2000-2012年中国HIV基因亚型时空分布的系统综述

目的了解2000年以来我国艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)基因亚型的时间和空间分布特征。方法计算机检索中国知网期刊全文数据库和PubMed数据库,按纳入和排除标准选取文献,提取资料,描述分析HIV亚型在不同时间、不同地区和不同传播途径感染人群中的分布。结果纳入78篇文献,涵盖我国20个省、直辖市和特区。研究结果显示:我国目前存在A、B、B’、C、D、E、G、K、CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC、CRF02_AG、CRF03_AB、CRF12_BF、CRF14_BG、CRF02_AG/CRF01_AE、CRF08_BC/B、CRF07_BC/CRF01_AE、G/CRF12_BF、A/CRF10_CD、CRF01_AE/B’、U/CRF01_AE、B/C、U/G等多种亚型,其中CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC、B’、B为主要流行亚型;HIV的基因亚型与传播途径相关,近年来,我国流行的重组毒株增多且出现多种独特重组型。结论过去10年,随着HIV流行形势的变化,我国HIV基因亚型分布特征发生变化并日趋多样化...     

2000—2012年中国HIV基因亚型时空分布的系统综述

目的了解2000年以来我国艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）基因亚型的时间和空间分布特征。方法计算机检索中国知网期刊全文数据库和PubMed数据库,按纳入和排除标准选取文献,提取资料,描述分析HIV亚型在不同时间、不同地区和不同传播途径感染人群中的分布。结果纳入78篇文献,涵盖我国20个省、直辖市和特区。研究结果显示：我国目前存在A、B、B’、C、D、E、G、K、CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC、CRF02_AG、CRF03_AB、CRF12_BF、CRF14_BG、CRF02_AG／CRF01_AE、CRF08_BC／B、CRF07_BC／CRF01_AE、G／CRF12_BF、A／CRFIO_CD、CRF01_AE／B’、U／CRF01_AE、B／C、U／G等多种亚型,其中CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC、B’、B为主要流行亚型;HIV的基因亚型与传播途径相关,近年来,我国流行的重组毒株增多且出现多种独特重组型。结论过去10年,随着HIV流行形势的变化,我国HIV基因亚型分布特征发生变化并日趋多样化,必须予以高度重视。     

湖州市不同感染人群HIV-1流行毒株亚型分析

目的了解湖州市HIV-1型流行毒株的基因型分布情况,为艾滋病防治工作提供科学依据。方法采集204份HIV-1型抗体阳性的全血标本,从样本中提取病毒RNA,采用巢式PCR方法扩增病毒gag基因,对PCR产物进行核苷酸序列测定。应用Clustal W软件对测序结果和HIV分型参考株序列进行多序列比对和分析;使用MEGA 4.0软件进行系统进化分析。结果 204份标本有138份样品扩增出HIV-1的gag基因片段,共存在4种HIV-1亚型和重组型。其中CRF07_BC重组亚型74株(53.62%)、CRF01_AE重组亚型40株(28.99%)、B亚型12株(8.69%)、CRF08_BC重组亚型12株(8.69%)。异性、同性性传播以CRF07_BC和CRF01_AE为主;注射吸毒传播以CRF07_BC为主。结论湖州市不同感染人群中主要存在4种基因亚型,CRF07_BC已成为湖州市不同感染人群中HIV主要流行亚型,重组型毒株占优势,应加强对HIV-1流行毒株亚型变异的监测,及时调整防控策略。     

深圳地区吸毒人群HIV-1分子流行病学调查

目的 了解HIV-1毒株亚型在深圳地区吸毒人群中的流行情况,并分析其流行趋势及进化规律.方法 收集1996-2008年深圳地区吸毒人群HIV确认阳性样本166例,应用巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)技术,对样本膜蛋白基因(env)进行扩增,并对其基因区核苷酸序列进行测定和分析.结果 166份样本中共存在CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC、CRF08_BC3种重组毒株以及B′、C、A13种亚型;其在所有分析样本中的比例分别为65.06%(108/166)、19.88%(33/166)、6.02%(10/166)、7.23%(12/166)、0.60%(1/166)和1.20%(2/166);系统进化分析发现,不同时间段HIV-1各亚型出现较明显的汇聚现象;3个不同时间段所流行的CRF01_AE、CRF07_BC亚型组内及与标准参考株间的基因离散率有较为显著性的增大趋势.结论 深圳地区吸毒人群HIV-1流行毒株以CRF01_AE重组亚型为主,其次是CRF07_BC重组亚型,也存在CRF08_BC、B′、C、A1亚型,并且各亚型在流行过程中已发生较大变异.     

云南省2014―2018年HIV-1流行毒株遗传变异及基因亚型分布

  目的   调查云南省2014―2018年人类免疫缺陷病毒1（human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1）毒株基因亚型和重组型流行分布情况及其原始传播溯源。   方法   收集2014―2018年云南省16个州（市）2 604例在定点医院随访的HIV感染者或艾滋病患者的血样及流行病学信息,扩增HIV-1pol区基因,应用Genotyping和BLAST在线分析工具及软件MEGA 6.06确定毒株亚型,通过计算基因距离和系统进化树分析鉴定HIV-1重组型,阐明云南省HIV-1基因亚型的地区和人群分布特征。   结果   经扩增后共获得1 843条pol区序列,云南省HIV-1毒株主要亚型占比为CRF08_BC 55.8%,CRF07_BC 13.4%,CRF01_AE 14.3%,C亚型3.1%,B（B'）亚型2.6%,独特重组型（unique recombinant forms,URFSs）8.1%,其他2.7%。其中,CRF08_BC为最常见亚型。HIV-1基因型分布在年龄,感染途径,民族上的差异均有统计学意义（均有P < 0.05）。16个州（市）各亚型的分布均有差异（均有P < 0.05）。其中,德宏、保山和怒江主要以CRF01_AE为主,丽江和迪庆主要以CRF07_BC为主,其余地州主要以CRF08_BC为主。   结论   云南省16个州（市）HIV-1亚型以CRF08_BC流行为主,各种常见亚型均存在,仍有新型流行重组型（circulating recombinant forms,CRFs）出现,与2012―2014年的资料相比较,在地区、民族、年龄和感染途径方面有变化,应密切监测。     

2018年临沂市MSM人群新感染 HIV-1病毒基因亚型分析

目的了解临沂市MSM人群新感染HIV-1病毒基因的流行亚型。方法收集2018年1～4月临沂市新感染的经男男性行为传播的未经治疗的HIV-1阳性血浆样本,应用巢式-聚合酶链反应(Nested-PCR)扩增病毒基因的pol区片段,进行基因测序和亚型分析。结果收集到符合条件的样本31例,成功扩增出29例感染者病毒的有效序列,共检出4种基因亚型:CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE、C、CRF55_01B,优势毒株为CRF01_AE(62.07%)和CRF07_BC(20.69%)亚型。结论本时段内临沂市新确证的MSM感染者毒株以CRF01_AE亚型为主,监测临沂市MSM人群HIV-1感染者毒株亚型分子流行病学特征,对临沂市艾滋病防治非常必要。     

福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株基因亚型及其流行特征分析

目的 了解福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株的亚型分布和流行特征。方法 随机抽取福建省2011－2012 年使用BED捕获酶免疫试验检出的104 例新近感染者血样标本,采用反转录巢式PCR扩增,gag、pol 和env 基因片段,并测定和分析核酸序列。结果 目标人群中存在B亚型和01_AE、07_BC、08_BC、55_01B 四种流行重组型,其中以01_AE 和07_BC 流行重组型为主,分别占45.68%和35.80%。基因亚型的流行特征分析显示,亚型分布中01_AE 所占比例下降,07_BC 所占比例上升;性传播是主要感染途径,其中同性传播比例明显上升。结论 福建省HIV-1 流行毒株亚型分布众多,随着时间推移,亚型构成和传播途径已发生改变,应加强对HIV-1感染的分子流行病学趋势动态监测。     

不同亚型HIV感染者免疫恢复研究将助力精细化抗病毒治疗

正据2018年我国分子流行病学调查结果显示,HIV-1 CRF01_AE和CRF07_BC分别占当年报告感染者人群的36.2%和40.8%,其已成为我国艾滋病主要流行毒株。现今,有关艾滋病治疗后免疫恢复的研究大多数针对是欧美地区的HIV-1 B亚型患者,而对于感染CRF01_AE和CRF07_BC亚型人群研究较少,因此有必要深入探究不同亚型患者的免疫恢复进展情况及其与宿主免疫之间相互作用的差异,这对于制订更加精细化的HIV治疗方案至关重要。     

东莞市HIV-1流行株pol基因序列特征和亚型分析

目的 了解东莞市人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型（human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1）感染者的流行病学特征及亚型的分布情况。方法 选取50例样本,收集流行病学资料,采用RT-PCR法扩增pol基因序列并测序,应用BioEdit、Genotyping和MEGA等生物学软件对pol基因进行序列分析。结果 收集的50例样本最终成功扩增得到32份样本的pol基因序列,其中CRF01_AE亚型12例;CRF_07BC亚型11例;B亚型7例;CRF55_01B亚型2例。各亚型基因离散率分别为CRF01_AE是（0.075±0.039）、CRF07_BC是（0.030±0.009）、B亚型是（0.073±0.022）,各亚型之间的基因离散率差异有统计学意义（F=41.055,P<0.001）,CRF01_AE亚型和B亚型内毒株间的基因离散率均大于与CRF07_BC亚型（P值均小于0.001）。结论 CRF01_AE和CRF_07BC亚型在东莞市HIV-1流行株中占优势,CRF07_BC亚型在各亚型之间的基因离散率最小。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.