胎盘植入与剖宫产史和前置胎盘的关系初步探讨——附15例临床分析

近年来剖宫产率不断上升 ,剖宫产史合并前置胎盘发生率亦增多 ,后者发生胎盘植入的报道也随之多见。现对我院近几年临床资料作一回顾性分析。探讨剖宫产史和前置胎盘对胎盘植入发病的影响。一、临床资料1993年 1月至 1998年 12月在我院住院分娩的孕妇共 2 3381例 ,其中 2 5例在剖宫产时诊断胎盘植入同时行子宫切除术 ,其中 15例病理报告为胎盘植入 ,发生率为 0 .0 6 4% (15 /2 3381) ;15例胎盘植入患者平均年龄 2 7.8岁 (2 3～ 40岁 )。孕周<37周 5例 ,～ 40周 7例 ,～ 41 6 周 3例 ;母婴主要并发症为早产、围产儿死亡及产后出血。新生儿体…     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠距上次剖宫产间隔时间与凶险性前置胎盘的关系

目的:探讨瘢痕子宫再次妊娠距上次剖宫产间隔时间与凶险性前置胎盘发生的关系。方法:选择2013年4月1日至2018年3月31日在河北省人民医院分娩的548例瘢痕子宫孕妇进行回顾性队列研究,其中48例为凶险性前置胎盘。按剖宫产后再次妊娠间隔时间从0年至10年以上,每隔1年为1组进行分组,共11组。结果:瘢痕子宫再次妊娠距上次剖宫产间隔时间不同凶险性前置胎盘的发生率不同,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);用曲线回归方程进行验证,四种曲线方程拟合模型差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000);散点图提示剖宫产与再次妊娠间隔时间<1年及≥5年凶险性前置胎盘发生率较高;再次妊娠间隔时间<1年及≥5年与1年≤间隔时间<5年比较,凶险性前置胎盘的发生率差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。结论:凶险性前置胎盘的发生与此次妊娠距上次剖宫产间隔时间有关,间隔时间过短或过长,都会增加凶险性前置胎盘的发生。剖宫产手术1年以后5年以内再次妊娠低凶险性前置胎盘的发生率较低。     

中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入59例临床分析

目的:探讨中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素及围生期处理。方法:回顾性分析2000年1月~2009年12月四川大学华西第二医院产科收治的896例中央性前置胎盘患者(其中59例并发胎盘植入)的临床资料。结果:(1)我院近10年来中央性前置胎盘的发生率为2.26%(896/39726),中央性前置胎盘中并发胎盘植入的发生率为6.58%(59/896);(2)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的高危因素包括:孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥2次、剖宫产史;(3)中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者产时产后出血量明显多于未并发胎盘植入者(2χ=70.944,P=0.000),并发胎盘植入者平均出血量高达2846.19m l;(4)所有中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入者均采用手术治疗,其中子宫切除率为25.42%(15/59),保守性手术为局部缝扎、局部切除、宫腔填塞、B-Lynch缝合和子宫动脉结扎等,而未并发胎盘植入者子宫切除率为0.96%(8/837)。结论:(1)对高龄的、有剖宫产史或多次流产史的中央性前置胎盘患者应警惕并发胎盘植入;(2)为减少中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入因严重的产时产后出血对母儿造成的危害,强调终止妊娠前的充分准备;(3)治疗上保守性手术和子宫切除都很重要。     

宫腔填塞纱条用控制前置胎盘剖宫产胎盘剥离面出血的临床价值

宫腔填塞纱条制止产后出血 ,是一古老的方法 ,对其应用价值目前尚有争议 [1 ]。我院自 1993年应用宫腔填塞纱条术控制前置胎盘剖宫产术中胎盘剥离面严重出血 ,取得极为满意的效果。现报道如下。一、资料和方法1.一般情况 :1993年 1月～ 1998年 12月我院共收治孕 35周以上前置胎盘患者 2 6例 ,其中中央性前置胎盘 6例 ,部分性前置胎盘 7例 ,边缘性 13例。 2 3例行剖宫产术 ,术中发生胎盘剥离面出血不止 8例 ,平均失血量 15 6 0 ml(10 0 0～3 0 0 0 ml,包括产前失血 ) ,平均输血量76 0 m l(4 0 0～ 12 0 0 ml,包括术前输血 )。其中 5例为中央…     

凶险性前置胎盘20例临床分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘的诊治及与孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的关系.方法:2006年6月至2012年12月我院收治前置胎盘患者226例,其中凶险性前置胎盘20例,比较凶险性前置胎盘组(20例)和非凶险性前置胎盘组(206例)在孕妇年龄、流产次数和剖宫产次数的差异,回顾性分析20例凶险性前置胎盘的诊治情况.结果:①凶险性前置胎盘组孕妇年龄≥35岁、流产次数≥3次、剖宫产次数≥2次的发生率明显高于非凶险性前置胎盘组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).②术前诊断凶险性前置胎盘的准确率为100.0％,20例凶险性前置胎盘B超诊断胎盘植入的敏感度为88.9％ (8/9),特异度为90.9％(10/11),MRI检查敏感度为100.0％ (3/3),特异度为100.0％(5/5).③20例凶险性前置胎盘均采用手术治疗,其中2例因术中出现失血性休克立即行子宫切除,其余18例术中生命体征平稳,均先采用保守性手术,3例因保守性手术治疗无效行子宫切除,子宫切除率为25.0％ (5/20).结论:凶险性前置胎盘术前应通过超声及MRI进行充分评估有无胎盘植入,从而制定相应的手术方案;在病情允许的情况下可先行保守性手术,如无效时应及时行子宫切除.高龄孕妇、多次剖宫产及多次人工流产史与凶险性前置胎盘有关.     

植入性胎盘23例临床分析

目的:探讨植入性胎盘的临床特点、治疗方法及产前诊断的可行性.方法:对本院1996年9月至2007年9月中23例植入性胎盘患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:患者平均年龄33岁;有多孕多产史;合并前置胎盘9例,其中3例凶险型前置胎盘合并胎盘植入;10例患者血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)308～380 μg/L;10例患者行次全子宫切除术,5例行病灶切除加子宫修补术,4例行局部挖除、局部肠线缝扎,4例药物保守治疗成功,23例患者均痊愈出院.结论:重视植入性胎盘高危因素,产前AFP检测可作为筛检手段,及时妥善治疗,改善妊娠结局.     

天花粉蛋白在治疗植入性胎盘中的作用

目的 :探讨天花粉蛋白在临床上治疗植入性胎盘的作用。方法 :对 1 970～ 1 998年间 2 1例经病理证实的植入性胎盘的临床资料进行分析。结果 :1 1例使用天花粉治疗全部治愈 ,产生 8.3± 0 .4d h CG转为阴性 ,阴道出血少 ,体温上升平均 3 8.3± 0 .5℃ ,持续 4.2± 1 .6d,无严重不良反应 ;其余 1 0例急诊手术治疗。结论 :小面积植入性胎盘使用天花粉保守治疗 ,临床效果良好     

中央性前置胎盘50例临床分析

中央性前置胎盘出血早、量多 ,是严重危及孕产妇和胎儿生命的产科并发症。如果处理不当 ,可造成母婴不良预后。现将我院 1992年～ 1997年 6年间发生的 5 0例中央性前置胎盘资料进行回顾性分析 ,并探讨其发病原因、处理方法。一、病历来源及结果1 一般资料 :北京妇产医院 1992年 3月至 1997年 10月间住院孕产妇共 2 0 36 1例 ,其中中央性前置胎盘 5 0例 ,其发病率占 0 2 5 %。孕妇年龄 2 4～ 45岁 ,平均年龄 (30± 0 0 )岁 ,孕次 1～ 5次 ,平均 (2 4± 1 1)次 ;产次 0～ 2次 ,平均 (1 0±0 0 )次 ;初产妇 32例 ,经产妇 18例 ,人工流产史 …     

前置胎盘对胎盘植入性疾病致子宫全/次全切除及胎盘植入部位子宫局部切除患者手术情况及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨前置胎盘对胎盘植入性疾病(placenta accreta spectrum disorders, PAS)致子宫全/次全切除及胎盘植入部位子宫局部切除(简称植入部位切除)患者手术情况和妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性纳入2017年1月1日至2022年12月31日于广州医科大学附属第三医院分娩、因PAS行子宫全/次全切除或者植入部位切除的患者510例。根据是否合并前置胎盘分为合并前置胎盘组(427例)和无前置胎盘组(83例)。根据子宫切除方式(子宫全/次全切除或植入部位切除)分层, 子宫全/次全切除者根据是否合并前置胎盘分为合并前置胎盘组(221例)和无前置胎盘组(23例), 植入部位切除者根据是否合并前置胎盘分为合并前置胎盘组(206例)和无前置胎盘组(60例)。采用非参数检验或χ2检验比较组间临床特征、手术情况和妊娠结局的差异。利用二分类logistic回归分析前置胎盘对需要额外手术操作和发生不良妊娠结局的影响。结果 (1)合并前置胎盘组与无前置胎盘组比较:与无前置胎盘组比较, 合并前置胎盘组产后24 h出血量[1 541 ml(1 036～2 368 ml)与1 111 ml(...     

重度妊娠高血压综合征患者胎盘组织细胞凋亡及其调控基因 …

目的　研究细胞凋亡及其调控基因在重度妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )发生、发展中的作用。方法　对 40例正常晚孕妇女 (对照组 )和 40例重度妊高征患者 (观察组 )的胎盘组织进行分析。用DNA缺口原位末端标记 (TUNEL)技术检测细胞凋亡 ;免疫组织化学方法检测促进和抑制凋亡基因 (bax/bcl 2 )的表达。结果　对照组胎盘细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞中凋亡指数分别为 ( 1.1±0 .9) %、( 41.8± 1.5 ) % ;bax阳性率分别为 ( 1.0± 0 .9) %、( 2 8.9± 9.7) % ;bcl 2阳性率分别为 ( 2 .2±0 .8) %、( 2 2 .9± 0 .7) % ,总bax/bcl 2为 0 .7～ 1.7。观察组胎盘细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞的凋亡指数分别为 ( 4.3± 1.2 ) %、( 45 .3± 1.4) % ;bax阳性率分别是 ( 2 .2± 0 .8) %、( 42 .5± 11.7) % ;bcl 2阳性率分别是 ( 3 .2± 0 .8) %、( 2 3 .3± 7.8) % ;总bax/bcl 2为 1.0～ 3.2。即 :对照组胎盘中有一定量的细胞凋亡、bax、bcl 2表达 ,bax/bcl 2表达间呈平衡趋势 ;观察组中细胞凋亡明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,bax表达也明显增强 (P <0 .0 1) ,bcl 2表达仅呈增高趋势 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,bax/bcl 2比值明显增高(P <0 .0 1)。结论　细胞凋亡及其调节基因的表达间具有一致性 ;细胞凋亡、bax/bcl 2表达     

经腹彩色超声多普勒在前置胎盘并发胎盘植入诊断中的价值

目的 评估经腹彩色超声多普勒（彩超）在前置胎盘并发胎盘植入诊断中的价值.方法 选择2002年6月-2005年6月在我院住院的214例前置胎盘患者,产前行经腹彩超检查预测是否并发胎盘植入,可进行前瞻性跟踪及相关临床因素调查;以分娩时发现胎盘植入以及产后胎盘病理检查而明确诊断.彩超诊断胎盘植入的图像标准主要是：胎盘后间隙消失和（或）胎盘后或胎盘实质内有丰富的血流和血窦,并探及动脉血流;血流紊乱湍急,甚至累及子宫肌层. 结果 （1） 前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的发生率为10.3%（22/214）,并发胎盘植入者产时、产后平均出血量为2494 ml,明显多于未并发胎盘植入者的505 ml;并发胎盘植入者的子宫切除率为40.9%（9/22）,而未并发胎盘植入者无一例子宫切除.（2） 经腹彩超产前诊断前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的敏感性为77.3%（17/22）,特异性为98.4%（189/192）,阳性和阴性预测值分别为85.0%（17/20）和97.4%（189/194）.结论 前置胎盘并发胎盘植入的发生率高,在终止妊娠时对母儿的生命安全威胁巨大;经腹彩超产前诊断前置胎盘并发胎盘植入有较高的敏感性和极高的特异性.     

Placenta previa increta/percreta in Japan: a retrospective study of ultrasound findings, management and clinical course

AIM: Placenta accreta is an abnormally firm attachment of placental villi to the uterine wall, which may cause postpartum hemorrhage resulting in maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the incidence, clinical background and prognosis of placenta previa increta/percreta treated with different modalities in Japan. METHODS: Medical records of cases with placenta previa increta/percreta in eight tertiary centers between January 1994 and December 2004 were reviewed. Placenta accreta without actual invasion into the myometrium confirmed by pathology was not included in placenta increta/percreta. Details of obstetric history, maternal background, ultrasonographical findings, the course of delivery, subsequent complications and management were noted. RESULTS: Among the total of 59,008 deliveries, 45,261 were by the vaginal route (76.7%) and 13 747 by cesarean section (23.3%). In this study, 408 cases were diagnosed as placenta previa (0.69%), 18 of these being placenta increta and 5 placenta percreta. Only 1.1% of cases of placenta previa without prior cesarean section were increta/percreta, in contrast to 37% of placenta previa after prior cesarean sections. Mean intraoperation blood loss was 3630 +/- 2216 g (increta) and 12,140 +/- 8343 g (percreta). One patient with placenta previa percreta died of hemorrhage. Stepwise treatment (cesarean section without separation of the placenta, arterial embolization and hysterectomy) was applied for 4 cases, which had the least blood loss. CONCLUSIONS: Placenta previa increta/percreta is a life-threatening disease. Patients who undergo hysterectomy after uterine arterial embolization demonstrate reduced intraoperation blood loss, and this treatment should be incorporated to reduce maternal morbidity.     

Maternal and neonatal outcomes of placenta increta and percreta from a multicenter study in China

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with placenta increta or placenta percreta in China.

Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2219 cases from 20 tertiary care centers in China between January 2011 and December 2015. All cases were diagnosed of placenta increta or placenta percreta, based on either intraoperative findings or histopathological findings.

Results: The incidence of placenta increta and placenta percreta progressively increased from 0.18% in 2011 to 0.78% in 2015. Compared with the placenta increta, placenta percreta was strongly related to serious adverse outcomes: postpartum hemorrhage (65.9% versus 38.6%, p?=?.003), blood transfusion (86.2% versus 46.5%, p?p?p?p?Conclusion: The incidence of placenta increta and placenta percreta is likely to increase in China. The depth of placenta implantation is associated with the severity of outcomes. Placenta percreta tends to have worse maternal and neonatal outcomes.     

Placenta accreta: depth of invasion and neonatal outcomes

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes between women with placenta accreta and placenta increta or percreta. Methods: This was a single institution retrospective cohort study of women with abnormal placentation (placenta accreta, increta, and percreta) who delivered from 1982–2002. Cases were divided into superficial invasion (placenta accreta) and deep invasion (placenta increta or percreta), and compared. The primary outcomes studied were gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and size for gestational age. Results: 103 viable pregnancies with abnormal placentation were observed (1.6/1000 pregnancies). Cases of deep invasion had higher parity and were more likely to have had a prior cesarean delivery. The mean gestational age at delivery was 33 5/7 weeks with deep placental invasion and 35 2/7 weeks in the superficial invasion group (p = 0.18). Rates of preterm birth were 64.7% and 52.3% (p = 0.43) and low birthweight were 24% and 29% (p = 0.76) in the deep and superficial invasion groups respectively. There were no differences in the remaining outcomes. Conclusions: Neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by placenta increta and percreta are not different than those with placenta accreta.     

A case of retained placenta increta successfully treated via uterine arterial embolization using N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate

A 29-year-old woman with placenta increta with hemorrhage underwent uterine artery embolization using 12.5% NBCA (N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate) diluted with iodized oil (Lipiodol). Complete resolution of placenta increta without performing curettage was obtained. The uterus returned to its normal shape, with restored endometrium, junctional zone, and myometrium. Menstruation resumed after 3 months. In cases of retained placenta due to placenta accreta, and even those with placenta increta, uterine artery embolization using NBCA is a useful treatment.     

Placenta accreta/percreta/increta: a cause of elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) and abnormal placental adherence (placenta accreta/percreta/increta). METHODS: We reviewed the MSAFP levels of 11 women who had cesarean hysterectomies because of placenta accreta/percreta/increta. The control group consisted of 14 women who delivered by cesarean because of placenta previa but who had no abnormal placental adherence. RESULTS: Five of the 11 women with placenta accreta/percreta/increta had elevated MSAFP, whereas all 14 controls had normal levels. CONCLUSION: These results indicate a significant association between elevated MSAFP and placenta accreta/percreta/increta (P = .017). Patients with an unexplained elevation of MSAFP as well as placenta previa may be at increased risk for abnormal placental adherence.     

注：王晓怡、孙雯为本文并列第一作者多学科团队参与对胎盘植入患者母婴结局的影响

目的 探讨多学科团队参与对胎盘植入患者母婴结局的影响。方法 选择2005年1月1日至2014年1月1日在广州医科大学附属第三医院分娩的临床资料完整的81例胎盘植入患者。根据多学科团队（多团队）参与的情况,分为全程（妊娠期及分娩期）多团队参与组,分娩期多团队参与组,和分娩期无多团队参与（仅有产科与新生儿科）组。回顾性分析三组胎盘植入患者的母儿结局。 结果 在植入性胎盘中全程多团队参与组和分娩期多团队参与组出血量[（1453.2±991.2）mL和(1536.4±1001.3）mL]、术中输血量[（592.1±301.2）mL和(632.4±279.8）mL]以及早期并发症的比例[26.5%（9/34）和31.8%（7/22）]均低于分娩期无多团队参与组[(1889.3±1403.4)mL、(721.4±298.1)mL和60.0%（15/25）]（P<0.05）。结论 多学科团队参与治疗植入性胎盘可改善产妇妊娠结局,但对新生儿结局则无影响。     

Placenta accreta/increta

A review of the patients seen at the Department of Obstetrics at Dokkyo University Hospital who had suffered placenta accreta/increta in the past 18 years, was performed. There were 10 such cases out of 9,716 deliveries during this period. This incidence is higher than that which has been reported in other Western countries. Forty percent of the patients in our study had placenta accreta/increta accompanied by placenta previa or low lying; 30% had had a prior cesarean section (C/S); 70% had previously experienced dilatation and curettage (D & C); 80% had previously undergone a C/S and/or D & C; and 40% had a history of miscarriage. Three of the ten patients with placenta accreta/increta required a hysterectomy; 2 patients were successfully treated with hemostatic stitches on the endometrium; and the remaining 5 mild cases were treated with removal of the placenta, either manually or with the use of forceps. There was no case of maternal death. In 2 cases, neonatal asphyxia was noted, but the neonate immediately recovered. Received: August 1998 / Accepted: 5 March 1999     

Incidence of emergency peripartum hysterectomy in Ain-shams University Maternity Hospital,Egypt: a retrospective study

Purpose

To estimate the incidence of emergency peripartum hysterectomy over 6 years in Ain-shams University Maternity Hospital.

Methods

Detailed chart review of all cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy, 2003–2008, including previous obstetric history, details of the index pregnancy, indications for emergency peripartum hysterectomy, outcome of the hysterectomy and infant morbidity.

Results

The overall rate of emergency peripartum hysterectomy was 149 of 66,306 or 2.24 per 1,000 deliveries. The primary indications for hysterectomies were placenta accreta/increta 59 (39.6 %), uterine atony 37 (24.8 %), uterine rupture 35 (23.5 %) and placenta previa without accreta 18 (12.1 %). After hysterectomy, 115 (77 %) women were admitted to the intensive care unit. Women were discharged home after a mean 11.2 day length of stay. Using multifactorial logistic regression analysis, we found that woman’s age, atonic uterus, placenta accreta/increta, previous cesarian section and ruptured uterus were independent predictors for peripartum hysterectomy

Conclusion

Abnormal placentation was the main indication for peripartum hysterectomy. The risk factors for peripartum hysterectomy were morbid adherence of placentae in scared uteri, uterine atony and uterine rupture. The most important step in prevention of major postpartum hemorrhage is recognizing and assessing women’s risk. The risk of peripartum hysterectomy seems to be significantly decreased by limiting the number of cesarean section deliveries, thus reducing the occurrence of abnormal placentation in the form of placenta accreta, increta or percreta.