chest X-ray evidence of bronchiectasis. None of the patients had diabetes mellitus but 3 developed gestational diabetes. The mean ± SEM (% predicted) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) and forced vital capacity (FVC) prepregnancy were 2.3 ± 1.0 (83%) litres and 3.0± 0.9 (85%) litres respectively. Five patients had normal spirometry (FEV₁ and FVC >80% predicted) prior to 6 pregnancies. The mean body mass index (kg/height(m)²) for the group was 20.5 ± 2.0. There was a significant decline in spirometry during pregnancy (FEV₁ 15.5 ± 6.6% p<0.01; FVC 14.0 ± 8.3% p<0.5). However, FVC but not FEV₁ recovered to prepregnancy values by 12 months postpartum. There was a significant increase in both weight (7.1kg) and BMI (2.6 kg/height(m)²) at the time of delivery compared with prepregnancy (p = 0.0004). However, postpregnancy both weight and BMI had returned to their prepregnancy values (p<0.2). Mothers with an FEV₁ >80% had less decline in FEV₁ related to pregnancy, better outcomes, fewer operative and instrumental deliveries, fewer preterm infants and fewer neonatal complications. Suggestions for the planning and management of pregnancy in women with CF are discussed.     

Comparison of cerebral magnetic resonance and electroencephalogram findings in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic women

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in pre-eclamptic and eclamptic pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 38 pregnant women with mild pre-eclampsia (n = 15), severe pre-eclampsia (n = 11) and eclampsia (n = 12) were included in this study. Cranial MR without contrast and EEG were performed in these women on admission or within 3 days of onset. Follow-up control MR or EEG evaluations were performed 4-6 weeks postpartum in women with MR or EEG abnormalities in the initial examination. To compare differences, X(2) test, Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U-tests were used. RESULTS: Abnormal cranial MR findings were found in one (6%) pre-eclamptic woman, in four (36%) severe pre-eclamptic women, and in 11 (92%) eclamptic women. Cranial MR findings were consistent with ischaemia in 15 (39%) patients and haemorrhage in one (3%) case. Two (5%) severe pre-eclamptic women showed cerebral infarction during the follow-up period. MR and EEG abnormalities were totally resolved in 88% of cases. The MR findings of 12 (71%) patients were located in the occipital lobes followed by the parietal lobes in six (40%) cases. Three (20%) mild pre-eclamptic women, four (36%) severe pre-eclamptic women and 10 (83%) eclamptic women had abnormal EEGs. The EEG changes were totally resolved in 13 of 14 (93%) patients after the first month. In one patient with cerebral haemorrhage, the EEG changes lasted for a duration of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: A correlation between EEG abnormalities and MR findings was found in this study. The combined use of MR and EEG may help to determine the prognosis for these patients, but the interictal EEG findings recorded in eclampsia were non-specific.     

Prostitution and other cofactors in preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix

OBJECTIVE: To examine risk factors for preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in Venezuelan female sex workers (FSW). METHODS: A total of 438 FSW were analysed. Each FSW had their clinical history recorded, a gynaecological examination, a Pap smear and a colposcopic examination of the cervix. A cervical biopsy was taken under colposcopic guidance when there was an abnormal epithelium. The statistical methods used were Student's t-test, chi(2) test and logistic regression. RESULTS: The sex workers' mean age was 32.1 +/- 7.9 years old (mean +/- standard deviation). The age of the first sexual intercourse activity for the FSW was 15.9 +/- 2.1 years. Sixty-four of the 84 women (76.2%) who had cervical biopsies had preinvasive and invasive lesions; 41 (9.4%) had cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, 12 (2.7%) had CIN 2, eight (1.8%) had CIN 3, two (0.5%) had microinvasive carcinoma, and one (0.2%) had invasive carcinoma. Forty of these 64 women (62.5%) with preinvasive or invasive lesions had a concurrent histological diagnosis of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (P < 0.0001). The FSW with cervical pathology were younger (P < 0.05) and had their first sexual intercourse earlier (P < 0.02) than FSW with no pathology. Two hundred and seventy-six (63%) of the FSW were current smokers, and 47 of these women (17.6%) had cervical pathology (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: First sexual experience before 20 years of age, cigarette smoking and HPV infection were high-risk factors for preinvasive and invasive lesions of the cervix in Venezuelan FSW.     

Outcome of In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Injection of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Extracted from Patients with Obstructive and Nonobstructive Azoospermia

Objective: To evaluate IVF outcome after epididymal and testicular sperm retrieval in patients with obstructive or nonobstructive azoospermia.

Design: Retrospective clinical analysis.

Setting: Public university–affiliated IVF unit.

Patient(s): One hundred twenty-three azoospermic patients (178 cycles).

Intervention(s): Sixty-three patients (103 cycles) with obstructive azoospermia (group 1) underwent either epididymal or testicular sperm retrieval, and 60 patients (75 cycles) with nonobstructive azoospermia (group 2) underwent testicular sperm retrieval combined with IVF treatment. Mature oocytes were fertilized using intracytoplasmic sperm injection. After sperm preparation, supernumerary spermatozoa were cryopreserved.

Main Outcome Measure(s): Oocyte fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy rate (PR).

Result(s): The oocyte fertilization rate was 48.4% (534/1,104) in group 1 and 41.5% (312/751) in group 2 (not significant [NS] difference). A total of 100 cycles (97.1%) and 62 cycles (82.7%) in the obstructive and nonobstructive groups, respectively, had embryos for replacement (NS difference). The clinical PRs per ET cycle were 24% (24/100) and 17.7% (11/62) in the two groups, respectively. Oocyte fertilization rates, when fresh (46.4%) or frozen-thawed (41.8%) spermatozoa were used, were not significantly different in the two groups. The PR when fresh sperm were used was 23.6% (30/127), versus 14.3% (5/35) when frozen sperm were used (NS difference). The PR for women aged ≤35 years was similar to that for women >35 years of age (20.7% or 29/140 and 18.2% or 4/25, respectively).

Conclusion(s): Epididymal and testicular sperm obtained in azoospermic patients can fertilize oocytes successfully and may lead to high fertilization rates and PRs. Freezing of these spermatozoa does not reduce the outcome of treatment significantly.     

Effects of two estroprogestins containing ethynilestradiol 30 mug and drospirenone 3 mg and ethynilestradiol 30 mug and chlormadinone 2 mg on skin and hormonal hyperandrogenic manifestations

Hyperandrogenic manifestation in women, such as seborrhea, acne and increased hair growth are common reasons of psychological distress. Skin appearance is very important for young women. This study evaluated the hormonal and skin effects of two estroprogestins (EPs) containing ethinyl-estradiol (EE) 30 μg associated with drospirenone (DRSP) 3 mg or chlormadinone acetate (CMA) 2 mg, respectively. Fifty-five women with signs and symptoms of hyperandrogenism (seborrhea, acne and increased hair growth) were enrolled in the study; randomly, 30 women were treated with EE 30 μg + DRSP 3 mg and 25 with EE 30 μg + CMA 2 mg. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (T × 100/SHBG, FAI) were assessed at baseline, and after 3 and 6 months of treatment with EPs. Effects on seborrhea, acne and increased hair growth (as Ferriman-Gallwey score) were also evaluated at the same time points. Finally, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin homogeneity were studied with non-invasive technique during the study. Treatment for 6 months with both EPs decreased significantly the circulating androgen levels (A, T, DHEAS) and FAI, and increased SHBG levels; also skin pattern was improved. EP containing EE and DRSP was better than EP containing EE and CMA as for skin changes, as seborrhea, acne, increased hair, hydration, homogeneity and overall quality of the skin; moreover, hormonal changes (as FAI) under therapy were more pronounced with EE/DRSP than EE/CMA. These effects may be considered in EP choice and could be important in improving patient's compliance and quality of life in hyperandrogenic women.     

四氢生物蝶呤反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症的临床和基因检测

目的探讨四氢生物蝶呤反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)缺乏症这一新的临床变异型在高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)中的发生率，并进一步了解其PAH基因突变类型。 方法2001年1月至2004年12月，上海第二医科大学附属新华医院收治的106例中位年龄2个月(05~59个月)的HPA患儿纳入研究。所有患儿做辅酶的羟生物蝶呤(BH4，20mg/kg)或联合血苯丙氨酸(Phe，100mg/kg)负荷试验、尿蝶呤谱分析及红细胞二氢蝶啶还原酶活性(DHPR)测定。以口服BH4后24h内血Phe浓度下降30%以上且排除BH4缺乏症为诊断标准。对13例BH4反应性PAH缺乏症患儿进行PAH基因突变检测。 结果106例HPA者中41例(387%)为BH4反应性的PAH缺乏症。血Phe浓度在服用BH4前为(816±431)μmol/L，服BH4后24h内降至(267±198)μmol/L，反应下降率(67±19)%。41例尿蝶呤及DHPR活性均正常。106例中轻度HPA(18例)其BH4反应性PAH缺乏症发生率为611%(11/18)。13例做PAH基因突变检测，R241C为最多见突变类型(438%)。 结论611%轻度HPA(11/18)及424%(28/66)轻度PKU对BH4有较大反应性。BH4负荷试验是该病有效而简便的鉴别诊断方法。     

Salivary and plasma bound and "free" testosterone in men and women

Paired samples of blood and saliva from 37 men and nine women throughout the menstrual cycle were measured for testosterone by radioimmunoassay and free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis. There was a highly significant correlation between plasma and salivary testosterone, with a correlation coefficient r = 0.71 (p = less than 0.001). In men, free testosterone constituted 78% of salivary testosterone but only 4% of plasma testosterone; mean +/- SE salivary testosterone was 193.7 +/- 6.7 pg/ml compared to plasma testosterone of 5,140 +/- 298.0 pg/ml. Salivary testosterone decreased significantly from a morning (0800 hours) level of 208 +/- 7.5 to an evening (1800 hours) level of 174 +/- 8.4 pg/ml (p = less than 0.001) (n = 23). Similarly, plasma testosterone was significantly higher in the morning (6,584 +/- 472 pg/ml) than in the evening (5,571 +/- 357 pg/ml) (p = less than 0.005) (n = 25). Free testosterone in saliva and plasma also showed significantly higher morning than evening levels. The coefficients of variability for hourly changes (0900 to 1800 hours) in salivary testosterone and free testosterone were 13.6% and 16.7% compared to 12.7% and 20.9% for plasma testosterone and free testosterone, respectively. In women, salivary testosterone during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle was 108.3 +/- 5.8 pg/ml, and it increased significantly to 130.5 +/- 6.0 pg/ml in the secretory phase (p = less than 0.02). Our findings indicate that measurements of salivary testosterone reflect plasma testosterone and may be a useful noninvasive method of assessing levels of testosterone.     

Toxoplasmosis and abortion

The role of toxoplasma infection (a protozoal disease occuring in acquired and congenital forms) in increased incidences of aboriton had been reported by Check and Jerovec (1960) and Remington et al. (1964). To determine the correlation between toxoplasmosis and habitual abortion, a study was conducted at Irwin Hospital in New Delhi during 1971-72. Sera from 67 cases of abortion (44 sporadic and 23 habitual) and from 75 control cases with good obstetric history were tested against Toxoplasma infection by indirect hemagglutination test (Prakash, 1966). Titres of 1:200 and over were considered significant. 1.4% of the abortion cases exhibited antibodies at the significant level; none of the control showed antibodies at this level. A rise in antibody titre of 1:64 and above was observed in 18.1% (8) of sporadic abortion cases and in 47.8% (11) of habitual abortion cases. At significant titres, none of the sporadic abortion cases became positive compared with 1 (4.3%) of the 23 habital abortion cases. These findings support those of Thomascheck et al. (1961) and Remington et al.     

Expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases and nitric oxide production in ovine placental and uterine tissues during late pregnancy

We evaluated the expression of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide (NO) synthases, NO production, and the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) in regulating NO production during late ovine pregnancy (day 110-142). Samples of the following tissues were obtained: fetal [cotyledonary (COT)] and maternal [caruncular (CAR)] portions of the placentoma, intercotyledonary fetal chorioallantoic membrane (ICOT) and intercaruncular maternal endometrium (ICAR). Using immunohistochemistry, eNOS positive staining was detected in all four tissues, primarily in the endothelium, chorioallantoic membrane, and luminal and glandular epithelium. For iNOS, the positive staining was observed primarily in stromal cells in ICOT and ICAR. Expression of eNOS and iNOS proteins was confirmed in COT using Western immunoblot. eNOS protein levels increased (P< 0.05) approximately 3.5-fold from day 110 to 130 and then declined at term, whereas no change in iNOS protein levels was observed throughout the days studied. The tissue explants of COT, CAR, ICOT and ICAR were cultured in media in the absence or presence of ANG II (10(-9)or 10(-7) m) for 24 h. Total NO (nitrate and nitrite) levels in the explant-conditioned media were determined by chemiluminesence. In fetal COT, total NO levels increased (P< 0.05) 3.5-fold from day 110 to 130 and then declined (P< 0.05) at term. In ICOT, total NO levels exhibited a gradually increasing trend (r(2)=0.96, P< 0.01) from day 110 to days 130 and 142. In maternal CAR, total NO levels were higher (P< 0.05) on day 130 than those on days 120 and 142, whereas no change in total NO levels was observed in ICAR. ANG II at 10(-7) m treatment decreased (P< 0.05) total NO levels in COT on day 130. Thus, during late ovine pregnancy: (1) eNOS is expressed in COT, CAR, ICOT and ICAR while iNOS is primarily seen in stromal cells of ICOT and ICAR; (2) NO production by COT exhibits a biphasic pattern and parallels the changes in eNOS, but not iNOS protein levels, suggesting that eNOS is a predominant NOS isoform for the NO production; and (3) ANG II may contribute partially to decreases in NO production by COT at term.     

产后抑郁症患者血浆孤啡肽及5-羟色胺水平变化的意义

目的　探讨产后抑郁症患者血浆中孤啡肽及 5 羟色胺水平变化与产后抑郁症发病的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法测定 2 5例正常产妇 (对照组 )及 2 1例产后抑郁症患者 (抑郁症组 )血浆中孤啡肽及 5 羟色胺水平。结果　 (1)抑郁症组血浆孤啡肽水平为 (2 8 5± 5 8)ng/L ,对照组血浆孤啡肽水平为 (10 4± 3 7)ng/L。抑郁症组血浆孤啡肽水平显著高于正常组 ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )抑郁症组血浆 5 羟色胺水平为 (1 0± 0 3) μmol/L ,对照组为 (1 4± 0 4 ) μmol/L。抑郁症组血浆 5 羟色胺水平低于对照组 ,两组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。 (3)抑郁症组血浆孤啡肽水平与 5 羟色胺水平呈显著负相关 (r=- 0 5 71,P <0 0 5 )。结论　产后抑郁症患者血浆孤啡肽水平变化与产后抑郁症的发生密切相关。     

产后抑郁症与雌激素及单胺递质水平的相关性研究

目的探讨雌二醇及单胺递质——5羟色胺、多巴胺水平与产后抑郁症的关系。方法对342例产后42d内的产妇,应用爱丁堡产后抑郁量表（EPDS）、Beck抑郁量表（BDI）、一般健康问卷（GHQ）进行评定。以EPDS总分≥13分为产后抑郁症诊断标准,并分为抑郁症组与正常组,应用放射免疫法测定两组妇女血浆雌二醇和5羟色胺、多巴胺水平。结果（1）发生率：产后抑郁症发生率为16．7％（57／342）。发生率最高的年龄段为35岁以上（22．2％）;23岁以下发生率最低（12．5％）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。本科及以上学历的发生率较高,为21．3％,文化程度为大专及中专者发生率仅7．9％,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（2）生物学指标测定：抑郁症组妇女雌二醇水平为（64．39±0．22）pmol／L,明显低于正常组的（126．18±0．47）pmol／L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;抑郁症组妇女5羟色胺水平为（1．09±0．21）μmol／L,明显低于正常组的（2．67±0．36）μmol／L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;抑郁症组妇女多巴胺水平为（5．21±0．54）μmol／L,明显高于正常组的（3．16±0．98）μmol／L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）雌二醇水平与EPDS、BDI、GHQ量表分值呈负相关（相关系数分别为-0．53,-0．76,-0．35;P〈0．05）,即雌二醇水平越低,产后EPDS、BDI、GHQ量表分值越高;5羟色胺水平与EPDS、BDI、GHQ量表分值呈负相关（相关系数分别为-0．18,-0．28,-0．11;P〈0．05）,即5羟色胺水平越低,产后EPDS、BDI、GHQ量表分值越高;多巴胺水平与EPDS、BDI量表分值呈正相关,与GHQ量表分值呈无相关性（相关系数分别为0．12,0．07,0．00;P〉0．05）。结论EPDS、BDI、GHQ量表评定可作为筛选产后抑郁症的依据,雌二醇及5羟色胺、多巴胺水平的测定可为产后抑郁症的诊断提供客观的生物学指标。     

Maternal and cord serum glycosylated protein in neonatal macrosomia and correlation with birth weight

Maternal glycosylated hemoglobin and glycosylated protein and cord glycosylated protein were measured at delivery in 20 normal mothers of 20 macrosomic neonates over 4000 g (group I) and compared with values in two groups of mother/infant pairs: 20 normal/20 appropriate for gestational age (group II) and nine diabetic mothers/ten neonates (group III). Infants in group I, by design, weighed more (mean +/- SD 4403 +/- 337 g) than those in group II (2902 +/- 278 g) or group III (3365 +/- 898 g) (P less than .001). There was no significant difference in weight between group II and group III infants. Birth weight ratio was greater (P less than .001) in group I than in group II or group III (1.39 +/- 0.1, 0.9 +/- 0.08, and 1.08 +/- 0.25, respectively); group III infants had a higher birth weight ratio (P less than .05) than those in group II. Hematocrit (%) was higher (P less than .05) in group III (62 +/- 3) than in group I (59 +/- 5) or group II (57 +/- 6) infants. Glycosylated hemoglobin values were similar in all three groups. Mean serum glycosylated protein was higher (P less than .001) in group III (13.8 +/- 2%) than in group I (10 +/- 2%) or group II (9.8 +/- 2.5%) mothers. Cord glycosylated protein was also higher (P less than .001) in group III (12.3 +/- 1.9%) than in group I (9 +/- 1.3%) or group II (8.6 +/- 1.7%) neonates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Seminal plasma fructose and glucose in normal and pathological conditions

A total number of ninety four semen samples were analysed which included normozoospermia (39), oligozoospermia (6), oligoasthenozoospermia (10), asthenozoospermia (15) and azoospermia (24). A positive correlation (r = 0.344) was existing between sperm count and motility in normozoospermia. Seminal plasma was estimated for fructose (94) and glucose (73). It was found that there was a statistical difference between the values of oligozoospermia and all other groups studied for fructose. A strong positive correlation (r = 0.394) was existing between percentage of motility of spermatozoa and fructose in normozoospermia showing that fructose is very essential for increased number of motile spermatozoa. Likewise a relationship (r = 0.451) was seen between sperm count and glucose in normal. This gives an impression that both these are regulated by one source.